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Chapter Menu
Essential Question
Section 1: Election Campaigns
Section 2: Expanding Voting Rights
Section 3: Influences on Voters
Chapter Summary
Essential Question
What are the basic mechanisms of our electoral system, and what factors shape public choices at the polls?
Section 1-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• campaign manager
• image
• political action committee
• soft money
Section 1-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• intense
• strategy
• distribute
Section 1-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a table similar to the one below to list the ways the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 changed campaign finance rules.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 1-Polling Question
Should campaign financing be regulated by the federal government?
A. yes, with limited regulation
B. yes, with significant reform
C. no
A B C
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Section 1
Electing the President
• To be elected president, a candidate must win 270 of the 538 available electoral votes—a simple majority.
• The electoral vote is equal to the number of representatives and senators from all the states, plus 3 votes from the District of Columbia.
• Each state’s electoral vote equals the total number of its senators and representatives in Congress.
Section 1
Electing the President (cont.)
• A campaign manager is responsible for the overall strategy and planning of a presidential campaign.
• The most important communication tool for a presidential candidate is television.
• The image voters have of a candidate has proven to be extremely important for their voting decisions.
Section 1
Electing the President (cont.)
• Candidates use television for political commercials and televised debates.
• The Internet has become key to fundraising and persuading voters.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ1
A B C D
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The individual responsible for the overall strategy and planning of a presidential campaign is the
A. candidate.
B. campaign manager.
C. lobbyist.
D. contributor.
Section 1
Financing Campaigns
• The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971 and its amendments provide regulations that apply to campaign financing.
• This law and its amendments:
Campaign Spending
– require public disclosure of each candidate’s spending;
– provide federal funding for presidential elections;
Section 1
Financing Campaigns (cont.)
– prohibit labor unions and business organizations from making direct contributions; and
– limit how much individuals and groups can contribute.
• The 1974 amendment to the law created the Federal Election Commission (FEC) as an independent agency in the executive branch to administer federal election laws.
Campaign Spending
Section 1
Financing Campaigns (cont.)
• Direct donations to candidates or parties also come from political action committees, or PACs.
• PACs are established by interest groups to raise money to support candidates or parties.
• Like individuals, PACs are limited by FECA in how much they can donate directly to a single candidate in one election cycle.
Campaign Spending
Section 1
Financing Campaigns (cont.)
• Soft money donations are contributions that are given directly to a party by PACs or individuals for general purposes, such as voter registration drives.
• The FEC has issued rulings on how election laws apply to the Internet.
Campaign Spending
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1 – DQ2
A B C D
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Groups established by interest groups to raise money to support candidates or parties are called
A. political action committees.
B. group finance organizations.
C. fund raising committees.
D. candidate support groups.
Section 2-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• suffrage
• grandfather clause
• poll tax
Section 2-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• dominant
• device
• diminish
Section 2-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a graphic organizer similar to the one below to help you take notes on expanding voting rights.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2-Polling Question
Which had the most significant effect on the history of democratic elections?
A B C D
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A. the Fifteenth Amendment
B. the Voting Rights Act of 1965
C. the Nineteenth Amendment
D. the Twenty-sixth Amendment
Section 2
Early Voting Limitations
• By the mid-1800s, the U.S. achieved universal white adult male suffrage, or the right to vote.
• Neither women nor African Americans could vote, however.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ1
A B C D
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The right to vote is also known as
A. the grandfather clause.
B. electoral rights.
C. suffrage.
D. campaign finance.
Section 2
Woman Suffrage
• Woman suffrage groups grew in the last half of the century, and by 1914 women had won the right to vote in 11 states.
• Not until after World War I, when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, was woman suffrage put into effect nationwide.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ2
A B C D
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Woman suffrage was put into effect nationwide with the ratification of
A. the grandfather clause.
B. the Voting Rights Act.
C. the Fifteenth Amendment.
D. the Nineteenth Amendment.
Section 2
African American Suffrage
• The first effort to extend suffrage to African Americans nationwide came shortly after the Civil War, when the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870.
• The grandfather clause was incorporated in the constitutions of some Southern states and provided that only voters whose grandfathers had voted before 1867 were eligible to vote without paying a certain tax or passing a literacy test.
Section 2
African American Suffrage (cont.)
• Some southern states used the literacy tests to keep African Americans from the polls.
• Another device that was designed to discourage African American suffrage was a poll tax—an amount of money that a citizen had to pay before he or she could vote.
Section 2
African American Suffrage (cont.)
• New voting laws born out of the civil rights movement reformed state practices that stood in the way of African Americans voting.
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965 empowered the federal government to register voters in any district where less than 50 percent of African American adults were on the voting lists.
Section 2
African American Suffrage (cont.)
• The voting rights laws also made it illegal to divide election districts in order to diminish the impact of minority voters.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ3
A B C D
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Which of these was an obstacle faced by African Americans before they received the right to vote?
A. suffrage
B. income requirement
C. party affiliation
D. literacy test
Section 2
Twenty-sixth Amendment
• During the Vietnam War a movement began to lower the voting age from 21 to 18.
• The argument was that if individuals were old enough to be drafted and fight for their country, they were old enough to vote.
• The Twenty-sixth Amendment lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2 – DQ4
A B C D
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The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 with the passage of
A. The Nineteenth Amendment.
B. the Civil Rights Act.
C. the Voting Rights Act.
D. the Twenty-sixth Amendment.
Section 3-Content Vocabulary
Content Vocabulary
• cross-pressured voter
• straight party ticket
• propaganda
Section 3-Academic Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
• occupation
• predict
• perceive
Section 3-Reading Strategy
Reading Strategy
Create a graphic organizer similar to the one below to identify the ways voters’ personal backgrounds influence their behaviors.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
Which element of an individual’s background has the greatest impact on the way they vote?
A B C D
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A. age
B. upbringing
C. occupation
D. income level
Section 3
Personal Background of Voters
• Elements of a person’s background that can affect their voting decisions include:
– upbringing;
– family;
– age;
– occupation;
– income level; and
– general outlook on life.
Section 3
Personal Background of Voters (cont.)
• One reason why voters’ backgrounds do not give a ready answer to how they will vote is that many voters fall into two or more categories.
• These different categories can result in cross-pressured voters—voters facing conflicting pressures from different elements in their identity.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ1
A B C D
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Voters facing conflicting pressures from different elements in their identity are referred to as
A. conflicted voters.
B. independents.
C. cross-pressured voters.
D. strong party voters.
Section 3
Loyalty to Political Parties
• Strong party voters are those who select their party’s candidates in election after election—they tend to see party as more important than issues or candidates.
• Strong party voters usually vote a straight party ticket, meaning they always choose to vote for the candidates of their party.
Electing the President
Section 3
Loyalty to Political Parties (cont.)
• Weak party voters are more likely to switch their votes to the rival party’s candidates from time to time.
• Independent voters are those who do not identify themselves as either Republican or Democrat.
Electing the President
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ2
A B C D
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When party voters vote only for the candidates in their party, they are voting a
A. straight party ticket.
B. strong party vote.
C. weak party ticket.
D. loyalty vote.
Section 3
Issues in Election Campaigns
• Today’s voters are better informed than voters of earlier years.
• Television has brought the issues into almost every home in the country.
• Voters today are better educated than in the past.
Typical Party Positions in 2008
Section 3
Issues in Election Campaigns (cont.)
• Certain issues—including Social Security, health care, taxes, education, affirmative action, abortion, gun rights, and the environment—are having a greater impact on the lives of voters than at any time since the Great Depression.
Typical Party Positions in 2008
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ3
A B C D
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Which is a reason today’s voters are better informed than voters in years past?
A. more political parties
B. fewer political parties
C. simpler issues
D. better education
Section 3
The Candidate’s Image
• Many voters select candidates on image alone—for the personal qualities they perceive them to have.
• At the very least, a candidate must be viewed as competent to handle the problems of the day.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ4
A B C D
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Which of the following terms might be used to describe a good candidate’s image?
A. corrupt
B. a weak leader
C. unqualified
D. trustworthy
Section 3
Propaganda
• Propaganda involves using ideas, information, or rumors to influence opinion.
• It is not necessarily lying or deception; however, neither is it objective.
• Propaganda uses information in any way that supports a predetermined objective.
Propaganda Techniques
Section 3
Propaganda (cont.)
• As political campaigns adapted to television, campaign managers developed sophisticated messages using propaganda techniques.
• When political propaganda becomes obviously misleading, people become skeptical of politicians.
Propaganda Techniques
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ5
A B C D
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Ideas, information, or rumors used to influence opinion in any way that supports a predetermined objective are called
A. policy information.
B. propaganda.
C. voter education.
D. deliberate influence.
Section 3
Profile of Regular Voters
• Citizens who vote regularly have certain positive attitudes toward government and citizenship.
• The more education a citizen has, the more likely it is that he or she will vote.
• Middle-aged citizens have the highest voting turnout of all age groups.
• Voter regularity also increases with income.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ6
A B C D
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According to researchers, the age group with the highest voter turnout is
A. teens.
B. senior citizens.
C. middle-aged adults.
D. young adults.
Section 3
Profile of Nonvoters
• Some citizens do not vote because they do not meet state voting requirements.
• Complicated registration procedures and residency requirements can also be a barrier to voting.
• People who are concerned about the number of nonvoters have called for reforms to make voting more convenient.
Section 3
Profile of Nonvoters (cont.)
• Making it easier for more people to vote by absentee ballot or extending the deadlines for an absentee ballot are reforms that are already in place in some states.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3 – DQ7
A B C D
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Which factor acts as a barrier to voting?
A. absentee ballots
B. residency requirements
C. numerous voting locations
D. propaganda
Chapter Summary start
Expanding Voting Rights
• Fifteenth Amendment grants African American males right to vote
• Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote
• Twenty-fourth Amendment outlaws poll taxes
• Twenty-sixth Amendment lowers voting age to 18
Chapter Summary
Financing Campaigns
• The Federal Election Commission (FEC) administers federal election laws.
• The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 set up a new system for financing federal elections.
• New laws led to growth of political action committees (PACs) and the raising of huge amounts of soft money.
• Efforts to reform campaign finance have met with only limited success.
Chapter Summary
Influences on Voters
• Personal background (age, religion, education, ethnicity)
• Loyalty to political parties (strong, weak, or independent)
• Knowledge of campaign issues
• Candidate’s image
• Propaganda
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