Spelling rules Pronunciation rules A few words about
orthography
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Introduction Dear friends! Look, listen, and read the comments!
Memorize this useful information! Enjoy Russian spelling!
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Transcription Stressed vowels are written in big, bold type [
]. Pre-stressed vowels are written slightly smaller [], and the
remaining unstressed vowels are written in even smaller type [
].
Compound vowels and their spelling These 4 letters represent
two sounds, each in isolated position: [/] [/] [/] [/] The spelling
of these vowels depends on their position in the word.
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1) Initial position In a word-initial position they are made up
of two sounds: [ ] I eat [ ] hedgehog [ ] south [ ] I
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2) Position after vowels At the end of a word, following a
vowel, they are pronounced as two sounds: [ ]my [ ] reading [ ]I
wash [ ] two (collective numeral)
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3) Position after soft consonants After soft consonants, they
are pronounced as just one sound: [ ] chalk [ ] easy, light [ ]
likes [ ]near
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4) Placed after a soft sign (), compound vowels are pronounced
as 2 sounds: [ ] family [ ] hits [ ] I drink
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5) Placed after a hard sign (), compound vowels are pronounced
as 2 sounds: [ ]to explain [ ]door way [ ]volume
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System of consonants Hard consonants These letters (8), (24),
(26) always denote hard consonants: [ ]feminine [ ]knives [ ]center
[ ]circus [ ]six [ ] wide
Correlative consonants These 12 letters denote pairs of voiced
and unvoiced consonants: (2) (17) (3) (22) (4) (12) (5) (20) (8)
(26) (9) (19)
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Voiced consonants with no unvoiced equivalents These letters
(11), (13), (14), (15), (18) denote voiced consonants with no
unvoiced equivalents: [ ] my [ ]moon [ ]house [ ]she [ ]mouth
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Unvoiced consonants with no voiced equivalents These letters
(23), (25), (27), (24) denote unvoiced consonants with no voiced
equivalents: [ ]well [ ]very [ ]schi (russian soup) [ ]circus
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Note! According to the rules of Russian orthography, after , ,
must be written / (not /)! After , must be written in the middle of
the word, but at the end of a word.
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Spelling of , , , , , in stressed syllables: =[ ]mom = [
]fashion = [ ]mind = [ ] this = [ ]we = [ ]peace, world
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Spelling of , , , in stressed syllables: = [ ] to eat = [ ]
youth = [ ]apple = [ ] fir-tree = [ ]my (neut.) = [ ]gives Note! A
syllable containing the letter is always stressed.
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Pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions. Quantitative
reduction of vowels Unstressed vowels sound shorter than stressed
ones: [ ] salad [ ]mom
Spelling of in the position after - after [] [ ] families [
]whose
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Pronunciation of after hard consonants After these prepositions
letter is pronounced []: [ ] from Iraq [ ] from Irina [ ] about
their son [ ] with Ivan [ ] in the institute [ ] on the Internet [
] to the engineer
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Devoicing At the end of words and before voiceless consonants
voiced consonants become devoiced: [] [ ]Arab [] [ ]Tuesday [] [
]friend [] [ ]year [] [ ]knife [] [ ]frost
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Functions of the soft sign . P honetic function The soft sign
() is used to denote 1) Softness of consonants: [ ] salt [
]coat
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2) Separate spelling of soft consonants: [ ] family [ ]
brothers [ ] hits [ ] I drink
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Orthographic function of the The soft sign () is used to denote
1) Feminine gender after the letters , , , : [ ]daughter [
]thing
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2) Forms of the 2nd person singular of verbs in the present and
future. (This does not affect the hardness of the ): [ ] you think
[ ] you will read
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The function of the hard sign is orthographic. The hard sign ()
is used after prefixes that are followed by the letters , , , : [
]doorway [ ]volume [ ]to explain [ ]aide-de-camp
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Spelling of consonant groups. Silent consonants When three or
more consonants are clustered together in a single word, one of
them occasionally becomes silent: [ - ]Hello! [c - ]sun [ - ]heart
[ - ] holidays [ - ] honest
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Reappearance of silent consonants Affected by a vowel that
follows it or that is found at the end of a word, an otherwise
silent vowel should be pronounced: [ ] health [ ]sunny [ ]cordial [
]honor
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Special cases of the spelling of the letter In some words
clusters of letters and are pronounced as [] and []: [] [ ]what [
]sure, of course [ ]boring
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Special cases of the spelling of the letter Placed between
vowels, the in and in masculine genitive and accusative endings
must be pronounced as []: [ ]his [ ]of my [ ] of our [ ]of new [
]of good
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Pronunciation of the letter cluster [] [ ]happiness [
]count
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Pronunciation of the letter clusters -/- These letter clusters
are pronounced like []: -/- [] - [ ] - [ ]