Relationships Between Spelling Orthography and Pronunciation

8/2/2019 Relationships Between Spelling Orthography and Pronunciation

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Relationships between spelling orthography and pronunciationPart 1

omophone:is a word of the same language which sounds like another, but has a differentspelling and meaning. Each homophone has a unique function within a sentence; using the

wrong one can change the meaning of the sentence, or make it nonsensical. Two or three wordsthat sounds alike. This category includes words that are spelled the same, such as:

wrest /rst/verb: take power or control after considerable effort or resistance.

rest /rst/noun: cease work or movement in order to relax or recover strength.

She wrests power from him because he takes a rest.

/ sts r frm hm bkzh rst/

isle /Il/: noun : a piece of land surrounded by water.aisle /Il/: noun: a passage between rows of seats, pews, or supermarket shelves.

I'll /Il/: contraction: I will.

Ill build an aisle in the isle.

/Il b Il n Il/

patient nt/: noun: a person receiving or registered to receive medical treatment.

patience nt/: noun: the capacity to tolerate delay, trouble, or suffering without

becoming angry or upset.

Im running out of patience with the patient

/Imrn t nt w nt/

be /b/:verb:to exist.

bee/b/:noun: refers to an insect.

Marie wants to be a bee

/mws

blew /verb: is the past tense of the verb to blow.

blue /adjective: refers to a color.

I blew a blue candle

l/

H


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bye/bI/ interjection:is used to express farewell.

buy /bI/verb: means to purchase.

by/bI/preposition: means next to or close to.

She will buy a book written by David before to say bye/ l bI bk rtn bI d bf bI/

ewe /J/noun: means a female sheep.

you /J/pronoun: is used to refer to the one or ones being addressed

You are going to eat a ewe

/ /

hear /hr/ verb:means to perceive (sound) by the ear.

here /hr/adverb:means at or in this place.

I cant hear you in here

/ n hr/

hole / noun: means an opening into or through something.

whole / adjective: means complete.

I dig a hole the whole day

/ dg /

hour /r/noun:means one of the 24 equal parts of a day.

our /r/adjective: is the possessive form of we.

Our cake will be ready in an hour

/ di r/

knight /nIt/noun:means a medieval gentleman-soldier.

night /nIt/noun: means the period between sunset and sunrise, especially the hoursof darkness.

The knight is going to travel at night

/ nIt nIt/


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made/md/verb: is a form of the verb to make.

maid /md/noun: means a girl or unmarried woman or a woman servant.

She made her house when she was maid

/ s wn /

meat /mt/noun: means the edible flesh of animals.

meet/mt/verb: means to come upon by chance or arrangement.

I meet David who does not eat meat

/ z n

peace /ps/noun:means the absence of war or other hostilities.

piece/ps/noun: means a portion or part of something.

The one word on the piece of paper was the word peace.

/ wn wrd wrd /

hair /hr/: any of the fine thread-like strands growing from the skin of mammals andother animals, or from the epidermis of a plant.

hare /hr/: a fast-running, long-eared mammal resembling a large rabbit, with verylong hind legs.

The hare has white hair

/ h t hr/

pray /pr/verb means to utter or address a prayer or prayers to God, a god, oranother object of worship.

prey/pr/nounmeans an animal hunted or caught for food; quarry.

He prays when he hunt a prey

nts

rain/rn/noun:means a fall of water condensed from atmospheric vapor and fallingin drops.

reign /rn/noun:means the exercise of sovereign power, as by a monarch.

rein /rn/noun:a long narrow leather strap attached to each end of the bit of a bridleand used by a rider or driver to control a horse or other animal.


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When It rains the queen takes the reins of her horse, when she reigns

/wn v hr hrs, wn /

red /rd /noun: refers to a color.

read /rd /:is a form of the verb to read.

Sara read a red book

/sr rd rd bk/

right/rIt/adjective:means correct or fitting, proper, or appropriate.

write/rIt/verb:means to form (letters, words, or symbols) on a surface such as paperwith an instrument such as a pen.

He writes with his right hand

/rI

ts w hz rI

t /

sea / noun: means the continuous body of saltwater covering most of the earth'ssurface or a relatively large body of saltwater completely or partially enclosed by land.

see /verb:means to perceive with the eye.

The old man sees the sea

/ z

sole / noun:means the underside of the foot.

soul /noun: means the animating and vital principle in humans, credited with thefaculties of thought, action, and emotion and often conceived as an immaterial entity.

She wrote soul in her sole

/ n h

son/sn/noun: means one's male child.

sun /sn/noun: means a star that is the basis of the solar system and that sustains lifeon Earth.

The Indians believed in the son of the sun

/ndinz b n sn v sn/


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steal /verb:also means to move, happen, or elapse stealthily or unobtrusively.

steel /noun:means a generally hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron andcarbon.

I steal a steel product

/I /

straight /adjective: means continuously in the same direction without curvingor having no waves or bends.

strait/noun:means a position of difficulty, perplexity, distress, or need.

I go straight along the strait street

/I l

tale /tl/noun:means a narrative of real or imaginary events; a story.

tail /tl/noun:means hindmost part of an animal, especially when extending beyondthe main part of the body.

The witch cut the tails horse in the tale

/ wtkt rs n /

tea /noun: means a drink made by steeping tea leaves in boiling water.

tee /noun: means a small peg with a concave top for holding a golf ball.

He put the golf ball in the tee after he drunk the tea

/h pt g /

to /preposition:means towards.

too/adverb: also means more than enough or excessively.

two /noun:means the number, written 2, that is equal to the sum of 1 + 1.

The two boys want to play too

/ Iz w

wait /verb: means to remain or rest in expectation.

weight /noun: means the measured heaviness of a specific object.

I wait to lose weight

/I /


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ware /wr/noun: means pottery, typically that of a specified type.

where/wr/adverb: means at or in what place.

Where is the ware

/wr z wr/

weak /adjective:means lacking physical strength, energy, or vigor; feeble.week /noun:means a period of seven days.

This week I was too week

/ I w /

.Homographs: are words that are spelled alike but have different meanings. These wordshave different pronunciation, meanings and origins but the same spelling.

absent /bsnt/ adjective: not present.

absent /bsnt/verb: stay or go away.

She is absent because she absents

/ nt bkz bsnts/

abstract /bstrkt/ noun: a summary of a book or article.

abstract /bstrkt/ verb: extract or remove

we abstract the mean idea of the abstract

/ bstrkt v bstrkt/

accent/ksnt/ noun: a particular way of pronouncing a language

accent/ksnt/verb: stress

He has a bad accent because he does not accent the long vowels.

/ ksnt bkz z n lz/

affect /fkt/verb: have an effect on; make a difference to.

affect /fkt/noun: Psychology emotion or desire as influencing behaviour.

This experience affects me very much. So I need your affect

/s ksprins fkt ri mt I r fkt/


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dove /dv/noun:a stocky seed- or fruit-eating bird with a small head, short legs, and acooing voice, similar to but generally smaller and more delicate than a pigeon.

dove /dv/verb: past of dive.

When shot at, the dove dove into the bushes.

/wn dv dv bz/

compound /'kampand/ noun: a thing composed of two or more separate elements.

compound /km'pand/ verb: mix or combine (ingredients or constituents).

Hi compound conjunctions to form compound sentences.

/h kmpnd knd rm kampand sntnsz/.

conflict /knoun: a serious disagreement or argument.conflict /knflkt/verb: be incompatible or at variance; clash.

Joe and Jane have a serious conflict, they are always conflicting

/d d sris k

content/k / noun: a state of satisfaction.

content /kntnt/ verb: satisfy (someone).

I feel perfectly content with my life. My family contents me.

/ fl prfktli k f li kntnt

house/s/noun: a building for human habitation.

house/z/verb: provide with shelter or accommodation.

Mary house his father in her house

/m s hz f s/

discount /'dskant/ noun: a deduction from the usual cost of something.

discount /ds'kant/verb: deduct a discount from.

If we discount those videos, we can get a discount

/ dsknt n gt dskant/


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intimate /ntmt/ adjective: closely acquainted; familiar: intimate friends.

intimate /ntmet/ verb: state or make known.

How can I intimate this to my most intimate friend?

k ntmet ntmt frnd/

object // noun: a material thing that can be seen and touched.

object /bdkt/ verb: express disapproval or opposition.

I did not object to the object.

/ dd n bdkt /

produce /pr verb: make, manufacture, or create.

produce /prdus/ noun: things that have been produced or grown.

The farm was used to produce produce.

/ f dus/

resume/r/verb: begin again or continue after a pause or interruption.

resume /rzjm/noun: a summary. N. Amer: a curriculum vitae.

The mother insisted that work on her son's resume resume

/ mr nsst rk m r/

colon /n/ noun: a punctuation mark (:) used to precede a list of items, a quotation,or an expansion or explanation.

colon /n/ noun: Anatomy the main part of the large intestine

When Joe read this sentence he felt a twinge in his colon: colon use should be restricted

to scholarly works.

/wn d d s snt lt twndn h n :

ristrktd /

tear/tr/ noun:a drop of clear salty liquid secreted from glands in a person's eyewhen they are crying or when the eye is irritated.

tear/tr/verb: destroy something, especially good relations between people.

He was in tears because Marie tears their friendship

/ z n trz bkz m rz r frndp/
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tear


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use/jz/verb: take or consume an amount from a limited supply.

use/js/noun: using the action of using or state of being used.

He lost the use of his legs, and now he has to use a wheelchair

/ st v hz l r/

live /lv/ verb: be alive at a specified time.live /lv/adjective: given in concert.

Janice Joplin sang that song live when she lived in L.A

/ds dpl v wn vd n L.A/

convict /knvkt/ verb: declare to be guilty of a criminal offence by the verdict of a juryor the decision of a judge in a court of law.

convict / k / noun: a person convicted of a criminal offence and serving a

sentence of imprisonment.

The convict was finally caught; he was convicted of a major crime

/ k knvktd v m/

defect/dkt/ noun: a shortcoming, imperfection, or lack.

defect/dfkt/verb: abandon one's country or cause in favor of an opposing one.

There was a defect in the product he bought. Rudolf Mayer defected from Russia

/r wz kt n pr

/

perfume /prfjum/noun: a fragrant liquid typically made from essential oils, used toimpart a pleasant smell to one's body or clothes.

perfume /pfjm/verb: impart a pleasant smell to.

She perfumes the room with her perfume

/ hr prfjum/

escort /skrt/ noun: a person, vehicle, or group accompanying another to provideprotection or as a mark of rank.

escort /skrt/ verb: accompany as an escort.

The escorts escort the president

/skrts skrt przdnt/
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/use


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intern /ntrn/ noun: a recent medical graduate receiving supervised training in ahospital and acting as an assistant physician or surgeon.

intern /ntrn/verb: confine as a prisoner.

The intern is intern in prison now

/ntrn z ntrn n prz /

exploit /ksplt/ verb: make use of and derive benefit from a resource.

exploit /ksplt/ noun: a bold or daring feat.

He made an exploit exploiting all his qualities

/ kspljt ksplt l hz k/

protest /prtst/ noun: a statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection tosomething.

protest /prtst/ verb: express an objection to an action or remark.

Ana was in a protest. She was protesting for women's rights

/ wm /

present /prznt/ noun: the period of time now occurring.

present /prznt/ verb: put (a show or exhibition) before the public.

At present, we are not going to present more paintings

/ z znt m /

pervert / prvrt / verb: alter from its original meaning or state to a corruption of whatwas first intended.

pervert / prvrt / noun: a person with abnormal or unacceptable sexual behavior.

The Johnsons son is a little pervert. He always perverts the truth to suit his own sexual

ends.

/ dnsnz sn z ltl prvrt prvrts

skul ndz/

essay/se/ noun: a piece of writing on a particular subject

essay /s/ verb: formal attempt

She wrote a long essay about what she wanted to essay

/ l se t wt nt /


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ferment /frmnt/ verb: undergo or cause to undergo fermentation.

ferment /frmnt/ noun: agitation and social unrest.

The cask of wine needs to ferment for 12 months before it reaches the appropriate

acidity. The bad wine ferments the society

/ rmnt fr 12 mns bfr z t sdti. n frmnts sti/

sewer /r/ noun a person that sews.

sewer /r/noun an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and wastematter.

A seamstress and a sewer fell down into a sewer line.

/ r f n/

.Homonyms: comes from the Greek homo which means same and onym whichmeans name. Homonyms are words that have the same sound and often the same

spelling but differ in meaning.

exile /ks/noun: the state of being barred from one's native country. A person wholives in exile.

exile /ks/ verb: expel and bar someone from their native country.

Can an exile exile another person?

/ ksksnr prsn/

number/nmbr/ noun: an arithmetical value, expressed by a word, symbol, orfigure, representing a particular quantity.number /nmbr/verb: amount to.

Player number 5 has a big number of fans

/r nmb bg nmr /

bear /br/noun: (animal)

bear /br/ verb: carry or convey.

The bear bears food

/ br b
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/numberhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/numberhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/numberhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/number


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porter /prtr/noun: a weak beer

porter /prtr/noun: a man who carries luggage

The porter drinks a porter

/ prtr dr prtr/

glass //noun: a hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or translucent,

glass// noun:a drinking container made of glass.

The glass glass shattered but the plastic was okay.

/ rd bt k w /

lean /adjective:thin

lean / verb: rest against

The lean girl was leaning against the wall

/ rl w gnst wl/

nailnoun: a small metal spike with a broadened flat head, driven into wood tojoin things together or to serve as a hook.

nail //noun: a horny covering on the upper surface of the tip of the finger and toe

While hitting the nail, the nail of my index finger was injured.

jl ht ndks fr wz ndrd/

plane short for aeroplane.

plane verb: of a bird or an airborne object soar without moving the wings; glide.

The bird planes next to the plane

/ b /

plain noun: ordinary looking

plain noun: flat country

She had a very plain and ordinary face. It was plain to the police officer that the criminal

has been wounded.

/ v rdn t w p fs t

krmn d/
http://www.wordreference.com/definition/aeroplanehttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/aeroplane


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quarry /kwri/ noun: a place, typically a large pit, from which stone or other materialsmay be extracted.

quarry/kwri/ noun: an animal being hunted.

Our quarry is hiding in a quarry

r kwri d n kwri/

miss /ms/noun: unmarried woman

miss /ms/verb: notice the loss or absence of.

Miss Doe misses her sister

/m sz hr sstr/

pluck /plk/ verb: to remove feathers, take hold of something and quickly remove itfrom its place.

pluck /plk/noun: spirited and determined courage.

He needed pluck to pluck the feathers

d plk plk frz/

type /tp/verb: to write via keyboard

type /tp/noun: a category of people or things having common characteristics.

She types in a special type of paper

/ ps n sp p r/

train /noun: a loco and trucks

train /verb: to teach

I train for the game in the train

/ r n

refuse /r verb: indicate unwillingness to do something.

refuse /r noun: matter thrown away as worthless.

The dump was so fool that it had to refuse more refuse

/ dmp w r r/

fair /fr/ adjective: appearance light; blonde.

fair /fr/adjective:reasonable, treating people equally.


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The girl with the fair hair is a fair person

/ grl w fr hr z fr prsn/

lie /l/ verb: horizontal position

lie /l/ noun: falsehood or untruth expressed as truth

When he was lying in the floor he thought that everything was a lie/w n fl vri z /

blue noun: the color scene theme these Pete mete

blue noun: the feeling of sadness

The blue sky makes me feel blue

/ /

bed /bd/ noun: piece of furniture incorporating a mattress or other surface

bed /bd/ verb: provide with sleeping accommodation.

He bedded me in his own house, but the bed was stiff

/ d n h s, bt bd wz stf/

hammer r/ noun:a tool consisting of a heavy metal head mounted at the endof a handle, used for breaking things and driving in nails.

hammer r/ verb: hit or beat repeatedly with a hammer.

I hammer the thief with his own hammer

/r h r/

fork /frk/ noun: a pronged implement used for lifting or holding food.

fork /frk/ verb: divide into two parts take one route or the other at a fork dig or lift

She forks the chicken with a fork

/ rks tkn w frk/

game noun:a form of competitive activity or sport played according to rules.game verb: playing at games of chance for money. Play video or computer

She always games poker games

/ /


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peel //verb: remove the outer covering or skin from a fruit, vegetable, etc.

peel // noun: the outer covering or rind of a fruit or vegetable.

Peel the banana and throw its peel in the trash.

b n /

ham noun: salted or smoked meat from the upper part of a pig's leg.

ham noun: an inexpert or unsubtle actor or piece of acting. Also radio haminformal an amateur radio operator.

The ham is eating hams

/ /


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Part 2Long Vowels

.Rule Number 1: Consonant + Vowel + Consonant

Letter a Sound [e]

date /noun: the day of the month or year as specified by a number.

fate /noun: the development of events outside a person's control, regarded aspredetermined by a supernatural power.

gatenoun: a hinged barrier used to close an opening in a wall, fence, or hedge.

hatenoun: intense dislike; strong aversion.

late adjective: acting, arriving, or happening after the expected or usual time.

make noun: the manufacturer or trade name of a product. The structure orcomposition of something.

rate noun: a measure, quantity, or frequency ej: the island has a very low crimerate.

facenoun: the front part of a person's head from the forehead to the chin, or thecorresponding part in an animal.

lace noun: a fine open fabric of cotton or silk made by looping, twisting, orknitting thread in patterns, used especially as a trimming. Braid used for trimming,

especially on military dress uniforms.

macenoun: trademark an irritant chemical used in an aerosol to disableattackers.

race noun:a competition between runners, horses, vehicles, etc. to see which isfastest over a set course.

cage/noun: a structure of bars or wires in which birds or other animals areconfined.

page //noun: one side of a leaf of a book, magazine, or newspaper, or thematerial written or printed on it.

fade verb: gradually grow faint and disappear.

rage/noun: violent uncontrollable anger.


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bake /noun: a dish consisting of a number of ingredients mixed together andbaked: a vegetable bake.

cake//noun: an item of soft sweet food made from baking a mixture of flour, fat,eggs, sugar, etc.

fake// noun: a person or thing that is not genuine.

lake //noun: a large area of water surrounded by land

sake//noun: for the purpose of or in the interest of something; in order to achieveor preserve something.

take//verb: reach for and hold with one's hands.

wake //noun: a watch or vigil held beside the body of someone who has died.

male//noun: a male person, animal, or plant.

sale //noun: the exchange of a commodity for money; the process of sellingsomething.

talenoun: a fictitious or true story, especially one that is imaginatively recounted.

came//noun: each of a number of strips forming a framework for enclosing apane of glass, especially in a leaded window.

fame //noun: the state of being famous.

game//noun: an activity engaged in for amusement.

name // noun: a word or set of words by which someone or something is known,addressed, or referred to.

same//adjective: identical, unchanged.

canenoun: the hollow jointed stem of tall reeds, grasses, etc., especially bambooor the slender, pliant stem of plants such as rattan.

capenoun: a sleeveless cloak, especially a short one.

casenoun: an instance of a particular situation; an example of somethingoccurring: a case of mistaken identity.

dalenoun: a valley, especially in northern England.

damenoun: the title given to a woman with the rank of Knight Commander orholder of the Grand Cross in the Orders of Chivalry.

dazeverb: make unable to think or react properly.

galenoun: a very strong wind.


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gapeverb: be or become wide open.

haleadjective: (of an old person) strong and healthy.

pane//noun: a single sheet of glass in a window or door.

Exceptions

chain/t/

day//

pain//

bare /br/

have //

pare /pr/

chance /t/

Letter e sound [i]

cede verb give up power or territory.

gene/d noun a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring andis held to determine some characteristic of the offspring; in particular, a distinct

sequence of DNA forming part of a chromosome.

meteverb (mete something out) dispense or allot justice, punishment, etc.

petename

mere/mr/ adjective that is solely or no more or better than what is specified: meremortals.

evenoun the day or period of time immediately before an event.

hebenoun an evergreen flowering shrub with spikes of mauve, pink, or whiteflowers, native to New Zealand

Mede/md/noun a member of an Indo-European people who inhabited ancient Media(present-day Azerbaijan, NW Iran, and NE Iraq), establishing an extensive empire during

the 7th century BC.

meme/mm/ noun Biology a cultural or behavioural element passed on by imitation orother non-genetic means.

rede/rid/ noun advice or counsel.


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heme/hm/ noun US spelling ofhaem.

seme/sm/ noun Linguistics another term for semanteme.

deme/dm/noun a political division in ancient or modern Greece.

deke/dk/noun a deceptive movement that induces an opponent to move out ofposition.

rete/rt/noun Anatomy an elaborate network of blood vessels or nerve cells.

dene/dn/ noun [usu. inplace names] Brit. a deep, narrow, wooded valley.

sere/sr/adjective variant spelling of sear.

deme/dm/noun a political division in ancient or modern Greece.

dele/dl/noun a proofreader's sign indicating matter to be deleted.

pele/pl/noun variant spelling of peel

Exceptions

here/hr /

cere /sr/

fete//

Letteri Sound [ai]

bide /bId/ verb: archaic or dialect remain or stay in a certain place.

bike /bIk/noun: a bicycle or motorcycle.

bile /bIl/noun: a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and storedin the gall bladder, which aids digestion.

bite/bIt/noun: a bitter greenish-brown alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and storedin the gall bladder, which aids digestion.

cite/sIt/verb: quote (a book or author) as evidence for an argument.

dice/dIs /noun: a small cube with faces bearing from one to six spots, used in gamesof chance. see also die.

dime/dIm/noun: informal a small amount of money.

dine /dIn/verb: eat dinner.
http://www.wordreference.com/definition/haemhttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/semantemehttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/diehttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/diehttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/semantemehttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/haem


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dive /dIv/verb: plunge head first into water with one's arms raised over one's head.

file/fIl/noun: a folder or box for keeping loose papers together and in order.

fine /fIn/noun: very small particles found in mining or milling.

fire /fIr/noun: the state of burning, in which substances combine chemically withoxygen from the air and give out bright light, heat, and smoke.

five /fIv/cardinal number: equivalent to the sum of two and three; one more thanfour, or half of ten

gibe /gIb/ noun verb: variant spelling ofjibe

hide /hId/noun: a camouflaged shelter used to observe wildlife at close quarters.

hike /hIk/noun: a long walk or walking tour.

hire /hIr/noun: the action of hiring.

hive /hIv/noun: a beehive.

jibe/dIb/noun: an insulting or mocking remark.

jive /dIv/noun: a lively dance popular in the 1940s and 1950s, performed to swingmusic or rock and roll.

kite /kIt/noun: a toy consisting of a light frame with thin material stretched over.

lice /lIs/noun: a small wingless parasitic insect which infests human skin and hair.

life /lIf/noun: the condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganicmatter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity, and continual change.

like /lIk/noun: a similar person or thing.

lime /lIm/noun: quicklime, slaked lime, or any salt or alkali containing calcium.

line /lIn/noun: a long, narrow mark or band.

live /lIv/verb: remain alive.

mice/mIs/verb: hunt for or catch mice.

dire/dIr/adjective: extremely serious or urgent.

nice/nIs/adjective: giving pleasure or satisfaction.

pipe/pIp/noun: a tube used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluids.

pile/pIl/noun: a heap of things laid or lying one on top of another.

pike/pIk/noun: a long-bodied predatory freshwater fish with long teeth
http://www.wordreference.com/definition/jibehttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/jibe


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pine/pIn/noun: (also pine tree) an evergreen coniferous tree having clusters of longneedle-shaped leaves, grown for its soft wood or for tar and turpentine.

ripe/rIp/adjective: (of fruit or grain) ready for harvesting and eating.

rise/rIz/verb: (pastrose;past part.risen) come or go up.

ride/rId/verb: sit on and control the movement of a horse, bicycle, or motorcycle.

side/sId/noun: a position to the left or right of an object, place, or central point.

tide/tId/noun: the alternate rising and falling of the sea due to the attraction of themoon and sun.

tile/tIl/noun: a thin square or rectangular slab of baked clay, concrete, etc., used inoverlapping rows for covering roofs.

Exceptions

give/gv/

night/nIt/

live /lIv/

niche /nt/

since /sns/

pea //

Lettero sound[ou]

bone //noun: any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making up the skeleton invertebrates.

codenoun: a system of words, figures, or symbols used to represent others,especially for the purposes of secrecy.

cone noun: an object which tapers from a circular or roughly circular base to apoint.

copeverb: deal effectively with something difficult.

covenoun: a small sheltered bay.

dope /dp/ noun: informal an illegal drug, especially cannabis or heroin.

coke/k/noun: a solid fuel made by heating coal in the absence of air so that thevolatile components are driven off.


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dolenoun: informal benefit paid by the state to the unemployed.

dome noun: a rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure.

dose noun: a quantity of a medicine or drug taken at one time.

dote /noun: informal a sweet or adorable person.

doze//noun: a short light sleep.

hole //noun: an empty space in a solid body or surface.

home//noun: the place where one lives permanently.

hope //noun: a feeling of expectation and desire.

hose //noun: a flexible tube conveying water, used chiefly for watering plants andin firefighting.

joke /d/noun: a thing said to cause amusement.

lobe//noun: a hanging or projecting part, such as the soft part at the base of theouter ear.

lone//adjective: having no companions; solitary.

mode //noun: a way in which something occurs or is done

mole//noun: a small burrowing mammal with dark velvety fur, a long muzzle, andvery small eyes, feeding mainly on worms and grubs.

mope //verb: feel dejected and apathetic.

nope //exclamation: informal variant ofno.

nose//noun: the part projecting above the mouth on the face of a person oranimal, containing the nostrils and used in breathing and smelling.

note//noun: a brief written record of facts, topics, or thoughts, used as an aid tomemory.

poke//noun: a brief written record of facts, topics, or thoughts, used as an aid tomemory.

pole //noun: a native or national of Poland, or a person of polish descent.

pope //noun: the bishop of Rome as head of the roman catholic church.

pose //noun: a position assumed in order to be painted, drawn, or photographed.

robe//noun: a long, loose outer garment reaching to the ankles.
http://www.wordreference.com/definition/nohttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/no


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rode //verb: fly on a regular circuit in the evening as a territorial display, makingsharp calls and grunts.

rope//noun: a length of stout cord made by twisting together strands of hemp,sisal, nylon, etc.

sole//noun: the underside of a person's foot.

tome//noun: chiefly humorous a book, especially a large, scholarly one.

tone//noun: a musical or vocal sound with reference to its pitch, quality, andstrength.

vote//noun: a formal indication of a choice between two or more candidates orcourses of action, expressed typically through a ballot or a show of hands.

volenoun: a small mouse-like rodent with a rounded muzzle.

Exceptions

come /km/

dove /dv/

done /dn/

gone /gn/

Letter u- sound[ju]

cube //noun: a symmetrical three-dimensional shape contained by six equalsquares.

cuteadjective: endearingly pretty.

cure/kjr/verb: make healthy again after suffering from a disease or medicalcondition.

duke noun: a male holding the highest hereditary title in the British and certain

other peerages.

dude/noun: a man.

dune/noun: a mound or ridge of sand or other loose sediment formed by thewind, especially on the sea coast or in a desert.

dupe /verb: deceive; trick.


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fume //noun: a gas or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale.

fuse //verb: join, blend, or coalesce to form a single entity.

huge //adjective: large.

June /dj/noun: the sixth month of the year.

lute /lj/ noun: a stringed instrument with a long neck and a rounded body with a flatfront, played by plucking.

mule//noun: the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse, typically sterile.Compare with hinny

muse //noun: each of nine goddesses who preside over the arts and sciences.

mute //noun: a person without the power of speech.

nudenoun: a naked human figure as a subject in art or photography.

puke//verb.noun informal vomit.

pure/pjr/adjective: not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material.

tube/tj/noun: a long, hollow cylinder used for conveying or holding liquids orgases.

tune/tj/noun: a melody, especially one which characterizes a certain piece ofmusic.

Exeptions

June /d/

lure /lr/

rude//

rule //

sure

/r/

cue //

ruse//
http://www.wordreference.com/definition/hinnyhttp://www.wordreference.com/definition/hinny


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.Rule number 2: consonant + vowel + consonant+

Lettera- sound [e]

amaze /verb: surprise someone greatly; astonish.

blade noun: the flat cutting edge of a knife or other tool or weapon.

blame verb: assign responsibility for a fault or wrong to.

blazenoun: a very large or fiercely burning fire.

brace noun: a device supporting a weak or injured part of the body.

brakenoun: a device for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle, typically byapplying pressure to the wheels.

brave//adjective: having or showing courage.

caber /kbr/noun: a roughly trimmed tree trunk used in the scottish highland sportof tossing the caber.

caper r/noun: a playful skipping movement.

cater r/verb: provide food and drink at a social event.

candidatedet/noun: a person who applies for a job or is nominated forelection.

curate/kjrt/noun a member of the clergy engaged as assistant to a parish priest.

captivate verb attract and hold the interest and attention of; charm.

capitulate /kptverb cease to resist an opponent or an unwelcome demand;surrender.

captivateverb attract and hold the interest and attention of; charm.

chicane /noun a sharp double bend created to form an obstacle on a motor-racing track.

circulate/srkjverb move or cause to move continuously or freely through aclosed area.

collate/kverb collect and combine texts or information.

commemorate /kmmverb remember and show respect for, especially with aceremony or memorial.

commentate/km verb provide a commentary on a sports match or otherevent.


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chase /t/noun: an act of chasing.

crane //noun: a large, tall machine used for moving heavy objects by suspendingthem from a projecting arm.

crate//noun: a slatted wooden case used for transporting goods.

crave //verb: feel a powerful desire for.

craze //noun: a widespread but short-lived enthusiasm for something.

brigade/br/noun: a subdivision of an army, typically consisting of a smallnumber of battalions and forming part of a division.

concave //adjective: having an outline or surface that curves inwards like theinterior of a circle or sphere.

deflate/d/verb: let air or gas out of

educate/d/

verb: give intellectual, moral, and social instruction to.

engrave//verb: cut or carve (a text or design) on a hard surface.

grenade/gr/noun: a small bomb thrown by hand or launched mechanically.

imitate /m/verb: follow as a model.

inflate //verb: expand or cause to expand by filling with air or gas.

migrate /maI/verb: move from one habitat to another according to the seasons.

operate //verb: function or control the functioning of: market forces wereallowed to operate freely.

related /rd/verb: give an account of.

replace //verb: take the place of.

surname /s/noun: a hereditary name common to all members of a family, asdistinct from a forename.

vibrate Ibret/verb: move with small movements rapidly to and fro.

geminate /dmnet/

Phonetics adjective: consisting of identical adjacent speech

sounds; doubled.

Exceptions

campaign

chocolate/tklt/

collage/kl


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conglomerate /kngl

considerate/knsdrt/

Latter e sound[i]

compete/k/verb strive to gain or win something by defeating or establishing

superiority over others: universities are competing for applicants.

complete/k/adjective having all the necessary or appropriate parts; entire.

concede/k/ verb finally admit that something is true.

biosphere/r/noun the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earthoccupied by living organisms.

fever/r/ noun an abnormally high body temperature, usually accompanied byshivering, headache, and in severe instances, delirium.

besiege/b/verb surround (a place) with armed forces in order to capture it orforce its surrender.

deplete/d/verb reduce the number or quantity of:fish stocks are severelydepleted.

prevent/privnt/ verb keep from happening or arising.

scene//noun the place where an incident in real life or fiction occurs or occurred.

theme//noun the subject of a talk, text, exhibition, etc.; a topic.

these// plural form of this.

extreme// adjective very great.

concrete/k/ adjective existing in a material or physical form.

athlete// noun a person who is proficient in sports.

stampede// noun a sudden panicked rush of a number of horses, cattle, etc.

delete/d/verb remove or erase (text).

severe/svr/adjective of something bad, undesirable, or difficult) very great; intense.sincere/snsr/adjective (sincerer, sincerest) proceeding from or characterized bygenuine feelings; free from pretence or deceit.

atmosphere/sfr/ noun the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or anotherplanet.

intervene/nt/ verb come between so as to prevent or alter something.


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desensitize/dsnst/ verb make less sensitive.

college/kd/ noun an educational establishment providing higher education orspecialized professional or vocational training.

deselect/dslkt/ verb reject (an existing MP) as a candidate in a forthcomingelection.

deregulate/dirgjlet/ verb remove regulations or restrictions from.

deplete/d/ verb reduce the number or quantity of:fish stocks are severely depl

defect/kt/ noun a shortcoming, imperfection, or lack.

decency/nsi/noun decent behaviour.

decelerate/dsl/verb move more slowly.

relieve/r/ verb alleviate or remove (pain, distress, or difficulty).

retrieve/r/ verb get or bring back.

Exceptions

interpreter /ntrprtr/

television/tlvn/

entered /ntrd/

asleep //

Letter i Sound [ai]astride /strId/preposition and adverb: with a leg on each side of.

bagpipe aIp/noun: a musical instrument with reed pipes that are sounded bythe pressure of wind emitted from a bag squeezed by the player's arm.

bride/br

I

d/noun a woman on her wedding day or just before and after the event.

bribery/brIbri/ verb dishonestly persuade someone to act in one's favor by apayment or other inducement.

brine/brIn/noun water containing dissolved salt.

categorizegrIz/ verb place in a particular category; classify.


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beside /bsId/preposition: at the side of; next to.

collide /klId/verb: hit by accident when moving.

combine /kaIn/verb: unite or merge to form a whole: combine the flour with themargarine.

compile /kmpIl/verb produce (a collection) by assembling material from other

sources.

concise /knsIs/adjective: giving information clearly and in few words.

confide /knfId/verb: (often confide in) tell someone about a secret or privatematter in confidence.

confine /knfIn/verb: keep or restrict someone or something within certain limits ofspace, scope, or time.

connive/knIv/verb: secretly allow (a wrongdoing).

despise /dspIz/verb: feel contempt or repugnance for.

despite /dspIt/preposition: without being affected by; in spite of.

license /lIsns/verb: grant a license to.

outside tsId/noun: the external side or surface of something.

provide /prvId/verb: make available for use; supply.

realize /rilIz/verb: become fully aware of as a fact; understand clearly.

reptile/rptIl/noun: a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class (Reptilia) thatincludes snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises, typically having a dry scaly skin

and laying soft-shelled eggs on land.

respite /rspat/noun: a short period of rest or relief from something unpleasant.

seaside aId/noun: a place by the sea, especially a beach area or holiday resort.

silence /sIlns/noun: complete absence of sound.

sublime /sblIm/adjective: of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspiregreat admiration or awe.

survive/srvIv/verb: continue to live or exist.

termite /trmaIt/noun: a small, pale soft-bodied social insect, typically making largenests of earth and feeding on wood.

textile/tkstIl/noun: a type of cloth or woven fabric.


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advertise rtIz/verb: publicize a product, service, or event in order to promotesales or attendance.

appetite taIt/ noun: a natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food.

comprise /kmprIz/verb: consist of; be made up of.

crocodile /kraIl/noun: a large predatory semi aquatic reptile with long jaws,

long tail, short legs, and a horny textured skin.

describe/dskrIb/ verb: give a detailed account of (someone or something) inwords.

excitement/ksItmnt/noun: a feeling of great enthusiasm and eagerness.

Exceptions

brier/brIr/

brightness/brItns/caregiver/krgvr/

chalice/s/

Lettero Sound[o]

stone noun: hard, solid non-metallic mineral matter of which rock is made.

stove noun: an apparatus for cooking or heating that operates by burning fuel

or using electricity.

those plural form of that.

whole adjective: complete; entire.

wrote verb: (pastwrote;past part.written) mark letters, words, or other symbolson a surface, with a pen, pencil, or similar implement.

closedadjective: not open or allowing access.

clover r/ noun: a herbaceous leguminous plant with dense white or red globular

flower heads and leaves which are typically three-lobed

demote/d verb: give a lower rank or less senior position to, often as apunishment

devote/d verb: give time or resources to a person or activity.

grocerr/ noun: a person who sells food and small household goods.


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lonely adjective: sad because one has no friends or company.

moment nt/ noun: a very brief period of time.

remote /r adjective: far away in space or time.

rodent nt/noun: a mammal of an order that includes rats, mice, squirrels, andporcupines, distinguished by strong constantly growing incisors and no canine teeth.

strobenoun: a stroboscope.

strode past of stride.

stroke noun: an act of hitting: he received three strokes of the cane.

throne/noun: a ceremonial chair for a sovereign, bishop, or similar figure.

compose /kverb: write or create a musical or written work.

console /kverb: give consolation to.

episode/pnoun: an event or a sequence of events.

explode /verb: burst or shatter violently, especially as a result of rapidcombustion or excessive internal pressure.

proceed/prverb: begin a course of action.

provoke/prverb: stimulate a reaction or emotion, typically a strong orunwelcome one in someone.

envelope /nvnoun: a flat paper container with a sealable flap, used to enclose

a letter or document.

innocent /nsnt/ adjective: not guilty of a crime or offence.

overallsrlz/adjective: taking everything into account.

telephone/tlnoun: a system for transmitting voices over a distance using wireor radio, by converting acoustic vibrations to electrical signals.

rhodium /m/noun: the chemical element of atomic number 45, a hard, densesilvery-white metal

parole /p/noun: the temporary or permanent release of a prisoner before theexpiry of a sentence, on the promise of good behavior.

bellicose /bladjective: aggressive; ready to fight.

cheekbone /tnoun: the bone below the eye.


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Exceptions

beloved/blvd/

below/b

chore/tr/

choreograph/kri

collect/klkt/

Letter u- sound[ju]

accuse /verb: charge with an offence or crime.

defuse /dverb: remove the fuse from an explosive device in order to prevent itfrom exploding.

excuse /verb: try or serve to justify a fault or offence; mitigate.

immune / adjective: resistant to a particular infection owing to the presence ofspecific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.

reduce /rverb: make or become smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.

refuse /rverb: indicate unwillingness to do something.

resume /rzjverb: begin again or continue after a pause or interruption.

volume /v/noun: a book forming part of a work or series.

commune /knoun: a group of people living together and sharing possessionsand responsibilities.

commute /kverb: travel some distance between one's home and place of workon a regular basis.

confuse /kverb: make someone bewildered or perplexed.

consume/kverb: eat, drink, or ingest.

dispute /dverb: argue about something.

execute /ks/ verb: put a plan, order, etc. Into effect.

perfume /pnoun: a fragrant liquid typically made from essential oils, used toimpart a pleasant smell to one's body or clothes.

pollute /pverb: contaminate water, the air, etc, with harmful or poisonoussubstances.


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presume/pr/ verb: suppose that something is the case on the basis ofprobability.

tribute/trbjut/noun: an act, statement, or gift intended to show gratitude, respect,or admiration.

argument /noun: a heated exchange of conflicting views.

attitude tjnoun: a settled way of thinking or feeling.

computer /kr/noun: an electronic device which is capable of receivinginformation and performing a sequence of logical operations in accordance with a

predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to produce a result

in the form of information or signals.

refugee /rfjudi/noun: a person who has been forced to leave their country in orderto escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

funeral rl/noun: a ceremony held shortly after a person's death, usually

including the person's burial or cremation.

fusillade noun: a series of shots fired at the same time or in rapidsuccession.

fusion n/noun: the process or result of fusing.

humanism nzm/noun: a rationalistic outlook or system of thoughtattaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.

humid d/adjective: marked by a relatively high level of water vapor in theatmosphere.

humiliate /hjum verb: injure the dignity and self-respect of.

humorist rst/noun: a humorous writer, performer, or artist

sputum /spm/noun: a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from therespiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or other disease.

Exceptions

conjure/k

communism/k/


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Short vowels

.Rule number 1: consonant + vowel + consonant

Letter a Sound[]

bat noun: an implement with a handle and a solid surface, used in sports such ascricket or baseball for hitting the ball.

badadjective: of poor quality or a low standard.

bag noun: a flexible container with an opening at the top. A piece of luggage.

cat noun: a small domesticated carnivorous mammal with soft fur, a short snout,and retractile claws

capnoun: a soft, flat hat without a brim and usually with a peak.

cab noun: a taxi.

dadnoun: informal one's father.

dab verb: press against something lightly several times with a piece ofabsorbent material.

Danabbreviation: Daniel (in biblical references).

fan noun: an apparatus with rotating blades that creates a current of air forcooling or ventilation.

fat noun: a natural oily substance in animal bodies, especially when depositedunder the skin or around certain organs.

fad noun: a craze.

gapnoun: a break or hole in an object or between two objects.

gabverb: talk at length.

galnoun: Physics a unit of gravitational acceleration equal to one centimeter persecond per second.

gasnoun: an air-like fluid substance which expands freely to fill any spaceavailable, irrespective of its quantity.

ham noun: salted or smoked meat from the upper part of a pig's leg.

hasthird: person singular present of have.

had pastand past participle of have.


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hat noun: a shaped covering for the head, typically with a brim and a crown.

jab /dverb: poke roughly or quickly with something sharp or pointed.

jam /dverb: squeeze or pack tightly into a space.

labnoun: informal a laboratory.

ladnoun: informal a boy or young man.

lagverb: fall behind; follow after a delay.

lap verb: fall behind; follow after a delay.

man noun: (pl. men) an adult human male.

mad adjective: mentally ill; insane.

matnoun a thick piece of material placed on the floor and used as protectionfrom dirt, for wiping the feet on, or as a decorative rug.

map noun: a diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showingphysical features, cities, roads, etc.

nap/nnoun: a short sleep, especially during the day.

pannoun: a metal container for cooking food in.

Pam name

pad/noun: a thick piece of soft or absorbent material.

pal noun: a friend.

ran past of run.

ramnoun: an uncast rated male sheep.

rag noun: a piece of old cloth, especially one torn from a larger piece.

rat /noun: a rodent resembling a large, long-tailed mouse, typically considered aserious pest

Sam name

sadadjective: feeling sorrow; unhappy.

sagverb: sink, subside, or bulge downwards gradually under weight or pressureor through lack of strength.

sat past and past participle of sit.

sap noun: the fluid, chiefly water with dissolved sugars and mineral salts,circulating in the vascular system of a plant.


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tab noun: a small flap or strip of material attached to something, for holding,manipulation, identification, etc.

tan noun: a yellowish-brown color. A golden-brown shade of skin developed bypale-skinned people after exposure to the sun.

tadadverb: to a minor extent; somewhat.

tagnoun: a label providing identification or giving other information. Anelectronic device attached to someone or something for monitoring purposes.

tapnoun: a device by which a flow of liquid or gas from a pipe or container canbe controlled.

van noun: a covered motor vehicle used for transporting goods or people.

hackverb: cut with rough or heavy blows.

yamnoun: the edible starchy tuber of a climbing plant, widely distributed intropical and subtropical countries.

zapverb: destroy or obliterate.

Exceptions

ball /bl/

barb /b

barn /b/

card /k/

bar /b/

harm /h

harp /h/

Letter e sound []

Ben/bn/name

bed/bd/noun: a piece of furniture incorporating a mattress or other surface forsleeping or resting on.

beg/bg/verb: ask someone earnestly or humbly for something.


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bet/bt/ verb: risk a sum of money or other valued item against someone else's on thebasis of the outcome of an unpredictable event such as a race or game.

den/dn/noun: a wild animal's lair or habitation.

fed/fd/pastand past participle of feed.

gem/dm/noun: a precious or semi-precious stone, especially when cut and polished

or engraved.

get/gt/verb: come to have or hold; receive. Experience, suffer, or be afflicted withsomething bad.

gel/dl/noun: a jelly-like substance containing a cosmetic, medicinal, or otherpreparation.

hen/hn/ noun: a female bird, especially of a domestic fowl.

hem/hm/noun: the edge of a piece of cloth or clothing which has been turned underand sewn.

jet/dt/noun: a rapid stream of liquid or gas forced out of a small opening.

Ken/kn/name

keg/kg/ noun: a small barrel, especially one of less than 10 gallons or (in the US) 30gallons.

led/ld/ past and past participle of lead

leg/lg/ noun: each of the limbs on which a person or animal walks and stands.

let/lt/ verb: not prevent or forbid; allow.

men/mn/pluralform of man.

met/mt/ past and past participle of meet.

net/nt/noun: a piece of open-meshed material used typically for catching fish.pen/pn/ noun: an instrument for writing or drawing with ink, typically consisting of ametal nib or ball, or a nylon tip, fitted into a metal or plastic holder.

peg/pg/noun: a short projecting pin or bolt used for hanging things on, securing

something in place, or marking a position.

pet/pt/noun: a domestic or tamed animal or bird kept for companionship or pleasure.

red/rd/adjective: of a color at the end of the spectrum next to orange and oppositeviolet, as of blood or rubies.

set/st/ verb: put, lay, or stand (something) in a specified place or position.


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ten/tn/cardinal number: equivalent to the product of five and two; one more thannine

Ted/td/ name

vet/vt/ noun: chiefly Brit. a veterinary surgeon.

yet/jt/adverb: up until the present or a specified or implied time; by now or then.

wed/wd/verb: formal or literary marry.

wet/wt/adjective: covered or saturated with liquid.

Exceptions

few//

Jew/d

Letter I sound[]

bin/bn/ noun: a receptacle in which to deposit rubbish.

bid/bd/ verb: offer a certain price for something, especially at an auction.

big/bg/adjective: of considerable size, power, or extent.

bit /bt/noun: a small piece, quantity, or extent of something.

dim /dm/adjective: of a light or illuminated object not shining brightly or clearly.

did /dd/ past of do.

dig /dg/verb: break up and move earth with a tool or with hands, paws, etc.

dip /dp/verb: put or let something down quickly or briefly in or into (liquid).

fin /fn/noun: a flattened appendage on the body of a fish or other aquatic animal,used for propelling, steering, and balancing.

fig/fg/ noun: a soft pear-shaped fruit with sweet dark flesh and many small seeds.

fit /ft/adjective: of a suitable quality, standard, or type.

gin /dn/noun: a clear alcoholic spirit distilled from grain or malt and flavored withjuniper berries.

gig /gg/noun: chiefly historical a light two-wheeled carriage pulled by one horse.


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him /hm/pronoun: used as the object of a verb or preposition to refer to a maleperson or animal previously mentioned.

hid/hd/ past of hide

hit/ht/verb: direct a blow at with one's hand or a tool or weapon.

hip /hp/noun :a projection of the pelvis and upper thigh bone on each side of the

body.

jib/db/ noun:Sailing a triangular staysail set forward of the mast

Jim /dm/ name

jig /dg/noun: a lively dance with leaping movements.

kin/kn/noun: one's family and relations.

Kim/km/ name

kid/kd/noun: a young child.

kit /kt/noun: a set of articles or equipment for a specific purpose: a first-aid kit.

lid/ld/ noun : a removable or hinged cover for the top of a container.

lit/lt/ past and past participle of light.

lip /lp/noun: either of the two fleshy parts forming the edges of the mouth opening.

nip/np/ verb: pinch, squeeze, or bite sharply.

pin /pn/noun: a thin piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head atthe other, used for fastening pieces of cloth, paper, etc.

pig /pg/ noun: an omnivorous domesticated hoofed mammal with sparse bristly hairand a flat snout, kept for its meat

pit /pt/noun: a large hole in the ground.

rim /rm/noun: the upper or outer edge of something, typically something circular.

rid/rd/verb: make someone or something free of an unwanted person or thing.

rig/rg/verb: provide (a boat) with sails and rigging.

rip/rp/ verb: tear or pull forcibly away from something or someone.

sin/sn/noun: an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law.

sit /st/verb: be or cause to be in a position in which one's weight is supported byone's buttocks rather than one's feet and one's back is upright.

sip /sp/ verb: drink something by taking small mouthfuls.


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tin /tn/noun: a silvery-white metal, the chemical element of atomic number 50.

tip /tp/ noun: the pointed or rounded extremity of something slender or tapering.

win/wn/verb: be successful or victorious in a contest or conflict.

wit /wt/ noun: the capacity for inventive thought and quick understanding; keenintelligence.

zip/zp/noun: a fastener consisting of two flexible strips of metal or plastic withinterlocking projections closed or opened by pulling a slide along them.

zit/zt/noun: informal, chiefly N. Amer. a spot on the skin.

Letters o sound[] []bop/b noun chiefly Brit. a dance to pop music.

con /k verb (cons, conning, conned) deceive (someone) into doing or believingsomething by lying to them.

cod/k noun a large marine fish with a small barbel on the chin, important as a foodfish

cog/kg/ noun a wheel or bar with a series of projections on its edge, which transfersmotion by engaging with projections on another wheel or bar.

cot/k noun Brit. a small bed with high barred sides for a baby or very young child.

cop/k noun a police officer.

Don/d

dog/dg/ noun a domesticated carnivorous mammal probably descended from thewolf, with a barking or howling voice, an acute sense of smell, and non-retractile claws.

dot/d noun a small round mark or spot.

fog /f/ noun a thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere at ornear the earth's surface which obscures or restricts visibility.

God/g noun (in Christianity and other monotheistic religions) the creator and ruler

of the universe; the supreme being.

got /g past and past participle of get.

hog/h noun a pig, especially a castrated male reared for slaughter.

hot/h adjective having a high temperature.

jog/dg/ noun a spell of jogging.


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jot/dt/ verb (jots,jotting,jotted) write quickly.

lob/l verb (lobs, lobbing, lobbed) throw or hit (a ball or missile) in a high arc.

log /lg/ noun a part of the trunk or a large branch of a tree that has fallen or been cutoff.

lot /l pronoun (a lot or lots) informal a large number or amount; a great deal.

lop/l verb (lops, lopping, lopped) cut off (a branch or limb) from a tree or body.

mob/m noun a disorderly or violent crowd

mom/m noun North American term for mum

mop/m noun an implement consisting of a bundle of thick loose strings or a spongeattached to a handle, used for wiping floors.

nod/n verb lower and raise one's head slightly and briefly, especially in greeting,assent, or understanding, or as a signal.

not/nadverb used chiefly with an auxiliary verb or be to form the negative.

pod/pnoun an elongated seed vessel of a leguminous plant such as the pea,splitting open on both sides when ripe.

pot/pnoun a rounded or cylindrical container used for storage or cooking.

rod/r noun a thin straight bar, especially of wood or metal.

rot/r verb decompose by the action of bacteria and fungi; decay.

sod/s verb (sods, sodding, sodded) rare cover with turf or pieces of turf.Tom/t name

tot/t noun a very young child.

top/t noun the highest or uppermost point, part, or surface.

Letter u sounds[]bun/bn/ noun a small cake or bread roll.

bum/bm/ noun Brit. informal a person's buttocks or anus.

bus/bs/ noun a large motor vehicle carrying paying passengers on a fixed route.

bud/bd/ noun a compact knob-like growth on a plant which develops into a leaf,flower, or shoot.

bug/bg/ noun informal a harmful microorganism.


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but/bt/ conjunction used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what hascome before or with what is expected.

cud/kd/ noun partly digested food returned from the first stomach of ruminants tothe mouth for further chewing.

cut/kt/ verb (cutting;pastandpast part.cut) make an opening, incision, or wound in(something) with a sharp tool or object.

cup/kp/ noun a small bowl-shaped container for drinking from, typically with ahandle.

dug/dg/ past and past participle of dig.

fun /fn/ noun light-hearted pleasure or amusement.

gun/gn/ noun a weapon incorporating a metal tube from which bullets or shells arepropelled by explosive force.

gum/gm/ noun a viscous secretion of some trees and shrubs that hardens on dryingbut is soluble in water

Gus/gs/.

gut/gt/noun he stomach or belly

hum/hm/ verb (hums, humming, hummed) make a low, steady continuous sound likethat of a bee.

hug/hg/ verb embrace (someone) tightly.

hut/ht/ noun a small, simple, single-storey house or shelter.

jug/dg/ noun Brit. a cylindrical container with a handle and a lip, for holding andpouring liquids.

jut/dt/ noun a point that sticks out.

lug/lg/ noun a box for transporting fruit.

mug /mg/noun a large cylindrical cup with a handle.

nun/nn/ noun a member of a female religious community, typically one living undervows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

nut/nt/ noun a fruit consisting of a hard or tough shell around an edible kernel.

pun/pn/ noun a joke exploiting the different meanings of a word or the fact thatthere are words of the same sound and different meanings.

pug/pg/ noun a dog of a dwarf breed like a bulldog with a broad flat nose and deeplywrinkled face.


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pup/pp/ noun a young dog.

rub/rb/ verb (rubs, rubbing, rubbed) apply firm pressure to the surface of, using arepeated back and forth motion.

run/rn/ verb move at a speed faster than a walk, never having both or all feet on theground at the same time.

rum/rm/ noun an alcoholic spirit distilled from sugar-cane residues or molasses.

rug/rg/ noun a small carpet.

rut/rt/ noun a long deep track made by the repeated passage of the wheels ofvehicles.

sub/sb/ noun a submarine.

sun/sn/noun the star round which the earth orbits. Any similar star, with or withoutplanets.

sum/sm/ noun a particular amount of money.

tug/tg/ verb pull hard or suddenly.

.Rule number 2: ...consonant + vowel + consonant...

Letter a sound[]

splat // noun:a piece of thin wood in the centre of a chair back.

Splash // verb: make liquid strike or fall on something in drops.

flash // verb shine in a bright but brief, sudden, or intermittent way.

flask //noun a narrow-necked conical or spherical glass container.

quack //noun the characteristic harsh sound made by a duck.

mask //noun a covering for all or part of the face, worn as a disguise, forprotection or hygiene, or for theatrical effect

mash //verb reduce (a food or other substance) to a pulpy mass by crushing it.

slack / /adjective not taut or held tightly in position; loose


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stack// noun a rectangular or cylindrical pile of hay, straw, etc.

smack //noun a sharp blow or slap, typically one given with the palm of the

hand.

flax// noun a blue-flowered herbaceous plant that is cultivated for its seed and

for textile fibre made from its stalks.

smash//verb: break or cause to break violently into pieces.

distant /dstnt/ adjective: far away in space or time.

abstract// adjective heretical rather than physical or concrete

magnet t/ noun a piece of iron or other material which has the property of

attracting iron-containing objects or aligning itself in an external magnetic field.

constant /k adjective occurring continuously.

damsel l/noun archaic or humorous a young unmarried woman.

falconn/noun a fast-flying bird of prey with long pointed wings

happenn/verb come about by chance.

ransomm/ noun a sum of money demanded or paid for the release of a

captive

combat /knoun fighting between armed forces

fantastic k/adjective imaginative or fanciful; remote from reality.

entrap/verb trick someone into committing a crime in order to secure their

prosecution.

absent nt/adjective not present.

advent nt/ noun the outermost layer of the wall of a blood vessel.

intact/ adjective not damaged or impaired.

compact /k adjective closely set or packed together; dense.


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scrapingverb drag or pull a hard or sharp implement across

remark /rmverb say as a comment; mention.

Exceptions

barb /b

barn /b

card /k/

Letter e sound[]convent/knoun a Christian community of nuns living under monastic vows.

selfish/slf/adjective concerned chiefly with one's own profit or pleasure at theexpense of consideration for others.

splendid/splndd/adjective magnificent; very impressive.

expected /kspktd/verb regard as likely to happen, do, or be the case.

contest/knoun an event in which people compete for supremacy.

Inject /ndkt/verb introduce (a liquid, especially a drug or vaccine) into the bodywith a syringe.

system /sstm/noun a complex whole; a set of things working together as amechanism or interconnecting network.

excess/kss/noun an amount that is more than necessary, permitted, or desirable

extend /kstnd/verb make larger or longer in space or time.

signet /sgnt/noun a small seal, especially one set in a ring, used instead of or with asignature to give authentication to an official document.

impel /mpl/verb force or urge to do something.

address s/noun the particulars of the place where a person lives or anorganization is situated.

insect/nskt/noun an arthropod animal of a large class having a head, thorax, andabdomen, six legs, two antennae, and one or two pairs of wings.

elephant /lfnt/noun a very large plant-eating mammal with a prehensile trunk,long curved ivory tusks, and large ears

eleven /lvn/equivalent to the sum of six and five; one more than ten;

empty/mpti/adjective containing nothing; not filled or occupied.


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enter/ntr/verb come or go into (a place).

deck /dk/ noun a floor of a ship, especially the upper, open level.

dress /drs/verb put on one's clothes

helmet/hlmt/noun a hard or padded protective hat.

perk/prk/noun informal a benefit to which one is entitled as an employee orshareholder of a company.

perverse/prvrs/ adjective showing a deliberate and obstinate desire to behaveunacceptably.

cent/snt/noun a monetary unit equal to one hundredth of a dollar, euro, or otherdecimal currency unit.

melt /mlt/ verbmake or become liquefied by heating.

mend /mnd/verb restore to a sound condition.

nest /nst/ noun a structure or place made or chosen by a bird for laying eggs and

sheltering its young.

dent /dnt/ noun a slight hollow in a hard even surface made by a blow or pressure.

smelt /smlt/ verb extract (metal) from its ore by a process involving heating and

melting.

rent /rnt/noun a tenant's regular payment to a landlord for the use of property or

land.

Letter I sound[]

pig /pg/noun an omnivorous domesticated hoofed mammal with sparse bristly hair

and a flat snout, kept for its meat

fish/f/noun a limbless cold-blooded vertebrate animal with gills and fins, living wholly

in water.

chick /tk/noun a young bird, especially one newly hatche

lizard/lzrd/noun a reptile that typically has a long body and tail, four legs, movableeyelids, and a rough, scaly, or spiny skin

pink /pk/adjective of a colour intermediate between red and white, as of coral or

salmon.


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sick/sk/adjective affected by physical or mental illness.

trick /trk/noun a cunning or skilful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit

someone.

thick/k/adjective with opposite sides or surfaces relatively far apart.

pick /pk/ verb take hold of and remove (a flower or fruit) from where it is growing.

stick /stk/noun a thin piece of wood that has fallen or been cut off a tree.

kick /kk/verb strike or propel forcibly with the foot.

pin /pn/noun a thin piece of metal with a sharp point at one end and a round head at

the other, used for fastening pieces of cloth, paper, etc.

tin/tn/noun a silvery-white metal, the chemical element of atomic number 50.

thin/n/adjective (thinner, thinnest) having opposite surfaces or sides relatively close

together.

sing/s/verb (pastsang;past part.sung) make musical sounds with the voice,

especially words with a set tune.

wing /w/noun a modified forelimb or other appendage enabling a bird, bat, insect,

or other creature to fly.

thing //noun an object that one need not, cannot, or does not wish to give a

specific name to.

king/k/noun the male ruler of an independent state, especially one who inherits the

position by right of birth.

swing /sw/verb (swings, swinging;pastandpast part.swung) move or cause to

move back and forth or from side to side while or as if suspended.

ring /r/noun a small circular band, typically of precious metal, worn on a finger as an

ornament or as a token of marriage, engagement, or authority.

slit /slt/noun a long, narrow cut or opening.


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crib/krb/noun chiefly N. Amer. a child's bed with barred or latticed sides; a cot.

fill /fl /verb make or become full.

fist /fst/noun a person's hand when the fingers are bent in towards the palm and heldthere tightly.

hill /hl/ noun a naturally raised area of land, not as high or craggy as a mountain.list /lst/noun a number of connected items or names written consecutively.

kill /kl/verb cause the death of

milk /mlk/noun a white fluid rich in fat and protein, secreted by female mammals forthe nourishment of their young.

pill /pl/noun a small round mass of solid medicine for swallowing whole.

silk /slk/noun a fine, strong, soft lustrous fibre produced by silkworms in making

cocoons.

will /wl/modal verb (3rd sing. presentwill;pastwould) expressing the future tense.

swim/swm/ verb (swims, swimming;pastswam;past part.swum) propel oneself

through water by bodily movement.

mitt /mt/ noun a mitten.

him/hm/pronoun [third person sing.] used as the object of a verb or preposition to

refer to a male person or animal previously mentioned.

Letters o sound[] []

lock/lk/noun a mechanism for keeping a door, lid, or container fastened, typically

operated by a key.

stock/stk/noun a supply of goods or materials available for sale or use.

rock/rk/noun the hard mineral material of the earth's crust, exposed on the surface

or underlying the soil.

dock/dk/noun an enclosed area of water in a port for the loading, unloading, and

repair of ships.


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stop/stp/verb (stops, stopping, stopped) come or cause to come to an end

chop /tp/verb (chops, chopping, chopped) cut with repeated sharp, heavy blows of

an axe or knife.

drop /drp/verb (drops, dropping, dropped) fall or cause to fall vertically.

pond/pnd/noun a fairly small body of still water.

barley/brli/ noun a hardy cereal with coarse bristles extending from the ears,

cultivated chiefly for use in brewing and stockfeed.

barn/brn/ noun a large farm building used for storage or for housing livestock.

barter/brtr/ verb (often barter for) exchange (goods or services) for other goods or

services.bombardier/bmbrdr/noun a rank of non-commissioned officer in certain artillery

regiments, equivalent to corporal.

bombardment/bambrdmnt/verb attack continuously with bombs or other missiles

bondage/bndd/noun the state of being a slave or feudal serf.

bottleneck/btlnk/noun a narrow section of road where traffic flow is restricted.

bronchitis/brkjts/ noun inflammation of the mucous membrane in the bronchialtubes, typically with spasm of bronchial muscle and coughing.

card/krd/noun thick, stiff paper or thin cardboard.

cardboard/krdbrd/noun pasteboard or stiff paper.

cardinal/krdnl/noun a leading dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church, nominated

by and having the power to elect the Pope

cargo/krg/ noun (pl.cargoes or cargos) goods carried commercially on a ship, aircraft,or truck.

carload/krld/noun a powered road vehicle designed to carry a small number of

people.

cart/krt/noun a horse-drawn open vehicle with two or four wheels, used for carrying

loads.


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carter/krtr/noun a horse-drawn open vehicle with two or four wheels, used for

carrying loads.

bond/bnd/noun a thing used to tie or fasten things together.

bonk/bk/verb hit so as to cause a reverberating sound.

fond/fnd/adjective (fond of) having an affection or liking for.

font/fnt/noun a receptacle in a church for the water used in baptism.

knock/nk/verb strike a surface noisily to attract attention.

cardiac/krdi k/adjective relating to the heart.

stomp/stmp/verb tread heavily and noisily, typically in order to show anger.

prompt/prmpt/verb cause or bring about.

Letter u sounds[]

duck/dk/noun (pl. same or ducks) a waterbird with a broad, blunt bill, short legs, and

webbed feet, some kinds of which are domesticated.

bunny/bni/noun (pl.bunnies) informal a child's term for a rabbit.

slug/slg/noun a tough-skinned terrestrial mollusc which lacks a shell and secretes a

film of mucus for protection.

club/klb/noun an association dedicated to a particular interest or activity.

tuck /tk/verb push, fold, or turn under or between two surfaces or into a confined

space: he tucked his shirt into his trousers.

luck/lk/noun success or failure apparently brought by chance.

truck /trk/noun a large road vehicle, used for carrying goods, materials, or troops.

lump/lmp/noun a compact mass, especially one without a definite or regular shape.


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pump/pmp/noun a mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or move

liquids, compress gases, or force air into inflatable objects.

thump/mp/verb hit heavily, especially with the fist or a blunt implement.

jump /dmp/verb push oneself into the air using the muscles in one's legs and feet.

junk/dk/noun informal useless or worthless articles.

trunk/trk/noun the main woody stem of a tree as distinct from its branches and

roots.

bunk/bk/ noun a narrow shelf-like bed.

sunk /sk/verb (pastsank;past part.sunk) go down below the surface of liquid;

become submerged.

skunk /skk/noun a black-and-white striped American mammal of the weasel family,

able to spray foul-smelling irritant liquid from its anal glands at attackers.

dump/dmp/noun a site for depositing rubbish or waste.

puff/pf/noun a short burst of breath or wind.

hump /hmp/noun a rounded raised mass of earth or land.

jump/dmp/verb push oneself into the air using the muscles in one's legs and feet.

cluck /klk/verb (of a hen) make a short, low sound

pluck /plk/verb take hold of (something) and quickly remove it from its place.

stuck/stk/noun a thin piece of wood that has fallen or been cut off a tree.

bunch/bnt/noun a number of things growing or fastened together.

dusk/dsk/noun the darker stage of twilight.

dust/dst/noun fine, dry powder consisting of tiny particles of earth or waste matter.

flunk/flk/verb informal, chiefly N. Amer. fail to reach the required standard in (anexamination).


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munch/mnt/ verb eat steadily and audibly.

musk/msk/ noun a strong-smelling reddish-brown substance secreted by the male

musk deer, used as an ingredient in perfumery.

buckwheat/bkwt/ noun an Asian plant of the dock family, producing starchy seeds

used for fodder or milled into flour.

submit /sbmt/verb (submits, submitting, submitted) accept or yield to a superior

force or stronger person.

superb /sprb/adjective excellent.

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Relationships Between Spelling Orthography and Pronunciation