Species no. 13: Garganey Anas querquedulaec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/... · Species no. 13: Garganey Anas querquedula ... (FI, SE, DK, UK, NL, DE)

Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version 2008

Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 100 *

Species no. 13: Garganey Anas querquedula Distribution: Palearctic, breeding widely at temperate latitudes across Europe and Asia, mostly between 42°N and 65°N. Birds breeding in Western Eurasia winter almost exclusively in Africa south of the Sahara. Movements: Migratory. Breeding populations in Europe reach their wintering areas in West Africa via Spain, Italy and Greece. The autumn migration begins in late July and reaches a peak in Europe in August and early September. The spring migration begins in February and birds start to arrive on their breeding grounds in Western Europe as early as mid-March. Further north and east birds may not arrive on their breeding grounds until mid-May. Population size and trends: The European breeding population numbers 390,000-590,000 pairs, of which about 80% breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU breeding population numbers 14,000-23,000 pairs, with important numbers in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (together 45%) (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Numbers appear to be decreasing in many parts of Europe. The total numbers of birds belonging to the Europe & West Siberia – West Africa flyway has been estimated at 2,000,000 birds (Delany & Scott 2006). A large part of these birds pass over Europe on migration. Biological and behavioural aspects: Moult gatherings of males are formed from late May. Breeding: clutch size is usually 8-9 eggs (6-14); incubation: 21-23 days; fledging period: 35-40 days; brood one.



Movements

Garganey Anas querquedula

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering

FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE Few DE NL BE LU Few HU AT SI FR ES PT Few IT MT Few GR Few CY Few RO BG Few HR



Definition of period of reproduction


Member State

Period of reproduction begins with

Comments References

FI Occupation breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 SE Occupation breeding sites 11, 12 EE Occupation breeding sites LV LT Occupation breeding

sites, nuptial parade 7

PL Occupation breeding sites 2, 3 SK Occupation breeding sites CZ Occupation breeding sites DK Occupation breeding sites 1, 4 UK Occupation breeding sites 2 IE Occupation breeding sites Pairs before occ. of

breeding sites 1, 2, 3

DE Occupation breeding sites Nuptial parade before occupation of breeding sites

1

NL Occupation breeding sites 11 BE Occupation breeding sites Pairs before occupation of

breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU Occupation breeding sites HU Occupation breeding

sites, nuptial parade

AT Occupation breeding sites Pairs before occupation of breeding sites

2, 3

SI FR Occupation breeding sites 1, 4, 6 ES PT IT Occupation breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 MT GR CY Occupation breeding

sites, nuptial parade

RO 3 BG Occupation breeding sites Pairs before occupation of

breeding sites 6

HR Construction of the nest 15



Period of reproduction


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

Comments and conclusions 1) It breeds at temperate latitudes across Europe and Asia. Breeds in all EU countries

except MT, although only occasionally in IE. 2) For this species it is considered that the period of reproduction begins with the

occupation of the breeding sites, although nuptial parade and pairing occurs in autumn/winter before occupation of breeding sites.

3) Full flight of young birds should be used to identify the end of the period of reproduction, which ranges from the 2nd decade of June (CY) to the 3rd decade of August (SK, DE, FR, RO).



Prenuptial migration


Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds?

Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 11 EE X LV 2 LT X 5,7 PL X 2,3 SK X CZ X DK X 1, 4 UK X 1 IE Irregular presence; little data; no

information on migration dates

DE X 1 NL X 12 BE X 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU X HU X AT X 3, 4, 9 SI X FR X 2, 4, 6 ES Small breeding population 1, 5 PT Irregular presence; little data IT X 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 MT 5 GR Little data on counts, phenology,

etc. 1, 2, 3, 7

CY 3 RO 3 BG X 6,13 HR Mixing of wintering and migrating

populations 12 ,15



Period of prenuptial migration



IT - The species performs a 'loop migration', involving IT mostly during the prenuptial movements. Prenuptial migration through IT starts in the beginning of February and goes on till May. Direct recoveries from Africa already in early February, suggesting an earlier start from the wintering grounds. No difference in timing of passage is observed between southern and northern IT, the difference in the median date of passage being 2 days. Comments and conclusions 1) Highly migratory; birds breeding in Europe and Asia winter almost entirely within

northern tropics, although regularly extending to eastern Africa. 2) In most EU countries there are migratory breeding, passage and wintering birds. It

is not difficult to identify the beginning of the prenuptial migration. 3) Arrival of first migrants in northern countries (FI, SE, DK, UK, NL, DE) and

departure from wintering grounds corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration.



4) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 1st decade of February (HU, IT, CY) to the 1st decade of April (SE, FI, EE).

Species no. 14: Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata Distribution: This duck breeds in North America and northern Eurasia. Populations migrating through and/or wintering in Europe originate from North Russia/West Siberia. Movements: Partially migratory. Northern populations are entirely migratory, wintering in temperate and subtropical latitudes. Some southern breeding birds (e.g. in Western Europe) are sedentary or dispersive. Birds wintering in North-west Europe are thought to originate from Fennoscandia and Russia. Large numbers migrate through Northwest Europe and winter in countries around the Mediterranean, where they mix with birds of a more eastern origin and with those breeding in Central and South-east Europe. Smaller numbers spend the winter in West Africa and other countries south of the Sahel. As with other ducks, during severe winter weather in West-Europe most Shoveler winter further south than usual. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 170,000-210,000 breeding pairs, of which 140,000-160,000 breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 breeding population is estimated at 30,000-38,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The overall trend is unknown. Two distinct sub-populations, separated on basis of their wintering quarters, occur in Europe (from Delany & Scott 2006):

• One, totalling about 40,000 individuals and apparently stable, is wintering in the Atlantic region from Denmark to the British Isles and Aquitaine.

• The other is estimated at 450,000 individuals and with unknown trend. This

population winters in the Black Sea region, the Mediterranean and in West Africa. There is currently no estimate available for numbers wintering in the EU.

Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size is usually 9-11 eggs (6-14); incubation: 22-23 days; full flight of young birds at 40-45 days; brood one.



Movements

Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata


FI SE EE Few LV LT PL SK CZ Few DK UK IE DE NL BE LU Few HU AT Few SI FR ES PT Few IT MT Few GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

SE Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2

EE Occupation of breeding sites

LV LT Occupation of breeding

sites 7

PL Occupation of breeding sites

2, 3

SK Occupation of breeding sites

CZ Occupation of breeding sites

DK Occupation of breeding sites

UK Construction of the nest 1 IE Construction of the nest Pairs before occupation of

breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 6

DE Occupation of breeding sites

Nuptial parade before occupation of breeding sites

4, 11

NL Construction of the nest Pair formation often before occupation of breeding sites

11

BE Pair formation in wintering areas

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU HU Occupation of breeding

site

AT Occupation of breeding sites

Pair formation already in winter

2, 3, 13, 17

SI FR Construction of the nest 6 ES Occupation of breeding

sites 1, 2

PT IT Construction of the nest 2, 14, 16, 26, 27,

28 MT GR CY RO 3 BG Construction of nest 13 HR






Comments and conclusions

1) It breeds in most EU countries - migrant breeder and/or resident. 2) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites

where it is mainly migratory (FI, SE, DK, DE, AT) or with the construction of the nest in other situations.

3) The period of reproduction ends with the full flight of young birds, which ranges from the 1st decade of July (NL) to the 1st decade of September (UK).





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing

grounds? Member

State YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 1, 8 EE X LV 2 LT X 5,7 PL X 2,3 SK X CZ X DK X UK X 1 IE X 1, 3 DE X 4 NL X 37 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU HU X AT X 3, 8, 13, 17 SI X FR X 6 ES PT X 2 IT Presence of wintering and passage

migrants 2, 14, 16, 26, 27, 28

MT 5 GR Little information on counts,

migration phenology 6, 7

CY X 3 RO 3 BG Mixing of small resident population

with large wintering numbers 6, 15, 21

HR Mixing of wintering and migrating populations

15, 23





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR ? GR CY RO BG HR

IE – different populations: from Iceland, Britain+Europe, resident breeding Comments and conclusions

1) Northern populations are highly migratory. 2) The period of prenuptial migration starts with the arrival of the first migrants in

Northern Europe (FI, SE, DK, DE, AT) or with departure from wintering grounds.

3) The beginning of the prenuptial migration period ranges from the 3rd decade of January (GR) to the 3rd decade of March (FI, LT, EE).



Species no. 15: Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina Distribution: Palearctic, with a patchy breeding distribution from Iberia across southern and Central Europe to East Kazakhstan. The largest numbers breed in the steppe and desert zones from the northern Black Sea to approximately 90°E. West of the Black Sea the species breeds mainly in South-east Spain and in small isolated populations scattered over Central and parts of North-west Europe. Within the EU the largest breeding populations are found in Spain, France and Germany. Movements: Western and Central European breeding populations are partially migratory. Most East European and Central Asian breeding birds are migratory, moving southwest from their breeding grounds to the Caspian and Black Sea regions or south to South- and South-west Asia. The main autumn migration occurs in October and November, most birds reaching their winter quarters by December. The return movement occurs in February-March and breeding areas are re-occupied by April or early May. Population size and trends: The European population numbers 27,000-59,000 breeding pairs, of which 40% breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Within the EU 27 the population numbers 4,200-12,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The birds wintering in Europe can be divided into two populations (from Delany & Scott 2006):

• The central west Europe and West Mediterranean population which numbers 50,000 birds.

• The black Sea east Mediterranean population which numbers 20,000 – 43,500

individuals. Biological and behavioural aspects: Moult migrations take place in summer; birds breeding in the Camargue in southern France have been moving at the Bodensee. The moult migration of the adult males and immatures starts in early June, and flocks of several hundred moulting birds gather in some areas in late summer. Males moult their flight feathers between June and August, females one month later. During the wing moult, the birds are flightless for four weeks. Breeding: clutch size: usually 8-10 eggs (6-14). Dump nests by two or more females not infrequent, up to 39 eggs reported in one. Nest parasitism often recorded, with eggs (single up to full clutch) laid in the nest of Anas platyrhynchos, Anas strepera and others; incubation: 26-28 days; fledging period: 45-50 days; independence: at the time of fledging; broods: one brood.



Movements

Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK Few UK Feral population IE DE Few NL BE Few LU Few HU AT SI Few FR ES PT IT MT GR Few CY Few Very few RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI SE EE LV LT PL Occupation breeding sites 3 SK Occupation breeding sites 3 CZ Occupation breeding sites Replacement clutch

possible in July

DK 5 UK IE DE Occupation breeding sites Nuptial parade before

occupation of breeding sites

4

NL Occupation breeding sites 10 BE LU HU Occupation of breeding

site

AT Occupation of breeding site

13, 17

SI FR Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 ES Construction of the nest Nuptial parade 1, 2, 4, 8 PT Occupation breeding sites Very small population,

limited amount of data available

IT Occupation breeding sites Nuptial parade MT GR CY RO 3 BG HR Occupation breeding sites Small breeding

population 15, 23






Comments and conclusions 1) Migratory and partially migratory. 2) The period of reproduction begins with the construction of the nest in countries

with resident populations (ES, FR) and with the occupation of the breeding sites in other countries where it is mainly migratory.

3) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 3rd decade of June (ES) to the 1st decade of September (DK, DE, NL, AT, SI, FR, IT and HR). Full flight of young birds should be used to identify the end of the reproduction period.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing

grounds?

Member State YES NO References FI SE EE LV 2 LT PL X 3 SK X CZ X DK 5 UK IE DE NL 7 BE Presence of (very rare) wintering

birds & escapes 1, 2, 3, 4

LU Very few HU X AT SI FR X 2, 4, 6 ES Mixing of residents and migrants 1 PT 2 IT MT GR CY RO 3 BG X 6, 15 HR Few 15, 23





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? ? RO BG HR

Comments and conclusions 1) Departure from wintering grounds corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial

migration. 2) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade of January (PT) to

the 2nd decade of March (PL).



Species no. 16: Common Pochard Aythya ferina Distribution: Palearctic, with a wide breeding distribution at temperate latitudes across Eurasia to south-eastern Russia and north-eastern China. The Common Pochard is essentially a bird of the steppes but has expanded its range westwards in recent years to colonise Western Europe. The western Eurasian population winters south to North Africa and the Persian Gulf, with only small numbers migrating to West Africa, North-east Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Movements: Partially migratory; the species is present throughout the year on breeding grounds in temperate regions of western and southern Europe, but northern populations are migratory, wintering south to West Africa and occasionally south of the Equator in East Africa. Common Pochard wintering in western Eurasia originates from as far east as 120°E. As in all ducks wintering on fresh water, severe winter weather forces the birds to move south and west. In eastern and southern Europe, the autumn migration reaches a peak in late September and October; in the maritime countries of Western Europe, the peak is in October and November. Spring migration takes place from February onwards, with the main migration in March and early April. The breeding grounds are re-occupied from early March (in the south) to early May (in Siberia). Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 210,000-440,000 pairs, with the majority occurring in Russia (40-60%) (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 breeding population holds 85,000-144,000 pairs, with the majority in Poland, Romania and Finland (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Overall the European breeding population underwent a moderate decline during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The birds that winter in Europe can be divided into two populations (from Delany & Scott 2006):

• The NE and NW European population which numbers 350,000 individuals with decreasing trend.

• The Central Europe, Black Sea Mediterranean population which comprises

1,000,000 birds and also with a decreasing trend. Biological and behavioural aspects: The species is highly gregarious, often wintering in flocks of many thousands of birds. There is some segregation of the sexes in winter, with males generally staying further north than female. Larger gatherings of moulting birds, mostly males, are found in parts of Western Europe between early June and late August or September, with peak numbers occurring in mid-July. The birds are flightless for three or four weeks during the wing moult. Breeding: clutch size usually 8-10 eggs (4-22, over 15 probably always 2 females); incubation 24-28 days; fledging period 50-55 days; broods: one brood, replacement clutches laid after egg loss.



Movements

Common Pochard Aythya ferina


FI SE EE Few LV LT PL PL Few SK CZ DK UK IE Few Few DE NL BE LU HU AT SI Few Few FR ES PT Few Few IT MT Few Few GR Few Few CY Few Few RO BG HR





Member

State Period of reproduction

begins with Comments References

FI Occupation breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 SE Occupation breeding sites 1, 2 EE Occupation breeding sites LV LT Occupation breeding

sites, nuptial parade 7

PL Construction of the nest 2, 3 SK Occupation breeding sites CZ Occupation breeding sites DK Occupation breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4 UK Occupation breeding sites 1 IE Occupation breeding sites Pairs before occupation

breeding sites 1, 2, 3

DE Occupation breeding sites Nuptial parade before occupation breeding sites

1

NL Construction of the nest 9 BE Construction of the nest Pair formation after

occupation breeding sites (different from Anas spp.)

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU HU Occupation of breeding

site

AT Occupation breeding sites 1, 2, 9 SI FR Construction of the nest 1, 4, 6 ES Construction of the nest 1, 2, 4 PT IT Construction of the nest MT GR CY RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding

site/ Construction of nest 6, 13

HR Construction of the nest 15






Comments and conclusions 1) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites, in

northern and eastern countries, and the construction of the nest in southern and western countries. Some pair-formation evidently starts in winter, but many pairs not formed until spring.

2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 1st decade of July (ES) to the 2nd decade of September (FR). Full flight of young birds identifies the end of the reproduction period.






Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 1, 8 EE X LV 2 LT X 5,7 PL X 2,3 SK Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds

CZ Mixing of wintering and migratory birds populations in mild winters

DK X 1, 2, 3, 4 UK Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds 1

IE X 1, 2 DE X 1 NL Mixing of breeders and migrants at

breeding sites 7

BE Overlap with wintering birds; strong movements due to weather conditions

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU X 2 HU Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds

AT Some overlap with wintering birds 3 SI FR Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds 2, 4, 6

ES 2 PT X 2 IT X MT 5 GR Few data on counts & phenology

of migration 1, 2, 3, 7

CY X 3 RO 3 BG X 15 HR Mixing of breeding, migrating and

wintering populations 12, 15






BE - movements may start 2nd decade of January in mild winters IE - the species is at the western limit of its range in IE and begins to move eastwards very early, especially in mild winters (most of the last ten winters have been very mild). Comments and conclusions 1) The beginning of the prenuptial migration is not difficult to identify, except on

those regions where resident or breeding birds are mixed with wintering birds (e.g. BE, FR, AT, UK, LU).

2) Arrival of first migrants in northern countries (DE, DK, SE, FI) and departure from wintering grounds in southern countries, corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

3) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 2nd decade of January (GR) to the 3rd decade of March (SE, FI, EE).



Species no. 17: Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula Distribution: This duck has a wide breeding distribution in northern Eurasia, from Iceland to the Bering Sea and between 45°N and 70°N. Movements: Partially migratory. It is sedentary in temperate regions of Western Europe but northern populations are migratory. Birds breeding in Iceland, Fennoscandia, the Baltic region and Russia east to 65°E winter in the Baltic Sea and North Sea countries and the countries bordering the Atlantic coasts, where they join resident birds. Birds wintering in Central Europe include local breeding birds and birds breeding in North-east European Russia. Those wintering in the Black Sea and east Mediterranean originate from North-east European Russia and North-west Siberia. Population size and trends: The total European breeding population amounts to 730,000 - 880,000 pairs, including the population in Russia where about 70% breeds (BirdLife int. 2004A). The European Union breeding population is estimated at 180,000-290,000 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The winter population of North-western Europe is totalling 1,200,000 individuals (Delany & Scott 2006). The population of Central Europe, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean is estimated at 700,000 individuals (Delany & Scott 2006). Both populations have declined recently, after an increase during the last decades (Delany & Scott 2006). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size is 8-11 eggs (3-22), but over 14 probably always 2 females; the incubation period is 23-28 days; full flight of young birds at 45-50 days; broods one.



Movements

Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula


FI SE EE LV LT PL PL Few SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU Few HU AT SI FR ES Few PT Few IT Few MT GR CY Few Few RO BG Few HR





Member




1, 2, 3, 4, 5


1, 2

EE Occupation of breeding sites

LV Occupation of breeding sites

LT Occupation of breeding sites, nuptial parade

7

PL Occupation of breeding sites

2, 3

SK 3, 11, 13 CZ Occupation of breeding

sites

DK Occupation of breeding sites

UK Construction of the nest Pairs before occupation of breeding sites

1

IE Construction of the nest Pairs before occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4, 6

DE Occupation of breeding sites

Pairs before occupation of breeding sites

3, 4

NL Construction of the nest Pair formation often before occupation of breeding sites

30

BE Occupation of breeding sites

Pair formation after arrival in breeding sites ≠ from Anas spp.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU Occupation of breeding sites

HU Occupation of breeding site

AT Occupation of breeding sites

Pairing in winter/on migration

1, 2

SI FR Construction of the nest 6 ES PT IT 14, 16, 26, 27, 28 MT GR CY RO 3 BG HR Construction of the nest 15







1) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites where it is mainly migratory (FI, SE, DK), or the construction of the nest elsewhere.

2) The period of reproduction ends with the full flight of young birds, ranging from the 1st decade of July (DK) to the 3rd decade of September (DE, FR).






Member


FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE Large number of wintering birds in

southern SE is a mixture of SE and FI-Russian populations

1

DK X EE X LV 2 LT X 5,7 PL X 2,3 SK Mixed populations of residents &

migrants 8, 12

CZ Mixing of wintering and migratory populations in mild winters.

UK Mixed populations of residents & migrants

1

IE X 1, 3 DE X 3, 4 NL X 7 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 LU HU X AT Mixing with wintering birds 3 SI FR X 6 ES X 1, 2 PT X 2 IT X 2, 14, 26, 27, 28 MT GR Little information on counts,

migration phenology. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7

CY X 3 RO 3 BG 6, 15 HR Mixing of breeding, migrating and

wintering populations 15





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT ? ? IT MT GR CY RO BG HR


1) Highly migratory in Fennoscandia, partially migratory and resident in other regions.

2) Departure from wintering grounds in southern and western Europe or arrival of first migrants in Fennoscandia corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

3) The beginning of the prenuptial migration ranges from the 2nd decade of January (PT?) to the 3rd decade of March (SE, LV).



Species no. 18: Greater Scaup Aythya marila Distribution: This duck has a wide breeding distribution at high latitudes in northern Eurasia and North America. Movements: Migratory. The Icelandic breeding population winters mainly in Ireland and Scotland. Birds breeding in Fennoscandia and northwestern Russia winter mainly in the Baltic Sea and along the North Sea and Atlantic coasts south to France. Birds breeding more easterly winter around the Black Sea and in the north Caspian Sea. During severe winter weather considerable numbers move south. Small numbers also occur on large lakes in Central Europe and in the Adriatic. Population size and trends: The European breeding population amounts to 175,000-189,000 pairs, or 5,200-8,700 pairs when the large population in Russia is excluded (EU Management Plan draft 20071). The European Union breeding population is estimated at 1,800 breeding pairs and essentially concentrated in Sweden and Finland (EU management Plan draft 2007). The West European wintering population is estimated at 310,000 individuals, and although recent data are lacking, most likely has a decreasing trend (Delany & Scott 2006). Biological and behavioural aspects: Breeding: clutch size: 8-11 eggs (6-15), but more than 15 probably always 2 females; incubation: 26-28 days; full flight of young birds at 40-45 days; brood one.

1 Data from the draft EU Management Plan for Scaup prepared for DG ENV under the Sustainable Hunting Initiative.



Migration

Greater Scaup Aythya marila


FI SE EE

EE-B Rare LV Few LT PL SK CZ CZ Few DK UK Few IE DE Few NL BE LU Few HU AT Few SI FR ES Few Few PT Few IT Few Few MT GR Few Few CY RO BG HR




Greater Scaup Aythya marila Member




1, 2, 3, 4, 5


11

EE Courtship display LV LT PL Accidental tries of nesting 3 SK CZ DK UK Construction of the nest Nuptial parade 1 IE DE Occupation of breeding

sites Nuptial parade before occupation of breeding sites

4

NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR







1) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites. 2) The period of reproduction ends with the full flight of young birds, ranging from

the 2nd decade of August (EE) to the 1st decade of October (UK).






Member


FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 8, 11 EE X LV 7 LT PL Wintering from september to april 2,3 SK SK 8 CZ Small numbers of wintering and

passage birds difficult to distinguish

DK UK Very small breeding population in

Northern Ireland 1

IE X 1, 3 DE X 3, 4 NL X 37 BE Small numbers of wintering and

passage birds; difficult to distinguish high numbers during cold spells

1, 2, 3, 4, 5

LU HU AT SI FR X 6 ES PT IT Small numbers of wintering (c.

300i) and passage birds 2, 14, 16, 26, 27, 28

MT GR CY RO 3 BG X 6, 22 HR Few 9, 17





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG ? HR


1) Highly migratory with different flyways in Europe. 2) Arrival of first migrants in Fennoscandia, and departure from wintering grounds

elsewhere, corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration. 3) Beginning of the prenuptial migration ranges from the 1st decade of February

(NL, BE, SK, BG?) to the 1st decade of April (FI, EE).

Documents

Species no. 13: Garganey Anas querquedulaec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/... · Species no. 13: Garganey Anas querquedula ... (FI, SE, DK, UK, NL, DE)