AFRICA: Special Studies,

1980-1985 Supplement

UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA

A Guide to

AFRICA: Special Studies,

1980-1985 Supplement

Edited by Michael Davis

Guide Compiled by Mike Acquaviva

A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA, INC.

44 North Market Street • Frederick, MD 21701

Copyright © 1986 by University Publications of America, Inc. All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-89093-679-X.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acronyms and Abbreviations v

Reel Index Reels 1 -5

Africa 1

Reel 6 Angola -10 Benin 1-| Botswana -|-| Cameroon -12 Chad 12 Ethiopia -13

Reel? Guinea 13 Kenya '.'.'."Z 13 Liberia 14 Libya ZZZZ. 15

Reel 8 Libya cont 15 Malawi 15 Mauritania 16

Reel 9 Mauritania cont 17 Morocco 13 Namibia 13 Nigeria 19

Reel 10 Nigeria cont 19 Rwanda 20 Senegal 20 Sierra Leone 21 Somalia 21 South Africa 22

in

Reel 11 South Africa cont 23

Sudan 23

Tanzania 24

Zaire 24

Zimbabwe "

Subject Index 27

IV

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ACP

AID

APSP

AR

CFDA

ECOWAS

EEC

ESF

GNP

GOB

GOS GOZ

IRD

LDC

MPLA

OAU

SADR

SEPA

SDP

SWAPO

UNCSTD

UNITA

USCENTCOM

African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group

Agency for International Development

African Primary Science Program

Animation Rurale

Communal First Development Area

Economic Community of West African States

European Economic Community

Economic Support Fund

Gross National Product

Government of Botswana

Government of Somalia

Government of Zaire

Integrated Rural Development

Less Developed Countries

Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola

Organization for African Unity

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Science Education Program for Africa

Sahel Development Program

South West Africa People's Organization

United Nations Conference on Science and Technology

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola

United States Central Command (Military)

REEL INDEX Reel 1

AFRICA Frame

1978 0001 Cooperatives, Initiative, Participation and Socio-Economic Change in the Sahel.

Michigan State University, East Lansing. Department of Agricultural Economics. Bill Derman. 1978. 80 pp. Are the Sahelian peasants and herders, who have resisted change and refused to become market-oriented, irrational? Some theorists of development have reached that conclusion. Others take the viewpoint that there are a variety of paths to development, and that one should expect to find greater variability in the responses of rural peoples. The author of this report aligns himself with the latter viewpoint, emphasizing that the Sahel has never been an unchanging area. Indigenous initiative is just as characteristic of the Sahel as stability and tradition. Examples are cited. The report also focuses on the role of cooperatives and the degree of local participation generated by them. Experiences in Senegal, Mali, and Niger are related through quotations from a number of studies.

0080 Tanzania National Scientific Research Council, Dar es Salaam. African Goals and Aspirations in the United Nations Conference on Science and Technol- ogy for Development. Report of a Symposium Held in Arusha, Tanzania, January 30-February 4, 1978. February 1978. 47 pp. This is a report of symposium organized as part of the activities leading to the United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD) held in Vienna, Austria, in August 1979. The participants of the symposium sought to focus on the needs and priorities of African countries in the area of the application of science and technology to development, to voice the general problems facing Africa in this regard, and to make general broad recommendations which could be used as inputs to the UNCSTD. The symposium recommended the following: Formulation of integrated national science and technology policies; The building-up of the appropriate infrastructure and indigenous national capability in science and technology; The establishment of a new framework of regional and international cooperation in science and technology.

1980 0127 Sahelian Social Development.

Agency for International Development, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Regional Economic Development Services Office, West Africa. Elliott P. Skinner et al. 1980. 715 pp. The authors of the papers, enclosed together with other experts cited, constitute an important segment of North America's expertise on social development of inland countries of West Africa. The papers concentrate on social aspects of historical development and on social limitations of bilateral and multilateral development projects undertaken since independence. However, they do not attempt to analyze the very significant and growing impact on Sahel societiesof rapiddevelopment and change in coastal countries, especially Nigeria and Ivory Coast. The papers are a significant contribution to literature on social change in the Sahel.

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0842 Is the School the Enemy of the Farm: The African Experience. Michigan State University, East Lansing. Department of Agricultural Economics. John W. Hanson. 1980. 104 pp. It is often assumed that the primary school (PS), the educational institution which reaches the greatest number of African people, has reinforced attitudes in school children that promote migration in search of urban employment, thereby failing to encourage moderni- zation in farming. According to the author of the present report, however, field studies indicate that general societal and economic factors, rather than the schools themselves, are the sources of these attitudes. Field studies also indicate that PSs have an untapped potential to combat farm attrition and to promote updated farming methods.

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1980 cont. 0001 Trana-Saharan Ties and Tensions: Maghrebi Policy in Sahelian West Africa.

Haverford College, Pennsylvania. Robert A. Mortimer. 1980. 16 pp. This paper examines the policy of four North African states•Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya•toward the Sahelian states stretching from Senegal and Mauritania to Chad. The issue dominating international relations in this Arab-African subsystem is the war in Western Sahara in which Algeria and Morocco have major stakes. The repercussions of this war have profoundly affected Mauritanian politics and have influenced policy in Senegal and Mali. A second theater of strife is of course the civil war in Chad where Libya's role has been a source of concern not only for the Saharan-Sahelian states but for all of West Africa. Philippe Decraene has recently referred to the "gigantic diplomatic match" that is being played in West Africa. Although the moves of the many players on this vast playing field are all interrelated, the policy initiatives of each of the four North African actors will be summarized separately before analyzing the policy implications for the United States of this ensemble of regional interactions.

0016 Conference on African-Arab Relations, May 2-3, 1980. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. William Lewis. 1980. 22 pp. The two-day conference organized by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (INR) and sponsored by two bureausof the Department of State, the Bureau of African Affairs, and the Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, covered a broad gamut of subject matter. Conceptually the conference was convened to address four broad subjects: Cultural and institutional linkages between the Arab world and Black Africa; Interregional security issues; Trans-Saharan ties and tensions; and Evolving economic relationships, private, governmental, and multilateral. The basic theme to emerge stressed the dichotomy between tension and cooperation which often characterizes Arab-Black-African relations. Tensions today are the legacy of history, inter-Arab conflicts, the Arab struggle for paramount influence in Sub-Saharan Africa, the ill effects of the rising cost of energy, and Black African disappointment with what is felt to be Arab parsimony in the provision of economic and financial assistance to hard-pressed African nations. At the opposite end of the spectrum, solidarity in the international arena on such issues as Palestine, South Africa, and Namibia suggests fertile areas for mutual cooperation. Moreover, the level of Arab aid to Africa is increasing, albeit after several faltering, uncertain initiatives by Arab investors.

0038 Afro-Arab Economic Relations. Sfafe University of New York At Albany, Comparative Development Studies Center. A. I. Baaklini. 1980. 45 pp. This paper attempts to clarify some of the obstacles facing social scientists and political observers in their efforts to comprehend the Afro-Arab economic relationship. It then proceeds to summarize how this relationship has been described in the literature. It outlines a theoretical framework within which the Afro-Arab economic relationship can be

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understood and analyzes the scope and terms of this relationship. The paper concludes with some reflections on the limitations and future course of this relationship.

0083 Science Education Program for Africa. Volume 2: A Report of the Botswana Confer- ence, May 1980. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. May 1980. 125 pp. A science education conference was convened at Gaborone, Botswana, in May 1980 to review the past performance, current status, and future prospects of the Agency for International Development-funded Science Education Program for Africa (SEPA). This report outlines the program of the conference and summarizes its principal discussions. Included are summaries of conference reviews of: The evolution of SEPA and its forerunner, the African Primary Science Program (APSP); SEPA programs in the 1970s, along with a brief history of SEPA's growth and SEPA's financing, and international relations; International specialized agencies that are potential collaborators with SEPA, including the Organization for African Unity (OAU), three organizations of the United Nations (the Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, the United Nations En- vironmental Program, and the Economic Commission for Africa), AID, and the German Foundation for International Development; and Volume One of the Review Report of SEPA. Also included are recommendations for SEPA funding and for programs for the 1980s.

0208 Indices of Agricultural Production in Africa and the Near East, 1970-1979. Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service, Washington, D.C. International Econom- ics Division. June 1980. 57 pp. Indices of agricultural production in foreign countries are prepared as part of a continuing assessment of current agricultural situations abroad. Thecountry indices are calculated by Laspeyres' base-weighted aggregative formula, and are constructed from production series given in thousands of metric tons. Time reference is the calendar year in which the bulk of the crop is harvested, or, in some cases, notably coffee and cocoa beans, the marketing year beginning in the indicated calendar year. The base period for the indices is the average calendar years 1961 -1965, and weights are estimated base period average prices received by farmers expressed in U.S. dollars per metric ton. A separate schedule for price weights is used for each country.

0265 ECOWAS: Performance, Promise and Problems. Africa Business and Economic Review, Washington, D.C. Justice Zormelo and Jeffrey Jackson. June 9, 1980. 34 pp. Africa Business and Economic Review is pleased to have been asked to present a paper at this conference. Quite by accident, Economic Community of West African States is a subject we were all interested in prior to publishing the Review, and two staff members, Jeffrey Jackson and Justice Zormelo, have published papers on ECOWAS. One of our interns recently presented a paper on ECOWAS at a symposium at Georgetown University, and we have devoted an issue on an analysis of the emerging union. Even though the staff doesn't often agree on economic issues we are in unanimous agreement that economic fragmentation is a significant impediment to economic growth and development in Africa. Regional economic integration is perhaps the only way to circumvent the problem of small market size and achieve increased efficiency, economies of scale, specialization of production, improved terms of trade, and increased economic growth for the region as a whole.

0299 U.S. Foreign Policy in Southern Africa. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Richard John Mahlum. June 1980 143 PP- This thesis is designed to demonstrate analytically three propositions: That the U.S. has maintained a foreign policy toward southern Africa that has been unevenly implemented and even neglected by various administrations, due to perceptual differences about Africa and due to other manifest priorities on the agenda of U.S. foreign policy concerns; That a major determinant of U.S. policy in southern Africa has been the concern over potential superpower rivalry and intervention in the region as a dangerous and unwarranted element

Frame in the U S -Soviet competitive relationship; That an overreaction in the U.S. to the oerceived Soviet threat and a dramatic reinstitution of the East-West perspective in U.S^ foreign policy priorities could lead the U.S. to set aside the regional approach toward southern Africa that has marked the Carter Administration's African policy since 1977. This development may create a situation of incipient crisis for future U.S. relations in the region.

1981 0442 Africa and Change.

Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. March 7 6,

This memorandum examines the dynamics of change in the African context The author analyzes presenttrends and projects these trends through the decade of the 1980s that will be a time of increasing economic woes and political instability throughout the African continent The author sees three issues that will impact upon U .S. interests in the coming decade- the expansion of East-West competition to Africa, racial confrontation in South Africa andaccesstoresources.HeconcludesthattheUnitedStatesmustclosethecurrent

gap in U.S. policy toward Africa and take the initiative in resolving the dangerous issues which lie ahead.

0470 The Lome Conventions and Their Implications for the United States. Department of State, Washington, D.C. Office of External Research. Joanna Moss. November 1981.360 pp. ^ ,_ . The Lome Agreements that govern economic relations between the European Economic Community (EEC or Community) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group (ACP) have their origins in the Treaty of Rome, signed in 1957. At its inception the European Economic Community comprised six members: France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy Germany and the Netherlands. At the insistence of the French, who had a large number ot colonies in Africa, the Treaty designated as associates' those eighteen African countries that had colonial ties with France and Belgium. Association meant a preferential taritt system between Europe and the African colonies, a program for overseas development assistance through the European Development Fund, and privileged commercial positions in the African countries for the entire European Community membership. With independ- ence came the Yaounde Conventions I and II (1964-1975) which retained many of the same provisions as the association under the Treaty of Rome, but increased aid monies and lowered tariffs to create the approximation of a free-trade area between Europe and Africa. In addition, the Community entered the Arusha Convention (1970-1975) that liberalized trade relations with several East African states.

0830 The Limits of Superpower Intervention: Africa. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Robert J. Lilley. November 20, 1981.30 pp. This memorandum examines the limitations to superpower military involvement in bub- Saharan Africa. The author analyzes those elements of the African dynamic that inhibit such involvement, such as African nationalism and the issue of majority rule in southern Africa among others. Superimposed on those limitations dictated by Africa itself are those limits that the superpowers place on themselves. The author concludes that superpower competition in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly military competition, will increase in the coming years and offers recommendations forthe U.S. to increase its chances for success within these limitations.

1982 0860 Sub-Saharan Africa's Changing Military Environment.

Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. June 1982. 44 pp. The conventional wisdom about the African military is becoming outdated. African armies have reached a watershed in their transition from the internal security-oriented forces of their colonial origins, to becoming national armed forces with serious defense respon- sibilities Available data indicate that African forces are growing in size, sophistication, and

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0001

combat capability that is important in the African context. Their capacity for waging war is improving and this will have a significant impact on the frequency, scope, and character of African wars of the future. African armies are becoming more externally oriented and regional military powers are developing. All of these trends are changing Africa's military environment.

Strategic Requirements for the Army to the Year 2000. Volume VII: Africa. Georgetown University, Washington. D.C. Center for Strategic and International Studies William J. Taylor, Jr. and Robert H. Kupperman. November 1982. 97 pp. This report provides global and regional requirements that will contribute to development of Army long-range doctrine, manning, force design, and materiel requirements It deter- mines a range of environments that will likely confront the nation and the Army and identifies factors that will have major implications for the Army. It also develops Army-wide strategic requirements and recommends general directions that the Army can take to meet strategic requirements. Region-specific analysis was performed for African continent Likely areas of conflict in Africa are identified.

Reel 3 AFRICA cont.

1982 cont. International Assistance to Refugees in Africa Can Be Improved. General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. International Division December29 1982 65 pp. Political instability, economic difficulties, and social unrest in Africa have created one of the most severe refugee and displaced persons problems in the worid. Although African asylum countnes, the governments of other countries, and international organizations contribute greatly to resolving refugee problems, better planning, program guidance, and resource coordination by the principal international assistance organization•the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees•could increase the benefits derived by refugees from this assistance. In this report, General Accounting Office makes recom- mendations directed at improving the U.S. evaluation of international assistance efforts to ensure more effective U.S. contributions. Further, GAO identifies conditions that should exist in asylum countries before programming direct U.S. development aid to refugees in asylum countries.

African Urban Indicators: Current and Projected Urbanization and Associated Indicators. PADCO, Inc., Washington, D.C. December 1982. 66 pp. Urbanization is proceeding more rapidly in AID Africa Bureau countries than is the economic growth needed to enhance the quality of urban life. This paper presents key indicators on urbanization and socioeconomic development to help the Bureau define country priorities for urban assistance. After a statistical overview of urbanization in these countnes, the paper examines population concentration in the largest cities per capita rates of economic growth, selected social welfare indicators, and the interrelationship between urbanization and economic development, and then projects urbanization levels and rates to the year 2000. Results suggest that priority be accorded those countries (identified by name) that are: Most likely to experience substantially increased urban pressure or are already urbanized beyond their level of economic development; and Most likely to experience domestic resource problems if their rate of economic growth does not increase substantially. Two annexes, one providing eighteen figures on urbanization and related indicators, the other explaining the importance of urban policy formation within the national development context, and fourteen tables are included.

0066

Frame

0127 West African Oil: Will It Make a Difference. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey. California. David C. Underwood. December 1982. 136 pp. This thesis analyzes the commercial development of West Africa's petroleum resources and examines the implications of sudden 'oil wealth'' for the region's political and economic development. Section one outlines the evolution of the petroleum industry and surveys the hydrocarbon potential of twenty nationsalong the coast from Senegal to Angola, and inland from Mali to the Central African Republic. An evaluation of the physical and political constraints on the development of the region s petroleum resources and an aggregate analysis of the area's potential for new oil reserves and production capacity are also presented. Finally, by drawing from the experiences of established oil producers m Nigeria. the economic and political implications of the widespread development of petroleum resources in West Africa are projected atthedomestic and regional levels Specifically, will newfound oil wealth help resolve existing problems, or will it magnify them'? The study concludes that for most of these countries, oil wealth will be a mixed blessing.

0263 Development Administration in Africa. Volume I. Johnson (Jeffalyn) and Associates. Inc.. Falls Church. Virginia. 1982. 74 pp. The capacity of various African nations to manage both development assistance and their own resources has become a major development issue. This report examines efforts throughout Africa to improve management of resources. Volume I describes the evolution over three decades of AID policy on development administration and institution building. noting the underlying movement from long-term training in traditional public administration to greater stress on action-oriented, experiential management training The authors then discuss theirfindings, organized around the major issues of nation building and institutional development. Finally, after discussing several current strategies to strengthen develop- ment administration, the authors advocate the use of special development management projects in which a core of AID specialists, working exclusive of the structure of individual AID projects, provided direct and flexible assistance to host government agencies.

0337 Development Administration in Africa. Volume II. Johnson (Jeffalyn) and Associates. Inc.. Falls Church. Virginia. 1982. 125 pp. The capacity of various African nations to manage both deveiopment assistance and their own resources has become a major development issue. This report examines efforts throughout Africa to improve management of resources. Volume Two expanas on the above general discussion with six individual reports focusing on specific areas of management-training, information, financial, and health management, and the use of mobile management consulting teams•as well as on development administration issues in Swaziland.

1983 0462 Military Consequences of Military Rule in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Analytical Assessments Corporation. Marina del Rey. California. W.A. Ternlletal. March 1983. 149 pp. This study has sought to shed some light on several of the most significant after-effects of military coups in Sub-Saharan Africa. In doing this, the authors have examined both the governing military's relations with its own subordinate elements and the governing mili- tary's relationship with the society itself as a whole. The first priority here nas been to examine the military consequences of military rule m terms of sucn things as resource allocation, fostering of professionalism and morale, as well as the provision of adequate military training. Another important aspect of military rule addressed by this study 'S a determination regarding the effects of military rule on the propensity for a nation to use both external and internal force. The foreign and domestic policies of military juntas are. therefore, addressed. Finally, this study is concluded with an analyse o' those instances where the military has returned to power to civilian authorities wuh some speculation regarding the conditions which are most favorable to sucn a transition Section I presents a broad overviewof African militaries in general. The oasic conclusion of this overview is-lat

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to varying degrees, African militaries are afflicted with a variety of internal divisions and cleavages. These cleavages can be ethnic, tribal, linguistic generational, political and/or ideological. Nigeria, Congo-Brazzaville, Uganda, Liberia, and Zaire are studied.

0611 Assessment of the Sahel Development Program. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. March 1983. 32 pp. The Sahel Development Program (SDP)•a multidonor effort which grew out of drought relief activities in the early 1970s•is reviewed, with special reference to AID'S participation therein. The report specifically examines: the program's general economic effects; AID efforts in the agriculture, livestock, forestry/ecology, human resources, and health sectors; regional coordination by the Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) and by the Club du Sahel; program management; and the implications of economic and political change for the SDP.

0643 Analysis of the Causes of Military Coups of d'Etat in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1960- 1982. Orkand Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland. T.H. Johnson and P.J. McGowan. April 1983. 380 pp. This study provides the following key results concerning the causes of military coups in Sub-Saharan Africa: An integrated model of the causes of military coups in Sub-Saharan Africa is developed that is able to delineate the major causes of coups across thirty-five countries, 1960-1982; The integrated model suggests those factors that are most important in characterizing the potential of countries to experience military coups•these factors include domestic and international economic, political, social, and military meas- ures; and based on this integrated model, forecasts are made of the propensity of Sub-Saharan countries to experience coups. These forecasts accurately classify all but three of thirty-five countries as likely or unlikely to experience coups between 1960 and 1982. This forecasting methodology is used to estimate probabilities of coups in the next three years.

Reel 4 AFRICA cont.

1983 cont. 0001 Emerging Japanese Influence in Africa and Its Implications for the United States.

Department of State, Washington, DC. Office of External Research. Joanna Moss and John Ravenhill. June 1983. 150 pp. Contents: Trade relations between Japan and Africa; Japanese overseas investment; Japanese overseas development assistance; Relations between government and private sector in Japan; Appendix A: general trade; Appendix B: nonparametric tests; Appendix C: African country groupings and statistical tables; Appendix D: balance of trade tables; and Appendix E: investment tables.

0151 Private Sector: Regulation of Rural Markets in Africa. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., Office of Evaluation. R.H. Bates. June 1983. 65 pp. African government agricultural pricing policies often undermine production incentives. So concludes this study of the forms and effects of government intervention in rural African agricultural markets. The authors review government regulation of African export crops including coffee, cocoa, palm oil, cotton, sugar, and bananas. Although privately produced, these crops are required by law to be sold through state-controlled marketing boards originally designed to stabilize prices for the benefit of farmers. Instead, the government has heavily taxed export crops in order to finance development of nonfarm sectors, obtain foreign exchange, and pay their own high operating costs. As a result, prices received by farmers for their crops are often less than half of international prices. Many farmers have responded by shifting to production of less heavily taxed crops, and high marketing costs

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imposed by the boards have played a part in dramatic declines of exports from Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, and the Sudan. Export crop producers are also burdened by the high level of currency overvaluation in many African countries that further undermines production by reducing the value of export earnings. In the second part of the paper, the authors show how African governments regulate domestic food prices. Marketing bureaucracies act to lower food prices but in so doing increase marketing costs and price inefficiency and weaken production incentives. In af ¡nal section, a proposal is presented for reforming the marketing boards that would entail allowing markets to make and gain a limited amount of profits to encourage efficient operation.

0216 Investment Climate in Foreign Countries. Volume 2; Africa. International Trade Administration, Washington, D.C. August 1983. 376 pp. Approximately every two years, U.S. embassies throughout the world prepare investment climate statements summarizing the laws, policies, and economic climate of their respec- tive host countries that may affect existing or new U.S. direct investment. Statements include information on the condition and quality of host country infrastructure; availability of selected economic resources (e.g. labor skills); government policies in the areas of taxation, nationalization, antitrust, and foreign exchange; investment incentives made available, and performance requirements imposed, by host country governments; direct investment statistics, if available; and other items. The investment climate statements contained in this set of publications were prepared during the latter part of 1982 and reflect developments up to that time. Volume 2 contains statements for African countries.

1984 0592 Mineral Industries of Africa.

Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. G.J. Coakley. 1984. 156 pp. This Bureau of Mines report presents a summary review of the mineral industries of fifty-two countries in Africa. Mineral reserves, production, international mineral trade, and the role of minerals within the economy of each country and in terms of world supply are reviewed in text and tables. The major operating mining companies are listed, along with their locations and capacities. Basic information is presented on trade with the U.S. on local mineral policy, and on labor, energy, and infrastructure as it relates to the mineral industries. An outlook section briefly assesses the future prospects for the mineral industry in each country. Base maps show the generalized locations of major mines, oil and gas fields, and processing plant facilities including iron and steel works, nonferrous smelters and refineries, and cement plants. The maps also show major roads, pipelines, railways, and ports important to mineral transportation and trade.

0748 Populist Military Regimes in West Africa. Department of State, Washington, D.C. Office of External Research. H. Bienen and WS. Tod. March 1984. 34 pp. Populism is not new in Africa. Attacks on established institutions and corruption, ex- pressions of puritanism and the need for moral redemption have occurred prior to the Populist coups carried out in Ghana in 1979 and 1981, Liberia in 1980, and Upper Volta in 1963. The emphasis on individual leadership and on directties between leader and people has occurred also. Nor are coups led by junior officers or noncommissioned officers new. However, the recent West African coups were ushered in with violence, were frontal assaults on established regimes and institutions, and do have features that are unusual in Africa.

0782 Africa: A Factor in the Strategic Equation of the World. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. M.T. Kontagora. May2,1984. 77pp. The title of this study should in fact be a question: Is Africa a factor of any worth in the strategic equation of the world? The relevance and the importance of the question have increased since my recent close association with U.S. government policy and public attitudes and perceptions regarding Africa. During the 1960s and the early 1970s, the U.S. virtually blanked out most of Africa in its foreign policy and generally regarded the continent as an area of European influence. Except for uncoordinated and generally unpopular

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decisions regarding apartheid in South Africa and direct participation in two invasions in the Zaire Republic, Africa was and remains low in U.S. policy considerations. At the same time while professing solidarity with the African in his fight for freedom, the USSR is suspected of regarding Africa and Africans as no more than suitable vehicles for the achievement of its goal forsupremacyoverthe West and, inparticular, overtheU.S Because theU.S.and the USSR are the two superpowers of the world today, they ultimately determine who and what is important. Their apparent shortsightedness regarding the high potential of Africa's human and material resources and their underestimation of the determination of the African to be free and to take his place in the scheme of things is alarming.

Soviet Mid-Term Objectives, Strategies, and Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. R.F. Collins October 19 1984 27 pp.

The author examines the basic question of the likelihood of the Soviet Union's achieving its objectives in Sub-Saharan Africa in the next five to ten years. He briefly outlines the practices and methods employed by the USSR over the past twenty years while illustrating that the USSR has been compelled to modify its strategies based on changing local conditions. Specific volatile areas in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as South Africa and the Horn of Africa, are not addressed specifically, but rather included in the overall pattern of Soviet strategies. Research and analysis are based on documented Soviet activities U S government publications, and current Western academic efforts. Soviet emphasis in the midterm, as it has been in the past, will be on arms sales. The author disputes the belief that Africa is ripe for Soviet adventurism. There are an increasing number of restraints both domestically and regionally, that operate against the USSR. The U.S. is best served by staying aware of Soviet activities, supporting democratic processes, and encouraging African nations to address and solve African problems.

United States Strategic Military Access in Northeast Africa. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. H.L. Bakken. December1984 141 pp This thesis examines and assesses the implications of U.S. efforts to obtain strategic military access in four Northeast African states: Egypt, Sudan, Somalia and Kenya Accomplishment of United States Central Command Military's different missions requires access at various levels to varying degrees. This study establishes a general hierarchy of access priorities in the six most critical complexes in the region. Despite U.S. military and economic assistance programs that are designed to deter Soviet expansion increase American influence, and create regional stability, U.S. access has not been attained A concern of American decision makers is that increased political pressure on the current regimes in Northeast Africa would be counterproductive to regional stability for these reasons, strategic planners must consider alternatives to access, including elimination of USCENTCOM; reducing its size and mission; or maintaining the current force structure while expanding its strategic mobility.

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1985 Congressional Presentation Fiscal Year 1986. Agency for International Development, Washington, D C March 7 1985 552 pp Annex I presents to the Congress all the Development Assistance (DA) and Economic Support Fund programs (ESF) proposed for Africa for which AID is requesting funds for fiscal year 1986. The annex begins with a summary table that provides a breakout by country and appropriation account of the Africa region's funding requirements from fiscal year 1983 to fiscal year 1986. There is also a regional summary table showing economic and social data for African countries that receive either AID DA or ESF Following these tables is a regional narrative that provides a summary statement of the agency's programs in Africa. Thereafter follows a description of the DA programs, divided into four geographic regions, with overview statements for the Sahel and the southern Africa regions Country

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narratives describe the total AID program, including those projects for which funds are being requested in fiscal year 1986. The Chad, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Somalia, Sudan_ Senegal, Zaire, and Zimbabwe narratives include a description of both the DA and ESF programs in those countries. Narratives for the six programs that receive only ESF funds in fiscal year 1986 are included under the appropriate geographic grouping

0553 U.S. Security Assistance Programs in Southern Africa: Are They Supporting Nation- al Objectives? • • • • -, , Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. R.D. Gnswell. Apnl

1985. 51 pp. u The U.S. is using security assistance programs in southern Africa to achieve national objectives This study reviews the national objectives, examines U.S. interests in the region, compares U.S. and USSR security assistance, looks at the Country Team method and changes in the method, and concludes with an evaluation of the U.S. programs The study concludes that U.S. support of regional development should continue and appro- priate military assistance should be provided.

0604 Congressional Presentation Fiscal Year 1987. Annex I: Africa. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. (Updated 1986). 538 pp. This annex begins with a summary table that provides a breakout by country and appropriation account of the Africa regions funding requirements for fiscal year 1984 to fiscal year 1987. There is also a regional summary table showing economic and social data for African countries that receive either AID DA or ESF. Following these tables is a regional narrative providing a summary statement of the Agency s programs in Africa. Thereafter follows a description of the DA programs, divided into four geographic regions There are also overview statements for the Sahel and the southern Africa Regions followed by country narratives that describe the total AID program, including those projects for which funds are being requested in fiscal year 1984. These narratives are followed by planned project summary sheets that present in detail requests for proposed new proiects in fiscal year 1984. The Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Somalia. Sudan. Senegal, and Zaire narratives include adescription of both the DA and ESF programs in those countries Narratives for the seven programs that receive only ESF funds in fiscal year 1984 are included unaer the appropriate geographic grouping.

Reel 6 ANGOLA

1983 0001 Foreign Policy of Angola under Agostinho Neto.

Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. G.M. Saunders. December 1983. 106 pp. This thesis analyzes the foreign policy of Angola under its first president. Agostinho Neto Part one examines the evolution of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola s (MPLA) relations with Angola's neighbortothe north. Zaire, from the movement's inception in 1956, through the liberation struggle, post-independent conflicts in Zaire's Shaba Province, and rapprochement. The author traces the effect of changes m Zainan policy on the MPLA's perceptions of and response to its regional and international environment before and after independence. Part two outlines the evolution of MPLA policies toward the problems in southern Angola growing out of the complex forces generated by the interplay between ethnic and political conflicts in the region and Namibia involving the MPLA. The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), and South Africa. A central focus of this thesis is the impact of factional divisions within the MPLA on Angolan foreign policy.

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BENIN 1984

0107 Political Dynamics in Benin.

DepartmentofState,Washington,D.C.OfficeofExternalResearch.D.Ronen.April1984 04 pp.

Ethnic and regional differences have been little in evidence in Benin since Kerekou's

rnmn^i'l^J ^^^^"'y^^eunderthepresentregimethereisnoopenpolitical competition (elections) in which regional leaders mobilize sections of populations against the prospective or actual domination by a leader from another region The roots of such negative attitudes towards other regions reach back in time to the slave traT to ensuing regnal wars and to colonial times. There are no such historical memories towards either

ífn^iH ^ .r'5' e0 09y-A re,Urn t0 Civilian rule and 0Pen democratic competi- tion would assure the re-emergence of ethnic hostilities unless all candidates for the

mÄnh^S t6 S?en by ^ populallon as ethn'ca"y neutral. Such an eventuality is unlikely if the electoral competition is genuinely open.

BOTSWANA 1979

0161 Botswana Rural Sector Study.

Development Alternatives, Inc., Washington, D.C. AH. Barclay, Jr., etal. May 1979. 229

î;im^^rCOndUCted Ln.!Pnn9 1979 by Devel°P•ent Alternatives, Inc., to define a ^amework for a proposed three-year Rural Development Sector Grant from AID to the

Rnt•6• ?na (G0B) ,0 impr0ve Productivl,y and generate employment in rural n^IM , rVX^ preSen,S the s,udy's findin9s and ^commendations. Part I reviews Zvlfnr^LTT .P0llcy

(andpro9ramsinBotswana,examinesGOBcommitmenttoarural

?aÄhPhinSHrtah 9y ^f 0n pr?dUCti0n and e^P'oy^ent, and discusses the

£« Ä^ nr" e TPiSed framework- Part » ascribes proposed activities for the first year of the grant including integrated land use plans, land board development, rural afforestation, wildlife management and utilization, rural industry activities and small projects. Part III provides supporting analyses of planning and implementation capacities manpowerandtraming issues, economic constraints, and the socioculturalaspectsof rural development in Botswana.

0390 1981

Planning for the Communal First Development Areas in Botswana: A Framework. Development Alternattves, Inc., Washington. D.C. AH. Barclay. November 1981 43 pp The vast majority of Botswana's rural population resides in communal areas where problems of ow agricultural production, unemployment, and underemployment are acute hLtn nf thf ! Sr0b emS',he Gemment of Botswana (GOB) is planning an area- rnmm, nlîï ?nde?,0pmen,.approach in which a cer,ain comnJal area-called a nr^rr«! Development Area (CFDA)-will be selected in each district to receive emobvmpnt Zrcn^ ^^^^ * increasing agricultural production and fann • • ?^A Pr09ram Wl" address the comPlex issues ofland use planning and how^nS6 n,T^pu

lrPoseo,,hisrePortJstosuggestoperationalguidelinesshowing

how integrated area development, as yet untried in Botswana, can be implemented The Í!frnn^MS f lead^rshiP ro|e »hat should be played by the Rural Development Unit of the GOB s Ministry of Finance and Development Planning and by the interministerial Communal Areas Working Group, in coordinating line ministry and^riSZnÄJ

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CAMEROON 1983

0433 Cameroon. Futures Group, Inc., Glastonbury, Connecticut. January 1983. 73 pp. The impact of increasing population growth rates on Cameroon's ability to achieve substantial social and economic progress is detailed in this report. The country's future population growth is statistically projected on the basis of three fertility assumptions, each calculated up to the year 2025. Each projection is then further projected for its impact on: The economy (workforce size and number of child dependents, job creation requirements, gross domestic product, and gross domestic product per capita); The health sector (infant mortality rates in relation to age of mother, interval between births, and order of births, as well as the size of the high risk population and the need for elementary health centers and physicians); Urbanization (the size of the urban population and job and housing require- ments) ; Primary education (enrollment and number of teachers required) ; and Agriculture (production requirements for cereals, roots, tubers, and plantains and wheat import requirements). The study concludes by noting the long-term increases in population size caused by even short delays in reducing fertility and points out the need for family planning programs to promote fertility decline. Numerous tables and graphs illustrate the text.

0506 Private Sector: The Tortoise Walk. Public Policy and Private Activity in the Economic Development of Cameroon. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Office of Evaluation. S. Schiavo- Campo andJ.L Roush. March 1983, 166 pp. Cameroon's economic performance over the past twenty years, unlike that of most developing countries, has been remarkably good. To help determine the reasons for this success, this paper examines the effects of public policies on private sector development in Cameroon. Initial sections describe Cameroon's demography and its history and review political and economic development since the country gained independence in 1961 Next, the principles underlying Cameroon's public policies•national unity, political and social order, a mixed degree of government control of the economy, and a slow and cautious approach to economic development•are outlined. Specific government policies and their economic effects are then detailed. External policies are described as being nonrestrictive in regard to international payments and currency exchange, but overly restrictive in regard to commerce, especially exports. Internal economic policies regarding agriculture, fi- nance, and industry are shown to combine direct intervention with a laissez-faire approach. A review of the role of U.S. and other donor assistance to the private sector shows foreign aid to be an important source of import capacity, although increasingly overshadowed by oil revenues. A detailed case study of the Corporation for the Development of Cotton, is presented, and the Corporation's success in providing economic opportunities to small farmers without destroying their economic incentives are noted. The study concludes that, while the effects of public policies on private development in Cameroon have been mixed, Cameroon's experience demonstrates the viability of a gradual, cautious approach to economic change.

CHAD 1982

0672 Country Industrial Development Brief-Chad. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, Austria. February 16,1982. 31 pp. The publication covers the national economy, and gross domestic product; agriculture, mining, energy, and external trade; the industrial sector; and development planning and constraints to development-land locked country, transport economics, drought, skills, infrastructure, and financing.

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ETHIOPIA 1980

0703 The Soviet Involvement in the Ogaden War. Genfer for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia, Institute of Naval Studies Kenneth G Weiss. February 1980. 43 pp. Moscow's involvement in the Somali-Ethiopian conflict in 1977 and 1978 culminated in the most impressive exercise of Soviet politico-military diplomacy since Angola. An analysis of that involvement then can help us approach those questions that have been asked regarding Soviet policy formulation in Third World crises. In regard to motivation in Soviet policy, these questions include: To what extent is Soviet crisis behavior purposive- and To what degree is Soviet policy reactive? Concerning the modality of Soviet policy is Soviet "crisis policy" activist or cautious? In regard to Soviet performance in these crises: how well have the Soviets done during crises in light of their policy objectives? Before evaluating Soviet foreign policy in the Ogaden War in terms of these questions, it is first useful to summarize the salient events in the Horn in 1977 and 1978. After doing so Soviet involvement in terms of the questions raised above will be discussed.

1985 0746 Communist Ethiopia•Is It Succeeding?

Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California. PB. Henze. January 1985 56 pp Contents: Causes of the revolution; The course of the revolution; Ethiopian Socialism- Contradictions and conflict; Full Soviet embrace; Politics postponed; Nationalities- the illusion of self-determination; The appeal of communism; the peasantry•the ultimate test of the revolution; How communism is Ethiopia; The military conundrum; and Could the Russian tie be severed?

Reel? GUINEA

1980 Soviet Foreign Policy in Guinea and Somalia. Implications for American Policv toward Africa. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Thomas Mitchell Hutcheson Jr June 1980. 250 pp. The thesis traces Soviet foreign policy toward the Third World in general and Guinea and Somalia in particular from the end of World War 11 to the present, showing how the Soviets have attempted to use military and economic aid to gain influence in less developed countries (LDCs). It shows how LDCs normally only seek aid from the Soviet Union if they have been rebuffed by the industrialized West. The Soviet Union since World War II has gained only limited influence using military aid. The Soviet Union has further drastically decreased the amount of economic aid it provides to LDCs, and has become increasinqlv selective with regard to which nations receive its aid. The thesis further analyzes the modernizing strategies selected by Guinea and Somalia, at independence, and examines the effects of tradition on the success of these strategies. The thesis concludes with an analysisoftheimphcationsofSovietforeign policy toward Africa seeking to determine what national interests, if any, the U.S. has in Guinea and Somalia

0001

KENYA 1981

0251 Energy Conservation in Kenya: Progress, Potentials, Problems. California University, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. L Schipper et al September 1981. 122 pp.

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trame A study was carried oui of the flows of commercial energy m the economy of Kenya. Indications were sought of the extent to which energy conservation, (i.e.. increase in efficiency of energy use) has reduced post-1973 years. An assessment was made of the potential for energy conservation to reduce the growth of Kenyan energy use in the future and of significant barriers to increasing energy efficiency. Consideration was given to the role of government policy and of international assistance in fostering energy conservation in Kenya and other developing countries. The study was performed by analyzing available energy data and statisticsfromthelargestoilcompanies.theKenyanelectncutilily.and the government. These sources were supplemented by conducting personal interviews witn personnel of near'y fifty commercial firms in Kenya. Direct consumption of fuel accounts for 94 percent of the commercial energy use in Kenya, while electricity accounts tor 6 percent. The sectoral division of fuel use is: transportation 53 percent, industry 21 percent, energy production 11 percent, agriculture 9 percent, buildings and residences 5 percent, and construction 1 percent. For electricity the division is: buildings and residences 45 percent. industry 45 percent, energy production 4 percent, agriculture 2 percent, and construction 1 percent. Recent progress in conservation is reported.

0373 Organization and Administration of Integrated Rural Development in Semi-Arid Areas: The Machakos Integrated Development Program. Agency for International Development, Washington. DC. LR. Meyers. November 1981

Desorte substantial worldwide expenence with integrated rural development ¡iRDi pro)- ects knowledge of how such projects should be organized and administered is in- sufficient This report examines the potential for IRD m semiand lands based on a case study of the Machakos IRD protect in Kenya. Part one describes the desiga organization, and administration of the Machakos pro1ect. In hght of tne prolect s goals of decentralization, integration, and participation, as well as its vanous components. prict experience .s explored, emphasizing tne success or failure of administrative and orgamzauonal mechanisms. The author mghlights quest-ons about aspersion versus concentration of proiect resources and the cnoice anc sequence of project activities He argues tnat IRD is best effected througn tne lower levels of the bureau- cracy, assuming the presence within this group o' mimmal planing and implementa- tion skills

1982 0527 Small Scale Industry in Kenya.

Michigan State University. East Lansing. Department of Agricultural Economics. P. Kilby. 1982. 109 pp. In Kenya as many developing countries, industrial employment and output are dis- proportionately skewed toward large-scale enterprises. This study examines the potential of Kenya's small-scale industrial sector. After an introductory statistical analysis of the industrial structure, particularly as related to employment, and the effect thereon of the size distribution of firms, the nature and extent of the small-scale subsector. both rural and urban, are examined on the basis of the distinction between traditional and nontraditional small industries. Next, the effectiveness of government programs promoting small busi- ness including Kenya's Small Industry Development Program, the Industrial Estate Program and vanous lending programs, is evaluated The final chapter discusses the need forfurthergovernmentsupport of small business through provision of land, technology, and capital, concluding that a vigorous small-scale enterpnse sector contributes importantly to employment, a flexible and cost-efficient industrial sector, and future domestic control of larae-scale industry.

LIBERIA 1982

0636 Liberian Crisis and an Appropriate U.S. Response. Serg (Elliot) Associates. Alexandria. Virginia. Februar/ 1932 75 pp Although Liberia s a resource-rch country, n is currently facing a severe snort- to medium-term economic cns'S Th>s paper analyzes Liberas economic problems, ex-

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amines the ability of the Libenan government to respond to these problems and then outlines an appropriate U.S. assistance program. The crisis is a result of an intractable budget deficit, caused by high spending in the recent past and compounded by serious foreign exchange problems and a stagnant economy. While the government has tried to control expenditures, improvement is difficult to achieve due to the government's limited mancial control and fiscal flexibility and its inexperienced political leadership

LIBYA 1981 Libyan Military Power Projection in Sub-Saharan Area. Army War College. Carlisle Barracks. Pennsylvania. Xavier Turbet Delof June 12 7987 64 pc.

Th's study is designed to determine: Libya s status as a military power: and whether either by tseif or as a foreign proxy, it could be able to project this power in the Sub-Saharan area The terrorism problem is not studied except as it facilitates the comprehension of a specific action of hypothesis. Since this topic reports events of the present-day situation many sources of information come from newspaper writers and despite the fact they have been comparedfromseveralongms.theymustbeunderstood-reportedly.•'However thishasno influence on the general thesis.

1983 Libya: A Country in Transition Seeking to Assert Its Influence

o"?L^a'•//e9e' Carf'S/e Sa''rac^- Pennsylvania. LB. Ray III and R.D Kimerlmg. June 2. 1983. 109 pp. Libya is an oil rich, lesser developed. Arab Islamic fundamentalist country undergoing modernization and vying to assert its influence on world affairs. Because of its geographic location and economic wealth it is a key player in both the Arab and African worlds Since the Libyan Revolution brought Colonel Muammar al-Qadhaafi to power in September 1969 Libya nas pursued a policy of Pan-Arab Islamic nationalism through a diplomacy of foreign nterference in Africa and m the Arab world. It has been a diplomacy of subversion and unprecedented obstruction to U.S. national strategic interests m the Middle Eastern and African region. Qadhaafi. through the use of oil revenues, has actively supported interna- tional terrorism as an instrument of his policy. This paper is a country study of Libya first briefly recounting Lbya's history up until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1969 and then examining the political, economic, social, and defense systems that have evolved since then with emphasis on their significance in terms of present Libya's internal development and projection of influence in the international arena. Analysis will assess the available evidence in each of these four areas and present conclusions that should prove helpful in any assessment of U.S. policy towards Libya.

Reel 8 LIBYA cont.

1984 Petroleum Resources of Libya, Algeria, and Egypt. Foreign Energy Supply Assess- ment Series. Department of Energy. Washington. DC. Office of Oil and Gas March 1984 194 pp Part one of the report is a synopsis of each country's location, its exploration and

development history, crudeoilfield production history, and markets. Part two discusses the production and reserve characteristics of the oil fields and status of the known crude oil resources Part three provides an assessment of the ultimately recoverable crude oil and 'he possible 'uture rate of availability of the crude oil. Part four discusses the status of the Known ana unaiscovered natural gas resources, production, and markets Part five is an

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overview of the petroleum geology of the three countries and the physical characteristics of their crude oils. Appendix A presents an annual résumé of historical production by field and by basin for Libya; Appendix B shows the historical production by field and by basin for Algeria; Appendix C shows the historical production by field and by basin for Egypt; Appendix D provides production tables for each country; and Appendix E is a geologic timetable.

MALAWI 1983

0195 Private Sector and the Economic Development of Malawi. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. Off ice of Evaluation. J. M. Wolgin et al. March 1983. 123 pp. Malawi's economic progress since independence in 1964 has been unusually rapid. The private nonagricultural economy has developed, despite a lack of indigenous entre- preneurs; per capita Gross National Product has grown at an annual rate of 2.9 percent; the government has shifted from a net dissaver to a net saver; employment in the wage sector has increased over 150 percent; and manufacturing output has almost doubled. Funda- mental to this progress, according to this evaluation of the private sector's role in Malawi's economic development, was the government's market-oriented economic policy frame- work, which permitted development of private enterprise with minimal governmental interference. Three partly private and partly public holding companies were developed, which gradually gained control over much of the private economy, while management remained generally in the hands of the expatriate firms. An Investment Development Bank guided by expatriate personnel mobilized capital and acted as both lender and investor in new enterprises.

MAURITANIA 1980

0318 Sociological Profile: The Moors. Checchi and Company, Washington, D.C. February 1980. 130 pp. The Moorish population in Mauritaniahas historically played asignificant role in the nation's economic and social development. This paper reports on a study undertaken to determine factors in past and present Moorish society that have created obstacles to development. The authors first present a historical overview of Moorish society from prehistoric times to the present. The second part of the paper provides information on production, consump- tion, and distribution patterns in the Moorish economy, and discusses Moorish social organization in terms of kinship, power, and social stratification. Economic and social dislocations (especially the growing power of sedentary farming groups) and the cata- strophic climatic conditions of the last decade are held responsible for Mauritania's current state of underdevelopment.

0448 Mauritania: Rural Assessment and Manpower Surveys. Studies in Social Change. Population Movements and Migrations in Mauritania. Checchi and Company, Washington, D.C. July 1980. 252 pp. From time immemorial, Mauritania's ethnic groups have been involved in important population migrations. But, as this study shows, during the last few decades this mobility has intensified and has taken on a new character. In former times population movements were an integral part of the pastoral, and to acertain extent, the agricultural lifestyle. During the later colonial period, populations also began to migrate for economic reasons, and the drift toward urban areas began. This drift, exacerbated by the Sahelian drought, the creation of a wage sector in Mauritania, and the devaluation of rural work and rural products, continues to the present time. After reviewing the history of migration in Mauritania, and the economic and social conditions motivating today's population movements (which are primarily labor migrations), the authors of the study examine the negative impacts of these labor migrations on Moorish and Black African (Toucouleur and

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Soninke) societies, showing that their lifestyles have been radically transformed (e g herdsmen have been made sedentary and migrant groups urbanized). A final section discusses migrations to other African countries and to Europe.

0700 Women in Mauritania: The Effects of Drought and Migration on Their Economic Status and Implications for Development Programs. Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. MelindaSmale October1980 189 pp. What effects did the drought of the 1970s and male migration have on the lives and income-generating ability of Mauritanian women? This report, based on a study of selected sites in Mauritania, answers that question. A Mauritanian woman's ability to earn an income is largely dictated by her ethnic group. Drought and migration are not new to Mauritania but the drought of the last ten years increased and lengthened male absences Women have responded and adapted in their own characteristic way. Recommendations to increase women s income from productive activities are given by the author.

Reel 9 MAURITANIA cont.

1981 0002 Mauritania: Rural Assessment and Manpower Surveys. Rural Income in Mauritania

Checchi and Company, Washington, D.C. 1981. 102 pp. Results of a 1979-1980 pilot survey to assess household cash income in Mauritania's rural sector are presented in this report. Cash income in the sedentary and nomadic rural sectors is examined according to its various sources (e.g., traditional occupations, wages and cash transfers), patterns of income distribution, and (for the sedentary sector only ) ethnic group. Finally, the cash income structure for the rural sector as a whole is examined and budgeting patterns in the sedentary and nomadic subsectors are delineated.

Mauritania: Rural Assessment and Manpower Surveys. Employment Implications of Alternative Development Strategies. Checchi and Company, Washington, D.C. June 1981. 58 pp. Mauritania's high level of unemployment and underemployment is one of the most serious of its economic development problems, according to this sector report. Data (including 20 tables) on current (1977) labor supply and literacy and educational levels are presented and analyzed, and projections are made of labor, availability, and labor requirements for the period 1980-2000. Three major policy options to encourage the generation of employment are identified: Option A•full employment as the primary planning goal- Option B•a blend of social concern for employment and economic concern for the efficiency of products; and the currently stressed Option C•rigorous subordination of employment to capital-intensive production.

Mauritania: Rural Assessment and Manpower Surveys. Macroeconomic Simulation Model for Assessing Development Priorities. Checchi and Company, Washington, DC. March 1981. 127pp To help correct Mauritania's misguided capital-intensive development strategy this paper presents a macroeconomic model for assessing alternative policies for growth'durinq the period 1980-2000. Traditional, industrial, and service sector growth policies, production functions, and investment requirements are evaluated. Gross domestic expenditures and resource gaps are then calculated and results are interpreted with regard to economic and o her constraints (e.g., balance of payments and debt service) and basic human needs A global development strategy option is proposed based on growth policies and performance since the 1960s and on calculation of financial resources and the reoriented operational goal of meeting basic human needs.

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MOROCCO 1982

0288 Spain and Morocco: The Spanish Enclaves in North Africa, Potential Mediterranean Security Dilemma. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Richard H. Pomtt, Jr. December 1982. 181 pp. Two Western Mediterranean/North African issues that receive a great deal of after -i are the Gibraltar question between Spain and Britain, and the Western Sahara question between Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). With a significant change in either one of these issues, a more obscure regional issue is likely to surface and gain more publicity•the status of Spain's enclaves in North Africa. A settlement in the Sahara would allow Morocco to redirect its efforts to the Strait of Gibraltar area. Further- more King Hassan II of Morocco has said that a change in the status of Gibraltar will presage a change in the statusof the Spanish enclaves. Spain's military historically has had a large stake in the enclaves, however, Spain's Socialists vowed even before the 1982 elections to keep the enclaves Spanish. What is the nature of these Spanish enclaves today? Why do they continue to exist? What is their historical origin? What is the status of relations between Spain and Morocco? What are the superpower stakes in the region? How does one systematically look at enclave situations and similar territorial disputes m the 1980s, and in the recent past? Answers to these questions represent the focus of this study.

1984 0469 War in the Western Sahara.

Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. M. Azdad. May 8, 1984. 34 pp. This paper is an excellent account of the War in the Western Sahara. After an extensive accounting of the history of Morocco, the author develops the recent issues surrounding the ongoing conflict between Morocco and Algeria. The author outlines Boumedienne s strategic goals and his unavowed objectives. He posits that Morocco enjoys a most significant geostra*egic position at the crossroad of two continents and two water bodies and is in fact considered to be the stumbling block in Moscow's strategy of encirclement of Europe from the south. The authority concludes with recommendations for both military and political solutions for the Western Sahara conflict.

0503 Political Change in Morocco: Its Effect on the Traditional Monarchy. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. CF. Odom. June 1984. 168 pp. This thesis examines the effect of pressures for political change on the stability of monarchial rule in Morocco. Part one traces the origins of monarchial rule and outlines its guiding principles and dominant institutions. Part two examines the present day monarchy with emphasisgiventoseveral incidents thatoccurredafter1940thatcreatedpressuresfor

political change in the country. The effects of modernization, nationalism, and decoloniza- tion on the stability of the monarchy will be analyzed. The nature of the post-independence Moroccan political system and the relationship of the monarchy will be analyzed. The nature of the post-Independence Moroccan political system and the relationship of the monarchy to other political forces that developed as a result of the Nationalist Movement will also be discussed. The final part of this study focuses on the nature of current political pressures on the monarch of Morocco. The author's conclusion is that despite the changes that led to the emergence of other political forces in Morocco, the prospects for significant future change in the system are slim and the monarchy will remain the dominant political force in the country.

NAMIBIA 1983

0671 Namibia: Report on Mineral Perspectives. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. G.J. Coakley et al. September 1983. 60 pp. This Bureau of Mines report provides an in-depth look at the structure, production history, and resource position of Namibia's mineral industry. The study points to uranium as having

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the greatest potential for sustaining long-term growth in the mining sector, while diamond and base metal production appear to have peaked and may decline in the short to medium term. The report also describes the administrative and economic dependence of Namibia on the Republic of South Africa and analyzes those aspects of mineral policy, labor, and energy resources that will affect future development of Namibia's mineral resources.

NIGERIA 1979

0731 Income Distribution among Farmers in Northern Nigeria: Empirical Results and Policy Implications. Michigan State University, EastLansing. Departmentof Agricultural Economics. Peter J. Matlon. 1979. 127 pp. Despite the Nigerian government objective of achieving a more equal distribution of gains from economic growth, the income gap between rich and poor in that African nation has widened substantially. The report studies income distribution among farmers in Northern Nigeria and concludes that achieving goals have been hindered by insufficient knowledge about designing appropriate policies, implementing them, and measuring their impact. The difficulty in designing policy instruments that effectively reach more than a small proportion of the rural poor is examined. The report describes the need for policies which make farming more profitable, pointing up the importance of improved food grain technologies since most poor farmers themselves are net grain purchasers. The need for further study to explain farm productivity differentials with income classes is cited. Factors that could provide valuable guidance in designing improved technologies appropriate to low-income producers are cited. An extensive bibliography and some illustrations are included.

1980 0858 Nigeria: Foundations for Country Strategic Planning.

Economics and Statistics Service, Washington. D.C. International Economics Division. Kevin Lanagan and Brian D'Silva. November 1980. 49 pp. Nigeria is simultaneously the largest food producer and the third largest food importer in Africa. A combination of factors has given rise to this contradictory state of affairs• productivity declines, population shifts, changing demand structures, and rising incomes from petroleum revenues. Given current high population growth rates and declining per capita food production, further income growth alone will not finance projected import levels without seriously disrupting Nigeria's economy. Market development efforts in Nigeria may backfire unless they take into account the unique technological needs of Nigeria's heavily traditional agricultural sector.

Reel 10 NIGERIA cont.

1982 0001 "Go and Stop" Agricultural Development in Nigeria: Prospects for the Fourth Plan

Period (1981-1985). Economic Research Sen/ice, Washington, D.C. International Economics Division. Doug Hunt and Brian D'Silva. December 1982. 34 pp. The farmers of Nigeria's Fourth National Development Plan have made assumptions about the country s oil production and price projections that appearto be unrealistic at this point in the period covered by the Plan (1981-1985). The consequences on the financial resources available for expenditure on agricultural development may be severe. The experience of a similar misjudgment. in 1978. is traced to analyze the likely impact of the revenue shortfall in 1982 and 1983.

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1983 0035 Role of Foreign Investment in Developing the Agricultural Sector of the Nigerian

Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Modestas Okere and Howard E. Van Aukin. 1983.

This'paper focuses on the requirements and constraints of foreign investment in the Nigerian agricultural sector. It compares a closed system economy with an open one, and addresses economic growth, the historical development of Nigerian agricultural policy, the mobilization drive toward self-sufficiency, food importation, Nigeria's oil dependence, government recognition of food shortage and the need for self-sufficiency, specific government programs and policies to improve agriculture, alternative policies for financing agricultural growth through credit and loan subsidies, government intervention in agricul- ture the necessity of foreign investment to Nigerian agriculture, land ownership and land use'policies, impacts of land purchases by foreign investors, and government control of foreign investment. The paper concludes that foreign investment would increase Nigerian food production.

0077 Change in Nigeria. Challenge of the 80s. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. G. H. Gilkes. December 1983.152 pp. Nigeria a country of great importance to U.S. interests, faces many challenges in the 1980s The survival of this strategically important nation may be dependent upon its ability to manage and control the forces currently at work trying to dismember the growing unity of its people Three potential forces for change•Islam, ethnicity, and the economy•are discussed and the most likely vehicle for peaceful, progressive change, is analyzed. While facing its many challenges the emergence of a constitutional government, steadily gaming in strength, may provide Nigeria's best hope for peaceful evolution and significant develop- ment in the 1980s.

RWANDA 1981

0229 Land Tenure in Rwanda. Agency lor International Development, Washington, D.C. M. Remtsma. October 1981.

26 pp. In Rwanda the most densely populated country in Africa, 95 percent of the people are dependent on the land, and land tenure is a vital issue. This report traces major develop- ments in the sources of customary and written law that have shaped the de jure land tenure system and describes some aspects of the current de facto land tenure system. The development of customary law is closely related to Rwanda's tribal history, especially the relationship between the farming Bahutu who vested land ownership in the lineage chief and the pastoral Batutsi who centralized ownership in an all-powerful leader (mwami)^ Through written law, especially after 1948, the Belgians attempted several reforms. With independence, these laws were incorporated into the constitution. The resulting system of traditional ownership under the dictates of customary law, nontraditional ownership governed by written law, and State ownership have made land disputes common. The de facto land tenure situation is characterized by small, fragmented holdingsdue to ashortage of agricultural land and has resulted in spontaneous farmer migration to undeveloped or urban areas and government-sponsored migration to less populous areas.

SENEGAL 1980

0255 Animation Rurale and Rural Development: The Experience of Senegal. Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork. Rural DevelopmentCommittee.SheldonGellaretal.

October 1980. 220 pp. _ __. ,_ After twenty years (1959-1979), the theory of Animation Rurale (AR), which emphasizes cooperative village control of economic institutions, has been discarded as a basis for rural

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development planning in Senegal. To explain this abandonment, this study traces, in the light of Senegal's rural development context and AR theory/methodology, the history of AR in Senegal, the AR techniques used, and AR's use in specific regions.

SIERRA LEONE 1981 Employment Growth and Change in Sierra Leone. Small Scale Industry: 1974-1980. Michiganstate University, East Lansing. Departmentof Agricultural Economics E Chuta et al. August 1981. 32 pp. Surveys of small-scale industries in Sierra Leone, conducted in 1974 and 1980, are herein compared, in order to examine recent growth and change in this sector. First, rates of enterprise and employment growth are examined. It is shown that while employment in small-scale enterprises increased over the six-year period, the magnitude of the increase varied importantly by industry and by locality size, with the greatest increases being in urban areas and in food-related industries. Rates of industrial entry and closure are then examined, and a high rate of early business failures is found. Patterns of change and reinvestment are also analyzed to determine whether or not the country's entrepreneurs introduced new goods, new production methods, new kinds of equipment, and invested new capital into their businesses. Finally, following the observation that small-scale industries have continued to play an important role in creating jobs despite the absence of favorable economic policies and promotional efforts in Sierra Leone, suggestions are made for supporting their further growth. Appended is a description of the 1980 survey methodology.

SOMALIA 1982

0507 Encouraging the Private Sector in Somalia. Berg (Elliot) Associates, Alexandria, Virginia. September 1982. 183 pp. Slow growth and an overburdened bureaucracy were precursors to an economic crisis that led the Government of Somalia (GOS) to abandon its 1970s experiment with Scientific Socialism. This report, intended to help the GOS define strategies to stimulate growth in the private sector, examines poor past economic performance; the general environment for the private sector; and recent liberalization and privatization efforts and their impact on agriculture, settlements, and on agreements with the International Monetary Fund.

1985 0690 United States and Soviet Military Aid to Somalia: A Comparative Analysis of

Security Assistance. Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Ar Force Base, Alabama. R. Kilmer Jr Anril 1985. 39 pp. ' ' The U.S. and Soviet Union recognize the importance of the Horn of Africa A key to peace and stability on the Horn is Somalia. The U.S. and USSR have both aided Somalia in an attempt to influence events on the Horn and support their national interests. The U S needs to pursue a positive policy towards Somalia. Somalia's border conflicts and internal tribal rivalries impact U.S. interests. Somalia's neighbors respond negatively to military aid to Somalia. The U.S. must find ways to achieve its goals and placate Somalia's neighbors Somalia's economy is weak and Somalia needs U.S. help to get military aid. How the US approaches the delivery of military aid and the training of the Somali military will determine the impact and effectiveness of the aid. The study concludes that the U.S. should provide limited military aid to Somalia; that an existing plan can be used; and that a review should be conducted to make sure that the Somalis can support any equipment that is provided

21

Frame

SOUTH AFRICA 1980

0729 South African Mine Wages in the Seventies and Their Effects on Lesotho's Economy. Lesotho Agricultural Sector Analysis Project, Maseru, Lesotho. Jerry Eckert and Ron Wykstra. May 1980. 28 pp. During the period January 1973-June 1976, the mining industry of the Republic of South Africa increased mine wages by an unprecedented 500 percent to attract higher numbers of South Africans to mining jobs, thereby reversing South Africa's dependence on foreign labor. The economic impacts of such a reversal were severe, particularly in Lesotho, South Africa's prime source of migrant labor. This paper quantifies the more important of these impacts in order to identify the causes of major economic developments in Lesotho and to suggest the magnitude of economic difficulties that may occur if migration opportunities continue to diminish.

1982 0757 Coping with Change: United States Policy Toward South Africa.

National Defense University, Washington, D.C. Research Directorate. Scott Fisher. 1982. 86 pp. This monograph develops the considerations toward policy for South Africa. This policy is proposed for the period following resolution of Namibia's independence. It is not designed to be bluntly confrontational, but does seek to articulate and serve a range of U.S. interests, both foreign and domestic. Recommendations that can lead to insulation for the U.S. against strategic material denial are proposed, as are others designed to cope with the changes generated primarily within South Africa. Major proposals include the following: Complete the U.S. critical minerals stockpiling process; Encourage other Western nations to stockpile strategic minerals; Tighten controls on U.S. exports to South Africa; Stop the exchange of nuclear technology with South Africa; Promote nonexpansion of U.S. busi- ness in South Africa; Support the South Africa Development Coordination Conference; Expand contacts with black South African leaders; Expand human rights actions; and Support universal voluntary adoption of the Sullivan Principles by U.S. business.

0843 Uranium. South Africa's Mineral Wealth. Chamber of Mines, Johannesburg, South Africa. 1982. 22 pp. The development, prospecting, research, processing, and marketing of South Africa's uranium industry and the national policies surrounding this industry form the headlines of this work. The geology of South Africa's uranium occurrences and their positions, the processes used in the extraction of South Africa's uranium and the utilization of uranium for power production as represented by the Koeberg nuclear power station near Cape Town are included in this publication.

0865 U.S. Reliance on South Africa for Strategic Minerals: Its Impact on U.S. National Defense Production. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Laurence R. Medlin. April 15,1982. 30 pp. The essay examines U.S. dependence on South Africa as a supplier of strategic raw materials and the impact of such a supply source on U.S. national defense production. The essay limits its strategic raw materials to manganese, chromium, and platinum. It also examines alternate sources of strategic materials and U.S. inhibitors to domestic produc- tion.

22

Frame

Reel 11 SOUTH AFRICA cont.

1984 0001 Role of Mining in the South African Economy.

Pretoria University. Pretoria. South Africa. Bureau for Economic Policy and Analysis. J. A. Lombard and J. J. Stadler. 1984. 294 pp. The object of the analyses presented in the various chapters of this study is to describe the economic significance of the mining industry in the economy of South Africa in terms of the available official statistical data. For purposes of the analyses, the mining industry was disaggregated into gold. coal, and other mining. Although data on mining production are indeed abundant, problems were sometimes encountered with regard to data on certain other important facets of the economic impact of mining. The macroeconomic dimensions of mining on which this study became focussed are the production function, the investment function, the employment function, the determination of prices and costs, the distribution of the operation surplus, savings-investment equation, and the balance of current payments with the rest of the world.

0295 United States and the Republic of South Africa: "Benign Neglect" Revisited. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks. Pennsylvania. D. L. Benton. May 7, 1984. 93 pp. The continuing interest of the U.S. to improve human rights in the Third World nations presents a dilemma in its policy toward the strategically important Republic of South Africa. While on the one hand, the U.S., as the world's champion of human rights, must pressure South Africa to change its policy of racial oppression, on the other it must take into consideration the very real geo-strategic importance of that nation. Added to this dilemma is the perception by black African nations that the U .S. is not doing enough to force South Africa to change. Using data compiled from a thorough literature search and from personal interviews with government officials, the study details the U.S. social, economic, geo- strategic. and political interests in southern Africa, and traces the developmentof American foreign policy toward South Africa through the past four administrations. The author concludes that pressures to "disengage" from involvement in southern Africa are not in the U.S. interests and that current policy of constructive engagement is appropriate as long as it is pursued for the long-term, as opposed to a diametrically opposed shift as was experienced from the Carter to the Reagan Administrations. Inconsistency in regional foreign policy is considered to be the greatest weakness in pursuing American objectives in southern Africa.

0388 South African Defense Policy. Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey. California. C. T. Orbann. June 1984. 194 pp. This thesis examines South African defense policy as it is today, and as it has developed historically from 1910. Historical development of the South African Defense Force and South African defense policies are examined in Chapter I. Chapter 11 is devoted to the Total Onslaught Total National Strategy Concept developed and instituted by Prime Minister P.W. Botha. The Total Onslaught is important as it provides the basis for current South African threat assessments. Likewise, the Total National Strategy provides the framework within which defense policies are defined. Finally, Chapter lilis devoted to an examination of current South Africa's threat perceptions and constraints placed upon South Africa, and the country's assets. Lastly, it examines the defense strategies that have developed in response to these factors.

SUDAN 1980

0582 Cooperative Development in the Democratic Republic of the Sudan. Committee for the Promotion of Aid to Cooperatives, Rome, Italy. December 1980.46 pp. Although Sudan's 4.000 cooperatives dominate no sector of the economy, they never- theless play an important role in distributing essential consumer commodities and in

23

Frame mobilizing the poor This report summarizes the status of cooperative development and the operation of cooperatives in Sudan's Northern and Southern Regions.

TANZANIA 1980

0628 Peasants, Officials, and Participation in Rural Tanzania: Experience with Villagiza- tion and Decentralization. Cornell University. Ithaca, New York. Rural Development Committee. Louis Fortmann. 1980. 161 pp. Tanzania has failed to realize its goals of participatory socialism and collective agricultural production. The fault lies with the definition and implementation of these policies by a central government bureaucracy structurally and attitudmally similar to its colonial antecedents. This report examines Tanzania's colonial and post-independence bureau- cracies in relation to the two conflicting driving forces of rural development: the need for genuine local decision making to ensure a commitment to development programs; and the need for centred control to allocate scarce resources in a coherent nation-building strategy.

1983 0789 Tanzania: Toward 20 Years of Unity.

Army War College. Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. I. W. Nowozeniuk. June 1, 1983. 24 pp. This report is an assessment of the current and near-term sociopolitical and economic problems confronting Tanzania and their potential for internal political instability. The findings suggest that Tanzania's stability will affect its capability to participate actively in the regional economic development of the Southern Afnca Development Coordination Confer- ence. The report begins with a review of the colonial periods of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, their independence, and subsequent unification as the United Republic of Tanzania. The study s findings reflect the acute shortfalls of the Tanzanian socialist economy and ¡ts critical dependence on foreign aid. as well as Tanzania's role in East Africa and its contnbutions to Sub-Saharan stability.

ZAIRE 1979

0813 Anthropological Contributions to the North Shaba Rural Development Project. Development Alternatives. Inc., Washington, D.C. A. H. Barclay, Jr. March 17, 1979. 27 pp. Although policies that target the amorphous category of "the rural poor as the beneficiaries of development projects have stimulated demand for the specialized knowledge of the anthropologist, in many cases anthropologists have found their roles limited to approving or disapproving of a project's social soundness. As a point of contrast, this paper discusses a major project in North Shaba, Zaire, in which anthropological contributions decisively influenced project design and implementation. The author traces the project's origin in response to the region s decade-long economic decline, rising maize imports, and low level of agricultural production. The Government of Zaire (GOZ) initially intended to increase maize production through compulsory resettlement of small farmers onto large mech- anized farms. Upon application to AID in 1975, however, the project was redesigned into an ambitious experiment in bottom-up development characterized by AIDs processual approach to project design-slow initial implementation, flexibility, small farmer participa- tion in decision making and commitment of resources, strengthening of local organiza- tions, and inclusion of an information system.

24

Frame

1982 0840 U.S. Foreign Policy to Zaire•Should It Change.

Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. Gordon C. Coleman. April19, 1982 33 pp. This paper will present a strategic assessment and economic analysis of Zaire. An examination of the nation building progress along with an evaluation of the leadership of President Mobutu will be set forth. Finally, a review of past and present U.S. foreign policy toward Zaire will lead to with some conclusions and recommendations forfuture action. The purpose of this paper is to examine our foreign policy toward Zaire with the acknowl- edged premise that national security must be a primary consideration of our foreign policy.

ZIMBABWE 1981

0873 Zimbabwe•Report on Mineral Perspectives. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. Ebraham Shekarchi et al. September 1981. 66 pp This Bureau of Mines paper investigates the current status of the mineral industry of Zimbabwe, formerly the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. It also forecasts the expected future position of the country's chromium industry, which is of strategic interest to the U S and the other industrialized countries of the West. In analyzing the capabilities of the mineral industry, the influences of government policy, current economic conditions labor supply, energy supply, and transport system are evaluated. Zimbabwe produces ovèrforty different minerals, the most valuable of which are gold and asbestos. The most important mineral to the West from a strategic point of view is chromite. Zimbabwe has almost one-third of the worlds chromite resources but produces less than 10 percent of the total world output. The competitive position of the chromium industry in Zimbabwe has been weakened since the widespread adoption by Western countries of the argon-oxyqen- decarburization process for making stainless steel.

1982 Zimbabwean Nationalism and the Rise of Robert Mugabe. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. Mark Francis Riley. June 1982.163pp This thesis discusses the Black Nationalist Movement in Zimbabwe. The first is a history of the Zimbabwean Nationalist Movement, including the emergence and evolution of the nationalist organizations and leaders, the guerrilla war, and the diplomatic negotiations that occurred up to the Lancaster House Settlement of 1979. The second portion explains why and how Robert Mugabe and the Zimbabwe African National Union won the 1980 elections. The author compares Mugabe with his two principal opponents, Joshua Nkomo and Bishop Abel Muzorewa. The personal backgrounds, political careers, leadership abilities, and bases of support of the three candidates are examined and analyzed The author concludes that Mugabe's personal reputation and credibility enabled him to win the oyalty of the majority of the guerrillas who in turn mobilized a large popular base of support for him.

0939

25

SUBJECT INDEX

The following index is a guide to the major subjects of this collection. The first Arabic number refers to the reel, and the Arabic number after the colon refers to the frame number at which a particular study begins. Hence 2: 0299 directs the researcher to the study that begins at Frame 0299 of Reel 2. By referring to the Reel Index that comprises the initial section of this guide, the researcher can find the main entry for this study.

Africa agricultural production 2: 0208 change 2: 0442 development administration 3: 0263

0337 economic support fund 5: 0002 goals 1: 0080 Japan 4: 0001 mineral industries 4: 0592 refugees 3: 0001 rural markets 4: 0151 Science Education Program 2: 0083 Soviet foreign policy 7: 0001 strategic equation 4: 0782 Sub-Saharan 2: 0860; 3: 0462, 0643;

4: 0859 superpower intervention 2: 0830 urban indicators 3: 0066

Africa Business and Economic Review 2: 0265

African-Arab relations conference 2: 0016

African, Caribbean, Pacific Group economic relations•Lome Agreements

2: 0470

African experience 1: 0842

African policy Carter Administration 2: 0299

African Primary Science Program 2: 0083

Afro-Arab matters economic relations 2: 0038

Agency for International Development (AID)

2: 0083; 3: 0066, 0263, 0337, 0611; 5: 0002, 0604; 6: 0161; 10: 0229; 11: 0863

Agriculture Botswana•rural sector study 6: 0161 foreign investment 9: 0731, 0858;

10: 0035 Nigeria 10: 0001 Primary School 1: 0842 production 2: 0208; 11: 0628 rural markets 4: 0151 Rwanda•land tenure 10: 0229 Tanzania•collective production

11: 0628 Zaire 11: 0813

Algeria petroleum resources 8: 0002 Sahelian policy 2: 0001

Angola foreign policy

Animation rurale Senegal 10: 0255

Arab-Black-African relations conference 2: 0016

Arab; Islamic Fundamentalist 7: 0776

Army U.S.•strategic requirements 2: 0904

Arusha Convention 2: 0470

27

Attitudes school children 1: 0842 strategic equation 4: 0782

Bahutu farming 10: 0229

Balance of payments South Africa•mining 11: 0001

Batutsi Rwanda 10: 0229

Benin political dynamics 6: 0107

Black African migration 8: 0448

Botha, P.W. defense policy 11: 0388

Botswana communal development 6: 0390 rural sector study 6: 0161

Boumedienne strategy 9: 0469

Bureau of African Affairs (U.S.) African-Arab relations 2: 0016

Bureau of Mines (U.S.) mineral industries 4: 0592 Namibia 9: 0671 Zimbabwe 11: 0873

Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (U.S.)

Arab-African relations 2: 0016

Cameroon economic development 6: 0506 population growth 6: 0433

Capital intensive development strategy Mauritania 9: 0161

Carter Administration African policy 2: 0299 South Africa 11: 0295

Chad civil war 2: 0001 development assistance 5: 0002 industrial development 6: 0672 Maghrebi policy 2: 0001

Chromium 10: 0865

Colonial history Africa 2: 0470 Morocco 9: 0288 Rwanda 10: 0229 Tanzania 11: 0628, 0789 Zimbabwe 11: 0939

Commercial development petroleum 3: 0127

Communal Areas Working Group 6: 0390

Communal First Development Area Botswana 6: 0390

Communists Ethiopia 6: 0746

Conferences African-Arab relations 2: 0016 Botswana 2: 0083 South African Development Coordination

10: 0757 United Nations 1: 0080

Congressional presentation (U.S.) Fiscal year 1986 5: 0002 Fiscal year 1987 5: 0604

Conservation energy 7: 0257

Cooperative development Sudan 11: 0582

Cooperatives Sahal 1: 0001 Senegal 10: 0255 Sudan•development of 11: 0582

Cotton Cameroon 6: 0506

Country Team Method security programs 5: 0553

Decentralization Tanzania 11: 0628

Defense policy South Africa 11: 0388

Department of State (U.S.) African-Arab relations 2: 0016

Development assistance general3: 0263,0337:5: 0002; 6: 0506;

8: 0700; 11: 0813 Sahel program 3: 0611

Drought 8: 0700

East Africa Kenya 7: 0373, 0527 Somalia 4: 0886,5: 0002, 10: 0507,

0690 Somali-Ethiopian conflict 6: 0703 Tanzania 11: 0628,0789

East-West matters competition 2: 0442 intervention 2: 0830

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

2: 0265

28

Economic development Cameroon 6: 0506 drought and migration 8: 0700 Malawi 8: 0195 Mauritania 9: 0103

Economic relations Afro-Arab relations 2: 0038

Economic Support Fund assistance 5: 0002

Economy Chad 6: 0672 Kenya 7: 0251 Lesotho 10: 0729 Malawi 8: 0195 Mauritania 8: 0318; 9: 0002, 0161 Nigeria 9: 0858; 10: 0001, 0035, 0077 South Africa 11: 0001 Tanzania 11: 0789 Zaire 11: 0813

Education 1: 0842

Egypt petroleum resources 8: 0002 USCENTCOM 4: 0886

Embassies investments 4: 0216

Employment growth Sierra Leone 10: 0475

Employment implications Mauritania 9: 0103

Energy conservation 7: 0251 foreign supply assistance 8: 0002 nuclear•South Africa 10. 0843

Ethiopia Communists 6: 0746

Ethnicity Nigeria 10: 0077

Europe Lome Conventions 2: 0470

European Economic Community Lome Conventions 2: 0470

Exports crops 4: 0151

Farms northern Nigeria 9: 0731 schools 1: 0842

Food Nigeria 10: 0035

Foreign aid Arab-African 2: 0016 refugees 3: 0001

Foreign countries investments 4: 0216

Foreign energy supply assessment 8: 0002

Foreign investment Nigeria•agriculture 10: 0035 South Africa•mining 11: 0001

Foreign policy Angola 6: 0001 USSR 4: 0782, 0859; 6: 0703; 7: 0001 U.S. 2: 0299; 4: 0782; 10: 0757-

11: 0840

Fourth National Development Plan Nigeria 10: 0001

General Accounting Office (GAO) foreign aid 3: 0001 refugees 3: 0001

German Foundation for International Development

2: 0083

Ghana agriculture•rural markets 4: 0151 Populism 4: 0748

Gross National Product (GNP) Malawi 8: 0195

Guinea Soviet Union•foreign policy 7: 0001

Hassan, King 9: 0288

Horn of Africa 10: 0690 see also Somalia

Human rights South Africa 10: 0757; 11: 0295

Income Mauritania•rural 9: 0002 Nigeria•farmers 9: 0731

Indices agricultural production 2: 0208

Industrial development Chad 6: 0672

Industrial Estate Program Kenya 7: 0527

Industry Kenya•small scale 7: 0527

Integrated Rural Development Program 7: 0373

International Monetary Fund Somalia 10: 0507

Interregional security 2: 0016

29

investments foreign countries 4: 0216 Nigeria•agriculture 10: 0035 South Africa•mining 11: 0001

Islam Nigeria 10: 0077

Ivory Coast social development 1: 0127

Japan influence in Africa 4: 0001

Kenya development assistance 5: 0002 energy conservation 7: 0251 Machakos Integrated Development

Program 7: 0373 small scale industry 7: 0527 USCENTCOM4: 0886

Kerekou Benin•takeover 6: 0107

Koeberg nuclear power station South Africa 10: 0843

Lancaster House Settlement 1979 11: 0939

Land tenure Rwanda 10: 0229

Lespeyres agricultural production 2: 0208

Lesotho economy•South Africa 10: 0729

Less developed countries (LDCs) Soviet Union•foreign policy 7: 0001

Liberia crisis 7: 0636 development assistance 5: 0002 Populism 4: 0748

Libertan Crisis U.S. response 7. 0636

Libya Maghrebi policy 2: 0001 military power 7: 0712 petroleum resources 8: 0002 Qadhaafi, Muammar al 7: 0776 transition 7: 0776

Lome Conventions U.S. 2: 0470

Machakos Integrated Development Pro- gram

Kenya 7: 0373

Macroeconomics Mauritania•model 9: 0161 South Africa 11: 0001

Maghrebi policy West Africa 2: 0001

Malawi economic development 8: 0195

Mali cooperatives 1: 0001 Maghrebi policy 2: 0001

Manpower survey Mauritania 9: 0002, 0103, 0161

Marxism Benin 6: 0107

Mauritania Maghrebi policy 2: 0001 migration 8: 0448 Moors 8: 0318 rural assessment 9: 0103, 0161 rural income 9: 0002 women 8: 0700

Mediterranean security Spanish enclaves 9: 0288

Migration Mauritania 8: 0448, 0700

Military coups d'état 3: 0643 governments 3: 0462 Libyan power 7: 0712 Populism•West Africa 4: 0748 regimes 4: 0748 strategic access 4: 0886 Sub-Saharan 2: 0860; 3: 0462

Military assistance Africa 5: 0604 Somalia 10: 0690

Military coups d'état Sub-Saharan 3: 0643

Military regimes West Africa 4: 0748

Military rule Sub-Saharan 3:

Mine wages South Africa 10:

0462

0729

Mineral industries general 4: 0592 Namibia 9: 0671 South Africa 10: 0843, 11: Zimbabwe 11: 0873

Mineral resources Namibia 9: 0671

Mineral wealth South Africa 10: 0843

0001

30

Mining South Africa 11: 0001

Mobutu, President Zaire 11: 0840

Monarchy Morocco 9: 0503

Moors migration 8: 448 sociological profile 8: 0318

Morocco Mediterranean security 9: 0288 monarchy 9: 0503 political change 9: 0503 Sahelian policy 2: 0001 Spanish enclaves 9: 0288 Western Sahara•war 9: 0496

Movement for the Liberation ot Angola 6: 0001

Mugate, Robert nationalism 11: 0939

Muzorewa, Bishop Abel Zimbabwe 11: 0939

Namibia mineral perspectives 9: 0971 U.S.•foreign policy 10: 0757

Nationalism Mugabe and Zimbabwe 11: 0939

National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)

6: 0001

Neto, Agostinho Angola 6: 0001

Niger cooperatives 1: 0001 development assistance 5: 0002

Nigeria agricultural development 10: 0001 agriculture•general 9: 0731, 0858;

10: 0001 agriculture•rural markets 4: 0151

change 10: 0011 foreign investment 10: 0035 Fourth National Development Plan

10: 0001 income distribution 9: 0731 social development 1: 0127 strategic planning 9: 0858

Nkomo, Joshua Zimbabwe 11: 0939

North Africa Mediterranean security 9: 0288 Morocco 2: 0001: 9: 0288, 0469, 0503

Northeast Africa military access 4. 0886

North Shaba Rural Development Project Zaire 11: 0813

Ogaden War Soviet involvement 6: 0703

Oil crude 8: 0002 Libya 7: 0776 Nigeria 10: 0035 West Africa 3: 0127

Organization for African Unity (OAU) Science Education Program 2: 0083

Palestine African-Arab relations 2: 0016 Pan-Arab Islamic nationalism•Libya

7: 0776

Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control

Sahel 3: 0611

Petroleum resources Algeria 8: 0002 Egypt 8: 0002 foreign energy assessment 8: 0002 Libya 8: 0002 West Africa 3: 0127 see also Oil

Platinum 10: 0865

Political dynamics Benin 6: 0107

Population Cameroon•growth 6: 0433 Mauritania•movements 8: 0448 see also Migration

Populism West Africa 4: 0748

Primary School (PS) agriculture 1: 0842

Private sector Africa 4: 0151 Cameroon 6: 0506 Kenya 7: 0527 Malawi 8: 0195 Somalia 10: 0507

Qadhaafi, Muammar al Libya 7: 0776

Racial confrontation South Africa 2: 0442 see also Human rights

Reagan Administration South Africa 11: 0295

Refugees international assistance 3: 0001 United Nations High Commissioner

for Refugees 3: 0001

31

Revolution Ethiopia 6: 0746

Rural assessment manpower survey•Mauritania 9: 0002,

0103, 0161

Rural development grants 6: 0161 semi-arid areas 7: 0373 Senegal 10: 0255 Zaire 11: 0813

Rural Development Sector Grants AID 6: 0161

Rural markets regulations 4: 0151

Rural Sector Study Botswana 6: 0161

Rwanda land tenure 10: 0229

Sahel cooperatives 1: 0001 development programs 3: 0611 Maghrebi Policy 2: 0001 social development 1: 0127

Sahel Development Program 3: 0611

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 9: 0288

School farm 1: 0842

Science and technology Africa 1: 0080

Science Education Program for Africa 2: 0083

"Scientific Socialism" Somalia 10: 0507

Security assistance Somalia 10: 0690 southern Africa 5: 0553

Semi-arid areas rural development 7: 0373

Senegal agriculture•rural markets 4: 0151 development assistance 5: 0002 general 1: 0001 rural development 10: 0255

Sierra Leone employment growth 10: 0475

Small scale industry Kenya 7: 0527 Sierra Leone 10: 0475

Social change Mauritania 8: 0448

Social development 1: 0127

Socialism Ethiopia 6: 0746 Morocco 9: 0288 Scientific 10: 0507 Tanzania 11: 0789

Socio-economics Sahel 1: 0001

Somalia development assistance 5: 0002 military aid 10: 0690 private sector 10: 0507 Soviet foreign policy 7: 0001 USCENTCOM 4: 0886

Somali-Ethiopian conflict Ogaden War 6: 0703

Soninke society 8: 0448

South Africa Botswana 2: 0083; 6: 0161,0390 Malawis: 0195 Namibia 9: 0971, 10: 0757 security assistance 5: 0553 South Africa 2: 0016, 0442; 9: 0671;

10: 0729, 0757, 0843, 0865; 11: 0001, 0295, 0388

U.S. foreign policy 2: 0299 Zimbabwe 5: 0002; 11: 0873, 0939

South Africa Development Coordination Conference

10: 0757; 11: 0789 South Africa, Republic of

benign neglect 11: 0295 defense policy 11: 0388 general 2: 0016 mine wages 10: 0729 mining 11: 0001 Namibia•mineral industries 9: 0671 racial confrontation 2: 0442 U.S. defense production 10: 0865 U.S. policy 10: 0757 uranium 10: 0843

South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO)

6: 0001

Soviet Politico-Military Diplomacy 4: 0859; 6: 0703

Soviet Union foreign policy 4: 0782, 0859; 7: 0001 Ogaden war 6: 0703 Somalia 10: 0690 southern Africa 2: 0299 strategy 4: 0859 Sub-Saharan 4: 0859

32

Spain North Africa•enclaves 9: 0288

Strait of Gibralter 9: 0288

Strategic access military 4: 0886

Strategic equation Africa 4: 0782

Strategic minerals South Africa 10: 0865 Zimbabwe 11: 0873

Strategic requirements Army 2: 0904

Sub-Saharan Africa Libyan military power 7: 0712 military coups 3: 0643 military environment 2: 0860 military rule 3: 0462 Soviet objectives 4: 0859

Sudan, Democratic Republic of the agriculture•rural markets 4: 0151 cooperatives development 11: 0582 development assistance 5: 0002 USCENTCOM4: 0886

Sullivan Principles South Africa 11: 0757

Superpower intervention Africa 2: 0830 strategic equation 4: 0782

Swaziland development administration 3: 0337

Tanzania general 11: 0628 unity 11: 0789

Terrorism Libya 7: 0776

Total Onslaught/Total National Strategy Concept

South Africa 11: 0388

Toucouleur Society 8: 0448

Trade relations Japan 4: 0001

Traditional monarchy Morocco 9: 0503

Trans-Saharan ties and tension 2: 0001

Treaty of Rome, 1957 2: 0470

Tunisia Sahelian policy 2: 0001

Unemployment Mauritania 9: 0103

United Nations conference 1: 0080

United Nations Commissioner for Refugees 3: 0001

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

2: 0083

United Nations Environmental Program 2: 0083

Upper Volta Populism 4: 0748

Uranium South Africa 10: 0843

Urbanization 3: 0066

U.S. army•strategic requirements 2: 0904 Bureau of Mines 4: 0592; 9: 0671 •

11: 0873 Department of State 11: 0873 Japan 4: 0001 Liberian Crisis 7: 0636 Northeast Africa 4: 0886 security assistance programs 5: 0553 Somalia 10: 0690 South Africa 10: 0757, 0865; 11: 0285

U.S. Congress development assistance 5: 0002, 0604

U.S. foreign policy southern Africa 2: 0299 Zaire 11: 0840

U.S. national defense production South Africa 10: 0865

Villagization Tanzania 11: 0682

War Ogaden 6: 0703 Western Sahara 9: 0469

West Africa Maghreb! policy 2: 0001 military regimes 4: 0748 oil 3: 0127 social development 1: 0127

Western Sahara war 9: 0469

Women Mauritania 8: 0700

Yaounde Conventions 2: 0470

33

Zaire Zimbabwe Angola 6: 0001 development assistance 5: 0002 development assistance 5: 0002 mineral perspectives 11: 0873 North Shaba Rural Development Project nationalism 11: 0939

11: 0813 Zimbabwe African National Union U.S. foreign policy 11: 0840 11:0939

Zanzibar see Tanzania

34

The Special Studies Series Africa, 1962-1985 Asia, 1980-1985

China, 1970-1980 Europe and NATO, 1970-1985

Japan, Korea, and the Security of Asia, 1970-1980

Latin America, 1962-1985 The Soviet Union, 1970-1985

Vietnam and Southeast Asia, 1960-1980 International Trade, 1971-1985

Multinational Corporations, OPEC, Cartels, Foreign Investments, and Technology Transfer, 1971-1985 Nuclear Weapons, Arms Control, and the Threat of

Thermonuclear War, 1969-1984 Terrorism, 1975-1985

Immigration, 1969-1982

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