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Speaking Speaking PersuasivelPersuasivel
yy
Speaking Speaking PersuasivelPersuasivel
yy
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Guidelines Guidelines for the for the
Ethical Use Ethical Use of of
EvidenceEvidence
Guidelines Guidelines for the for the
Ethical Use Ethical Use of of
EvidenceEvidence
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
1.Provide 1.Provide evidence evidence
from from credible credible
sources. sources.
1.Provide 1.Provide evidence evidence
from from credible credible
sources. sources.
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
2. Identify 2. Identify your your
sources of sources of evidenceevidence
2. Identify 2. Identify your your
sources of sources of evidenceevidence
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
3. Use 3. Use evidence evidence
that can be that can be verified by verified by
expertsexperts
3. Use 3. Use evidence evidence
that can be that can be verified by verified by
expertsexperts
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
4. Be sure 4. Be sure that such that such evidence evidence has not has not
been been corruptedcorrupted
4. Be sure 4. Be sure that such that such evidence evidence has not has not
been been corruptedcorrupted
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
5. 5. AcknowledgAcknowledg
e e disagreemedisagreements among nts among
expertsexperts
5. 5. AcknowledgAcknowledg
e e disagreemedisagreements among nts among
expertsexperts
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
6. Do not 6. Do not withhold withhold
important important informationinformation
6. Do not 6. Do not withhold withhold
important important informationinformation
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
7. Use 7. Use expertexpert
testimony testimony to establish to establish
factsfacts
7. Use 7. Use expertexpert
testimony testimony to establish to establish
factsfacts
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
7B. Use 7B. Use prestigeprestige
testimony to testimony to enhance enhance
credibilitycredibility
7B. Use 7B. Use prestigeprestige
testimony to testimony to enhance enhance
credibilitycredibility
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
7C. Use 7C. Use laylay testimony to testimony to
create create identificationidentification
7C. Use 7C. Use laylay testimony to testimony to
create create identificationidentification
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
8. Quote or 8. Quote or paraphrase paraphrase accurately accurately
and in and in contextcontext
8. Quote or 8. Quote or paraphrase paraphrase accurately accurately
and in and in contextcontext
Common fallacies in logic
A. The slippery slope: arguing that one bad
thing will lead to many
Common fallacies in logic
B. Confusing fact and opinion: asserting opinions as if they
were facts
Common fallacies in logicC. The Red
Herring: Distracting
listeners with irrelevant
information
Common fallacies in logic
D. The Myth of the Mean: using a
statistical average to hide a problem
Common fallacies in logic
E. Flawed Statistical Comparison: using
percentage increases or decreases in a misleading way
Common fallacies in logic
F. The Ad Hominem fallacy: attacking people instead of
issues
Common fallacies in logic
G. Begging the Question: assuming as a done deal what has not yet been proven
Common fallacies in logic
H. The Shaky Principle: Basing an
argument on an unsound assumption
Common fallacies in logic
I. Omitted qualifiers: confusing
probability with certainty by leaving
out conditions
Common fallacies in logic
J. The Post Hoc fallacy: assuming that event A causes event
B just because B follows A
Common fallacies in logic
K. The Hasty Generalization: drawing
conclusions based on insufficient or non-
representative observations
Common fallacies in logic
L. The Non Sequitur: reasoning in which
principles are unrelated to each
other or to the conclusion
Common fallacies in logic
M.The faulty analogy: comparing things that
are dissimilar in significant ways
Common fallacies in logic
N. The Either-Or Fallacy: suggesting
to listeners that they have only two
options
Common fallacies in logic
O. The Straw Man fallacy: belittling or
trivializing otherwise convincing arguments
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
McGuire’s Five McGuire’s Five Steps to Steps to
PersuasionPersuasion
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
AwareneAwarenessss
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
UnderstandinUnderstandingg
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.AgreementAgreement
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.EnactmentEnactment
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.IntegrationIntegration
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Winning Winning over a over a
reluctant reluctant audienceaudience
Winning Winning over a over a
reluctant reluctant audienceaudience
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Establish Establish goodwill & goodwill & IdentificatiIdentificati
on earlyon early
Establish Establish goodwill & goodwill & IdentificatiIdentificati
on earlyon early
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Start with Start with areas of areas of
agreementagreement
Start with Start with areas of areas of
agreementagreement
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Emphasize Emphasize explanatioexplanatio
n over n over argumentargument
Emphasize Emphasize explanatioexplanatio
n over n over argumentargument
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Cite Cite authorities authorities
your your audience audience
will will respectrespect
Cite Cite authorities authorities
your your audience audience
will will respectrespect
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Set Set Modest Modest
Goals for Goals for ChangeChange
Set Set Modest Modest
Goals for Goals for ChangeChange
AV Aids AV Aids & Props& PropsAV Aids AV Aids & Props& Props
Make a Make a multisided multisided approachapproach
Make a Make a multisided multisided approachapproach
The Innoculation Effect
Arming your audience with the information and arguments that will help them withstand the arguments of opponents
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.Remind listeners Remind listeners what is at stakewhat is at stake
Moving an Audience to Action
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
Provide a clear, Provide a clear, specific plan of specific plan of
actionaction
Moving an Audience to Action
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
Visualize the Visualize the consequences of consequences of
acting or not acting or not actingacting
Moving an Audience to Action
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
Demonstrate that Demonstrate that you practice what you practice what
you preachyou preach
Moving an Audience to Action
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
Ask for a public Ask for a public commitment commitment
(think altar call)(think altar call)
Moving an Audience to Action
Advantages of Using
Presentation Aids
6. They add variety and
interest.
Make it easy for Make it easy for your audience to your audience to
take the first step; take the first step; people do not people do not change easilychange easily
Moving an Audience to Action
