Spanish verbs and verb-noun collocations paraphrase pairs

Spanish verbs and verb-noun collocations paraphrase pairs

María A. Barrios, [email protected] Luz Rello, <[email protected]>

CBA 2010Corpus-Based Approaches to Praphrasing and

NominalizationBarcelona, 1-2 diciembre 2010

1. Objectives2. Introduction: Meaning-Text Theory3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource 4. Paraphrase Rule 18 from Meaning-Text

Theory5. Paraphrase pairs of verb and verb-noun

collocations 6. Verb-noun collocations that have no

verbal counterpart7. Verbs that have no verb-noun collocation

counterpart8. False paraphrases9. Conclusions

Outline

1. Objectives (I)

1. To present a linguistic resource, BADELE.3000, useful for NLP applications

2. To describe cases of paraphrase pairs composed of verbs which can be paraphrased with support verb+noun collocations, such as

ducharse (to shower), darse una ducha (to have a shower)

3. To describe cases of false paraphrase pairs: words with a morfological but not semantic relationship, such us

expedir (to issue), hacer una expedición (to explore)

1. Objectives (II)

1. To describe cases in which a verb+noun collocation has no verbal counterpart, such as

*problemear

tener un problema (to have a problem)

1. To describe cases in which a verb has no verb+noun collocation counterpart, such as

sincerarse (to open up to someone) *hacer una sinceridad

1. Objectives2. Introduction: Meaning-Text Theory3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource 4. Paraphrase Rule 18 from Meaning-Text





Outline

2. Introduction (I): MTT

1. Lexical function (LF) associates a given lexical expression L (such as sound), which is the argument or keyword of F, with a set of lexical expressions –the value of F (such as loud, strong, heavy, deafening, etc). – expressing a specific meaning associated with F (for instance, ‘intense’ = Magn).

sound = argument or keyword of LF loud, strong, heavy, deafening, etc. =

values of LF ‘intense’ (specific meaning associated with

Magn)Magn(sound) = loud, strong, heavy, deafening

More than 100 different universal LFs Oper1 (ducha) = darse, Oper1 (shower) =

to have, Oper1 (douche) = prendre, Oper1 (doccia) = fare

Si (the name of the participant in a situation)

S1(school) = student; S2(school) = teacher V0(reception) = to receiveS0(to receive) = reception

2. Introduction (II): MTT

2. Semantic label is the equivalent to the genus in traditional definitions by genus and differentia.

Whale: ‘sea mammal that breathes air

through a hole at the top of its head and is hunted for meat and for other purposes, as a source of other materials’

Hierarchy of semantic label Living being > Animal > Vertebrate >

Mammal > Sea Mammal

2. Introduction (III): MTT

3. Actants correspond to beings or things that participate in the process expressed by a predicate: MTT approach considers that there is a sort of argument structure in all kinds of predicative words, which means that not only the verbs have actants but also the adjectives, the adverbs and the predicative nouns.

The actantial structure reflects the syntactic expression of the actants, River [WHICH STARTS AT THE X place,

FLOWS THROUGH THE Z places AND FINISHES AT THE

Y area]

2. Introduction (IV): MTT

LFs have proved to be a specially helpful tool for lexicographic works such as the French database Dicouèbe[1](developed in Montreal by Polguère and Mel’cuk), the Spanish database DiCE[2] (developed in La Coruña by Alonso Ramos), [3] the automatic translator ETAP3 (developed in Moscow by Apresjan, Boguslavsky et al) and [4] multilingual generation and paraphrasing systems (developed in Barcelona by Leo Wanner).

[1] http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/dicouebe/[2] http://www.dicesp.com/[3] http://cl.iitp.ru/etap[4] http://www.barcelonamedia.org/files/292.pdf

2. Introduction (V): MTT

1. Objectives2. Introduction: Meaning-Text Theory 3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource 4. Paraphrase Rule 18 from Meaning-Text





Outline

BADELE.3000 (Barrios & Bernardos, 2007) is a database that contains the 3,300 most frequently used Spanish nouns and the 3,300 most frequently used Spanish verbs, 20,700 relations were formalized by means of LFs

BADELE.3000 is useful for natural language processing applications and ontologies (Barrios, Aguado de Cea and Ramos, 2009a), (Barrios, Aguado de Cea and Ramos, 2009b), (Barrios and Vilches, 2010).

9,000 lexical relations were obtained automatically by semantic labels and LFs

21,700 lexical relations were added manually (Bosque, 2004, 2006)

3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource (I)

Inheritance Principle: those lexical units sharing a semantic label can inherit their LFs values automatically

Fact0(‘means of transport’) = to work (‘to do what is supposed to be done’)

‘means of transport’ = bus, ship, train, motorbike, plane

Fact0(bus) = to work, to run, to operate Fact0(ship) = to work, to sail, to navigate Fact0(train) = to work, to run, to operate Fact0(motorbike) = to work, to run Fact0(plane) = to work, to flight, to glide,

to fly over

3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource (II)

Ontology Engineering Group 14

5. BADELE.3000 (I)3,300 most frequently used

Spanish nouns

El barco funciona = the ship works

the bus works, the bus runs, the bus operates; the ship

sails, the ship navigates; the

plane works, the plane flights, the plane glides, the plane flies over

Semantic label:

‘means of transport’

CausFunc0 means ‘to cause something to exist’:

CausFunc0(ropa) = confeccionar > una camiseta/ pantalones, etc.CausFunc0(clothes) = to make > to make a T-shirt/ trousers/ skirtCausFunc0(obra artística) = componer > poema/ libro/ argumentoCausFunc0(artistic work) = to compose > a poem/ book/ plot/ etc.CausFunc0(vivienda) = construir > una casa/ rascacielos/ apartamento, etc.CausFunc0(accommodation) = to build > to build a house/ skyscraper/ apartment/ etc.CausFunc0(energía) = producir > luz/ gas/ petróleo, etc.CausFunc0(energy) = to produce > to produce light/ gas/ petrol

3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource (III)

1. Objectives2. Introduction: Meaning-Text Theory 3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource 4. Paraphrase Rule 18 from Meaning-Text





Outline

4. Paraphrase rule 18 (I)

1. The paraphrase rule 18 is called “Fissions à verbe support” (Mel’cuk et al, 1998), and is transcribed as: “Given a verb (Vo), such as to receive, paradigmatically related to a noun (So), such as reception, if the noun appears in a collocation together with a support verb Oper, such as to give a reception, both verbal expressions (to receive, to give a reception) are interchangeable.

to receive Oper1(reception) = to give a reception

1. Support verbs are values of LFs Oper, Func and Labor (Mel’čuk, 1996, 68), such as to deal a blow, to receive a blow from, blow comes from, blow falls upon

1. Objectives2. Introduction: MTT tools3. BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource 4. Paraphrase Rule 18 from Meaning-Text





Outline

5. Paraphrase pairs (I)

There are more than 700 nouns in BADELE.3000 whose meaning is equivalent to the meaning of some verbs, related to V0 and S0 LFs.We listed these nouns as potential nouns in verb-noun collocations:V0(blow) = to beat S0(to beat) = blowV0(resistance) = to resistS0(to resist) = resistanceV0(order) = to orderS0(to order) = order

Then we found the support verb collocations of these nouns

1. to deal a blow2. to put up resistance3. to give an order

And then we attached these support verb-noun collocations to the equivalent verb:

1. to bang/ beat/ hit…. to deal a blow2. to resist … to put up resistance3. to order … to give an order

5. Paraphrase pairs (II)

5. Paraphrase pairs (III)

777 paraphrase pairs of verb and verb-noun collocation were found in BADELE.3000to select to make a selectionto reject to show rejectionto assist to give assistanceto support to give supportto research to do a researchto control to subject to controlto spread to make propagandato define to formulate a definitionto remember to have a memory






Outline

Lack of verbs was found frequent in nouns which denote illnesses and feelings:

*gripear (*to flu)> tener gripe (to have flu)*diabetear (*to diabetes) > tener diabetes (to have diabetes)*soledear (*to lonely) > sentir soledad (to feel loneliness)*felicidadear (*to happy) > sentir felicidad (to feel happiness)

And also with physical facts and non physical facts:

5. Verb-noun collocations 6. Verb-noun collocations that have no verbal counterpart (I)

S0 Collocation = Oper1(S0) V0 = vistazo (look)

echar un vistazo (to look at sth)

*vistacear (to look)

bocanada (mouthful)

dar una bocanada (*to do a mouthful)

*bocanear (*to mouthful)

calor (heat)

hacer calor (to heat)

*calorar (to be hot)

injusticia (injustice)

hacer una injusticia (to make an injustice)

*injusticiar (*to injustice)

estrategia (estrategy)

tener una estrategia (to have a strategy)

*estrategiar (*to strategy)

chiste (joke)

contar un chiste (to tell a joke)

*chistear (to joke)

incidente (incident)

sufrir un incidente (*to live an incident)

*incidentear (*to incindent)

senderismo (hiking)

hacer senderismo (to go hiking)

*senderear (to hike)

turismo (tourism)

hacer turismo (to travel around)

*turistear (*to tourism)

conducta (behaviour)

tener una conducta (to have a behaviour)

*conductear (to behave)

realidad (reality)

hacerse realidad (to make sth real)

*realidacear (to reality)

Table 1






Outline

7. Verbs that have no verb-noun collocations

counterpart

Previous work (Barrios, 2010) pointed out that abstract nouns tend to form collocations using support verbs. There are some exceptions to this generalization (Table 2)

Table 2

S0 V0 Collocation =

respiración

(breath)

respirar

(to breath)

* hacer la respiración

(*to do the breathing)

ovulación

(ovulation)

ovular

(to ovulate)

* hacer la ovulación

(*to do an ovulation)

parpadeo

(blink)

parpadear

(to blink)

* hacer un parpadeo

(*to do a blink)

clamor

(clamour)

clamar

(to clamour)

* soltar un clamor

(*to do a clamour)

tarareo

(humming)

tararear

(to hum)

* lanzar un tarareo

(*to do a humming)

financiación

(financing)

financiar

(to finance)

* hacer una financiación

(to do a finance)

cotización

(quotation)

cotizar

(to quote)

* hacer una cotización

(*to do a quotation)






Outline

There are cases where the verb and the noun occurring in the collocation have different meaning:1. Tener frío (to be cold) ≠ enfriarse (to get cold)2. Tener cansancio (to be tired) ≠ cansarse (to get tired)3. Hacer una expedición (to do an expedition) ≠ expedir (to issue)4. Tener sueño (to be sleepy) ≠ soñar (to dream)

8. False paraphrases

5. comprar (to buy)1. Hacer una compra (*to make a purchase)2. Hacer la compra (to do the shopping)3. Ir de compras (to go shopping)

6. responder (to answer) = dar una respuesta (to give an answer)

Respondió que no lo sabía Dio una respuesta *que no lo sabía


7. preguntar (to ask) = hacer una pregunta (to ask a question)

1. Le preguntó dónde vivía 2. (He ask him where he lives)3. Le hizo una pregunta *dónde vivía 4. (He ask him a question *where he lives)5. Le hizo una pregunta: ¿dónde vives?6. (He ask him a question: where do you live?)







Outline

1. We have presented BADELE.3000, a linguistic resource useful for natural language processing applications and ontologies.

2. We have described paraphrase pairs composed of verbs which can be paraphrased with support verb+noun collocations; cases of false paraphrase pairs: words with a morfological but not semantic relationship; cases in which a verb+noun collocation has no verbal counterpart; and cases in which a verb has no verb+noun collocation counterpart.

9. Conclusions

1. We have defended that the rule 18 is quite useful when getting collocations automatically, but paraphrase pairs of verbs and verb-noun collocations sometimes are not interchangeable semantically, and frequently are not interchangeable syntactically.

9. Conclusions

Barrios, M. A. 2010. El dominio de las funciones léxicas en el marco de la Teoría Sentido-Texto. ELIES, 30. http://elies.rediris.es/elies30/index30.html

Barrios, Aguado de Cea and Ramos, 2009a. Semantic labels and genus: improving specialized domain definitions, M. Claude L’Homme, Silvye Szulman (eds.). Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Terminology and Artificial Intelligence. ISSN 1613-0073. http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-578/

Barrios, Aguado de Cea and Ramos, 2009b. Enriching a lexicographic tool with domain definitions: Problems and solutions. First International Workshop on Definition Extraction. G. Sierra, M. Pozzi, J. M. Torres Moreno. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Definition Extraction. LPN. Borovets.,14-20

10. References

Barrios M. A. & Bernardos S., 2007. “BaDELE.3000: An implementation of the lexical inheritance principle”. In Gerdes et al. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Meaning-Text Theory. Observatoire de linguistique Sens-Texte (OLST), Montreal,97-106.Barrios and Vilches, 2010. It is possible to enrich ontologies with a specialized domain linguistic resource? Workshop Establishing and using ontologies as a basis for terminological and knowledge engineering. TKE Conference. Dublin, 2010.Mel’cuk, I. 1996. “Lexical functions: A tool for the description of lexical relations in a lexicon”. In Wanner, L. (ed.), Lexical functions in lexicography and natural language processing. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia. John Benjamin. 37-102.Mel’cuk et al, 1998, Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du Français Contemporain. Recherches lexico-semantiques II. Montreal. Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal.

10. References

Thank you!

CBA 2010Corpus-Based Approaches to Praphrasing and

NominalizationBarcelona, 1-2 diciembre 2010

Documents

Spanish verbs and verb-noun collocations paraphrase pairs