Untangling the Verb FormsConjugate the verb ____________ in all the forms given below. Translate the meaning for each. Please do it in PENCIL! Feel free to use the internet as a reference. Use the Ud form unless otherwise noted.

IndicativoP 1-3 PresenteP 9 Presente ProgresivoP 8 Futuro P 8 CondicionalP 14 ImperfectoP 13 PretéritoP 3 Presente perfectoP 5 Futuro perfectoP 4 PluscuamperfectoP 6 Condicional perfecto 

Subjuntivo (P 15 for reasons)(for formation, use formal commands notes on

the following pages)P 10-11 PresenteP 18-19 ImperfectoP 16 Presente perfectoP 20 Pluscuamperfecto

Imperativo

Afirmativo Negativo

P 10 TúP 11 UstedP 11 Ustedes

 Otras formas

1

P 9 Gerundio (usado con presente progresivo)

P 3 Participio pasado (usado con los tiempos perfectos)

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-ar class -er class -ir class hablar aprender recibirhablo aprendo recibohablas aprendes recibeshabla aprende recibehablamos aprendemos recibimoshabláis aprendéis recibíshablan aprenden reciben

  2. PRESENT INDICATIVE: UNIQUELY IRREGULAR    estar haber ir ser    estoy he voy soy    estás has vas eres    está ha* va es    estamos hemos vamos somos    estáis habéis vais sois    están han van son      *The form hay, derived from haber, is used for there is... / there are...    3. PRESENT INDICATIVE: STEM-CHANGING  

e→ie (-ar, -er, -ir verbs) o→ue* (-ar, -er, -ir verbs) e→i (-ir verbs)  pensar entender preferir encontrar volver dormir repetir  pienso entiendo prefiero encuentro vuelvo duermo repito  piensas entiendes prefieres encuentras vuelves duermes repites  piensa entiende prefiere encuentra vuelve duerme repite  pensamos entendemos preferimos encontramos volvemos dormimos repetimos  pensáis entendéis preferís encuentran volvéis dormís repetís  piensan entiendes prefieren encuentran vuelven duermen repiten        *jugar, has a u→ue change: juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, jugáis,

juegan  4. PRESENT INDICATIVE: IRREGULAR IN YO-FORM ONLY    4b.  g insertion (some verbs with additional changes)    caer hacer poner salir traer    caigo hago pongo salgo traigo    caes haces pones sales traes    cae hace pone sale trae    caemos hacemos ponemos salimos traemos    caéis hacéis ponéis salís traéis    caen hacen ponen salen traen    4d. Other    caber dar saber ver    quepo doy sé veo  

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Forms and Uses of the Present Indicative

USES of Present Indicative   PRESENT INDICATIVE: REGULAR VERBS  

  cabes das sabes ves    cabe da sabe ve    cabemos damos sabemos vemos    cabéis dais sabéis veis    caben dan saben ven    5.  PRESENT INDICATIVE: IRREGULAR IN MORE THAN ONE FORM    5a.  g insertion in yo-form; stem changes    decir tener venir    digo tengo vengo    dices tienes vienes    dice tiene viene    decimos tenemos venimos    decís tenéis venís    dicen tienen vienen  

El participio pasado y el presente perfecto del indicativo Uses of the present perfect

The present perfect is used to describe past events or actions that have been going on up to (and

into) the present. As in English, it is used to describe events that have (or have not) happened.

Compare:

Trabajé mucho ayer. No comí en ese restaurante.

<Ya he trabajado mucho esta semana. <Todavía no he comido en ese restaurante.

Present perfect: Forms The present perfect is a compound tense that is formed by combining

the Form of Haber + the past participle

Forms of haber:

yo he nosotros hemos

tú has vosotros habéis

él, ella, Ud ha ellos, ellas, Uds han

Past participle: Formation

-ar -ado hablar hablado I have spoken->He hablado.-er -ido comer comido He has eaten->El ha comido.-ir -ido vivir vivido We have lived-> Hemos vivido.

ir= ido ser = sido estar = estadoThey have gone->Ellos han ido. It has been...->Ha sido You all have been here->Uds han estado aquí.

Note the accent marks on the past participles of oír and verbs ending in -aer, -eer and eír:

oír oído traer traído leer leído reír reído

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Some verbs have irregular past participles.

decir dicho

hacer hecho

abrir abierto

cubrir cubierto

poner puesto

volver vuelto

ver visto

escribir escrito

morir muerto

romper roto

imprimir (to print) impreso

Compounds of the above verbs usually follow the same patterns.

descubrir descubierto describir descrito

devolver devuelto componer compuesto

With reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun precedes haber. ¿Te has divertido mucho?

Past Perfect

The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.

I had studied.He had written a letter to María.We had been stranded for six days.

We had been stranded for six days.(main verb: been ; auxiliary verb: had)

In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:

habíahabíashabía

habíamoshabíaishabían

You have already learned in a previous lesson that the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido. Remember, some past participles are irregular. The following examples all use the past participle for the verb "vivir."

(yo) Había vivido.I had lived.

(tú) Habías vivido.You had lived.

The past perfect tense is used when a past action was completed prior to another past action. Expressions such as "ya", "antes", "nunca", "todavía" and "después" will often appear in sentences where one action was completed before another.

Cuando llegaron los padres, los niños ya habían comido.When the parents arrived, the children had already eaten.

Yo había comido antes de llamarles.I had eaten prior to calling them.

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This idea of a past action being completed before another past action need not always be stated; it can be implied.

Juan había cerrado la ventana antes de salir. (stated)Juan had closed the window before leaving.

Juan había cerrado la ventana. (implied)Juan had closed the window.

The auxiliary verb and the past participle are never separated. To make the sentence negative, add the word "no" before the conjugated form of haber.

(él) No había vivido.He had not lived.

(nosotros) No habíamos vivido.We had not lived.

Spanish Future Perfect ~ Futuro perfecto

The Spanish future perfect is used just like its English counterpart: to indicate an action that will have taken place before another action or point in the future.

Habré comido antes de salir. I will have eaten before leaving (before I leave).

Cuando llames esta noche, ella habrá llegado. When you call, she will have arrived.

¿Ya habrás terminado para las ocho? Will you have finished by eight o'clock?

  In Spanish, the future perfect can also express probability or supposition about events or situations in the past.

Algo habrá ocurrido. Something probably happened.

¿Se habrá olvidado José? Could José have forgotten?

Conjugating the Spanish Future Perfect

The future perfect is a compound verb formed with the future of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle of the main verb.

HABLAR

yo habré hablado nosotros habremos hablado

tú habrás hablado vosotros habréis hablado

élellaUd.

habrá habladoellosellasUds.

habrán hablado

  

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SALIR

yo habré salido nosotros habrémos salido

tú habrás salido vosotros habréis salido

élellaUd.

habrá salidoellosellasUds.

habrán salido

Spanish Conditional Perfect / Past Conditional - Condicional perfecto 

The Spanish past conditional (aka conditional perfect) is used to indicate an action that would have occurred in the past if a certain condition had been met. The latter can be stated or implied.

The conditional perfect is used in two main ways:

1.  To express something that would have happened, often in conditional sentences (si clauses):

Él lo habría dicho.  He would have said it.

Si yo hubiera sabido, habría ido contigo. If I had known, I would have gone with you.

¿Habrías comprado el libro si te hubiera dicho?

Would you have bought the book if I had told you?

  

2.  To express probability or supposition in the past:

Lucas habría comido antes de salir. Lucas had probably already eaten.

Habrían sido las dos cuando llegamos. It must have been 2 o'clock when we arrived.

  

Conjugating the Spanish Conditional Perfect

The conditional perfect is a compound verb formed with the conditional of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle of the main verb.

HABLAR

yo habría hablado nosotros habríamos hablado

tú habrías hablado vosotros habríais hablado

élella

habría hablado ellosellas

habrían hablado

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Ud. Uds.

  

SALIR

yo habría salido nosotros habríamos salido

tú habrías salido vosotros habríais salido

élellaUd.

habría salidoellosellasUds.

habrían salido

Perfect Tenses, SummarizedAlways Need a form of HABER, then PAST PARTICIPLE.

Present Perfect

Past Perfect (aka Pluperfect)

Conditional Perfect

Future Perfect (pretty rare)

Meaning I have done, he has done

I had done, he had done

I would have done, he would have done

I will have done, he will have done

Forms of HABER

He HasHaHemosHan

HabíaHabíasHabíaHabíamosHabían

HabríaHabríasHabríaHabríamosHabrían

HabréHabrásHabráHabremosHabrán

Past Participle: Regulars: -ar = ado -er, -ir = ido

Irregulars:

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decir dichohacer hechoabrir abiertocubrircubiertoponerpuestovolver vuelto ver visto escribir escrito morir muerto romper rotofreír frito

Ejemplos:

I have already eaten. Ya he comido. At 10 o’clock last night, I still hadn’t eaten. A las diez anoche, yo todavía no había comido. I would have eaten but I didn’t have time. Yo habría comido pero no tuve tiempo.

By 8 o’clock tomorrow, I will have eaten. Para las 8 mañana, habré comido.

Vocabulario:Ya= alreadyTodavía=still, yetAlguna vez= everNunca= neverJamás= never

Futuro y condicional

Futuro: Translates to “will” Can be used to soften a command

(Limpiarás tu cuarto, instead of Limpia tu cuarto)Relates to the present

(If I win, I will be happy.)Future of probability- can be used instead of “probably” and the present.

(Serán las dos= It’s probably two o’clock.)

To form, keep the infinitive and attach the following endings:

yo é nosotros emostu ás vosotros éisel, ella, Ud á ellos, ellas, Uds án

The same endings are used for ar, er, and ir verbs.

Condicional: Translates to “would”Can be used to express polite requests

(Te gustaría, Podrías...)Relates to the past

(If I had won, I would have been happy.)Conditional of probability- can be used instead of “probably” and the past.

(Serían las dos= It was probably two o’clock.)

To form, keep the infinitive and attach the following endings:

yo ía nosotros íamostu ías vosotros íaisel, ella, Ud ía ellos, ellas, Uds ían

The same endings are used for ar, er, and ir verbs.

Irregulars: Infinitive Yo form Future Yo form Conditionaldecir diré diríahaber habré habríahacer haré haríapoder podré podríaponer pondré pondríaquerer querré querría

saber sabré sabríasalir saldré saldríatener tendré tendríavaler valdré valdríavenir vendré Vendría

Understanding the Present Progressive

The term present progressive is a fancy way of describing the verb tense that emphasizes that an action is currently taking place as we speak. It is characterized by the verb “to be,” followed by a second verb that ends with –ing (the present participle). For example:

I am studying. You are running.

The action is IN PROGRESS.

In Spanish, the present progressive is constructed in a similar way. Use the “to be” verb estar.* Instead of ending the present participle with –ing, however, you’ll end it with –ando or –iendo.

Por ejemplo: Estoy caminando. I am walking.

Sarah está viajando. Sarah is travelling.

*You can also use this form with seguir, to mean to keep or still be doing something.

Be careful, though! In English you can also use the present participle in this way:

We are going fishing later.In this case, the verb “to be” indicates a future occurrence, that of fishing. You cannot use the present participle (ando, iendo) in this case in Spanish. Rather, you must use an infinitive. In other words:DO NOT say “Vamos pescando.” DO say, “Vamos a pescar.”

The Present Participles of Regular Verbs

-ar verbs p. participle er verbs - p.participle -ir verbs p.participle

comprar comprando correr corriendo vivir viviendo

esperar esperando tener teniendo pedir pidiendo

enseñar enseñando beber bebiendo abrir abriendo

estudiar estudiando comer comiendo salir saliendo

The general rules for creating the present participle of regular verbs are:

1. –ar verbs will end in –ando. 2. –er verbs and –ir verbs will both end in –iendo.

The present participles never change … no matter which subject pronoun is used. Por ejemplo: 1. Estamos bebiendo el refresco. - We are drinking the soda.2. Tú estás viviendo en Argentina. - You are living in Argentina.(doesn’t matter if you’re talking to a boy or girl.)

Reflexives: The pronouns (me, te, se, nos os, se) can go before the conjugated verb (estar) or attached to the -ando -iendo. For example: I’m washing up. Me estoy lavando. Estoy lavándome. If you attach, you also need an accent on the third to last syllable to maintain pronunciation.

Intro to Informal Commands (mandatos informales)

I. Mandatos afirmativos: Affirmative tú commands are pretty easy.

You simply use the regular THIRD PERSON (él/Ud) form of the verb:

Yo quiero cantar --> Pues, ¡canta!Yo quiero vivir --> Pues, ¡vive!

There are nine common verbs that have irregular tú command forms:

decir --> di salir --> sal ser --> séhacer --> haz poner --> pon ir --> vetener --> ten venir --> ven

Some of these verbs have compound forms which will also show the irregularity:detener --> detén (to detain, hold back)obtener --> ______________ rehacer-->_________________

II. Mandatos negativos: It's a little harder to tell someone not to do something. Negative tú commands are formed using a few steps....

In order to tell someone NOT to do something…..

Step 1: Negative word…. No (=don’t), Nunca (=never)Step 2: put the verb in the yo form, drop the –o ending ejemplo: poner= pongo= pongStep 3: go to the opposite ending: Ar = es Er, ir = asStep 4: put verb with negative word for the negative command

Ejemplo: No pongas = Don’t put, set.

Reflexives: the pronoun “te” must go before the verb with negative commandsEjemplo: No te pongas = Don’t put on.

Irregulars: (-oy ending verbs in yo form)Ir No vayas Don’t goSer No seas Don’t beDar No des Don’t giveVer No veas Don’t seeEstar No estés Don’t be (HCL)

-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR spell changesVerbs that end in car, gar, or zar will need spell changes in the negative

command form to maintain proper pronunciation. (a, o, u are hard vowels, e, i are soft vowels.)

Opposite endings for -car = -ques No toques Don’t touch-gar = -gues No juegues Don’t play-zar = -ces * No comiences Don’t start

*z before e becomes c

III. Posiciones de los pronombres y complementos: This is the same with Ud commands: direct object, indirect object, and reflexive pronouns are attached to affirmative commands and are not attached to negative commands. (Affirmative = yes, you do attach pronouns. Negative = no, you can't attach pronouns) You will need to write in an accent mark on the third to last syllable if adding the pronoun(s) makes the affirmative command more than two syllables long. The stress stays on the verb stem.

Acuéstate ahora. No te acuestes tarde.

Formal Commands

The formal commands are requests that you make of people in authority positions, elderly and respected individuals, including doctors, waiters, teachers... There is a more formal atmosphere, and servers are treated with the respect that all strangers receive.  So use the Ud. (usted) form and formal commands unless you are invited to do otherwise. Here are the endings for the formal commands:

AR VERBS IR/ER VERBSUsted e a

Ustedes en an

Let's make a Formal Command.  We'll use the verb Hablar.

We take the first person singular "Yo" form of the verb: hablo Now drop the "o" : habl- Notice that the Subjunctive vowel endings for the -Ar verbs are "e"s -the vowel

we normally use with -Ir and -Er verbs.  And we use "a" with the -Ir and -Er verbs!  We call this using the "opposite" ending.

So now we attach the "opposite" ending to our verb stem to form our command: Hable!

If the "Yo" form is irregular, the command will be irregular: If we use Traer, the present tense "Yo" form is Traigo We drop the "o" : Traig- We add the opposite ending: `a' And we have our command: Traiga

Other irregulars: Salir Salgo SalgaHacer Hago HagaPoner Pongo PongaDecir Digo DigaVenir Vengo Venga

With Estar and Dar, we need to drop both the "O" and the "Y":

Estar Estoy EstéDar Doy DéIr    (Ir is very irregular) Voy Vaya

Saber   (it is also very irregular) Sé Sepa

Don't forget - if there is a stem change in the Present Tense, there will be a stem change in the Command (Present Subjunctive) form:

Pedir Pido PidaPensar Pienso PienseDormir Duermo DuermaAtender Atiendo AtiendaHervir  Hiervo HiervaEntender Entiendo EntiendaPoder Puedo PuedaFreír Frío Fría

Cambios de ortografía: This is the same as the preterite yo form spell change. In negative commands, verbs ending in -car, -gar, or -zar must have a spell change to keep the sound. tocar--> No toque/n jugar--> No juegue/nempezar-->No empiece/n* *z before e becomes c.

Nosotros Commands- Let’s....

Nosotros commands are used when the speaker is included, and are used to express the idea "let's + verb." To form these commands, you have two options....

1. "Vamos a + infinitive" can also be used to convey the meaning "Let's ___."

Vamos a trabajar juntos.Let's work together.

2. Or you can form the official command by using the yo form, dropping the o, and attaching the opposite ending... ar-emos, er/ir-amos.

Trabajemos juntos.Let's work together.

Reflexives Again, if it is affirmative, you must attach the pronoun, which for nosotros is nos. For negatives, you cannot attach the nos, it must be placed in front.

As with other commands, a written accent is often required when pronouns are added. With affirmative commands, the final "s" of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronouns "nos" Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos. But not with negative commands.

Let's sit down. No nos sentemos.Let's not sit down.

Preterite Tense Nombre_______________________

Regular-ARé amosaste asteis

ó aron

-ER/ -IR

í imos iste isteisió ieron

-car, -gar, zar verbs first person (YO) form change onlycar- qué Busqué= I looked forgar-gué Jugué = I playedzar- cé (z before e becomes c) Comencé= I started

Stem Changers: -ar and -er stem changers do not stem change in preterite. -ir stem changers do stem change, in 3rd person (él, ella, Ud, ellos ellas, Uds.) onlye-i 3rd person stem change o-u 3rd person stem changepedí pedimos dormí dormimospediste pedisteis dormiste dormisteispidió pidieron durmió durmieron

Stem ending in a vowel: in the 3rd person (él, ella, Ud, ellos ellas, Uds.) -er and -ir verbs whose stem ends in a vowel, the i in the ending changes to a y leer= yo leí, but él leyó, ellos leyeron caer=yo caí, but él cayó, ellos cayeron

Reflexives still use the pronouns before the conjugated verb. IE: Me desperté.

Irregulars (Also needed when another verbs ends in the irregular infinitive, for example, mantener, componer, contraer...)

andar anduvestar estuv None of the irregulars have accent marks. tener tuv All of the irregulars share the same endings....caber cuphaber hub e imospoder pud iste isteisponer pus o ieronsaber suphacer hic (él hizo)querer quis venir vindecir dij except when the stem ends in a j, which in 3rd traer traj person plural goes to jeron instead of ieron.conducir conduj Other Irregulars

Ser and Ir (both have the same Ver Darpreterite forms. Needs context )

fui fuimos Vi Vimos Di Dimosfuiste fuisteis Viste Visteis Diste Disteisfue fueron Vio Vieron Dio DieronThe Past in Spanish IMPERFECTThere are two ways to express a past action in Spanish, the preterite and the imperfect. The preterite endings and irregularities we have already gone over.

El Imperfecto: endings

-AR used to, was ...ing -ER/ -IR used to, was ...ing

aba* ábamos ía* íamos

abas abais ías íais

aba* aban ía* ían* Note that the first and third person singular endings are exactly the same. Subject pronouns (yo, él, ella, Ud) are often necessary in these forms.

There are only three irregular imperfects:

Ir used to go, was going Ser used to be, was Ver used to see, was seeing

iba íbamos era éramos veía veíamos

ibas ibais eras erais veías veíais

iba iban era eran veía veían

In this acronym to help remember the reasons you would use the imperfect, see if you can figure out what the letter stands for based on the example given.

W__________ Hacía buen tiempo.H__________ Yo siempre me cepillaba los dientes después de ducharme. A__________ Ella tenía cinco años.T__________ Eran las diez y media.S___________ Era una noche oscura y hacía buen tiempo cuando el actor entró a la escena.L___________ Estaba en la escuela.E___________ Estaba triste.F___________ Estaba desilusionado.T___________ Tenía el pelo rubio y los ojos azules.

Pensaba, creía.

Palabras que normalmente indican el pretéritoel domingoel sábado pasadoel fin de semana pasadoayeranteayerun díael día anteriorel otro díauna vezalguna vezdos vecespor primera vezde repentede prontopor finfinalmentea las diez y mediaanoche

Palabras que normalmente indican el imperfectolos domingoslos sábados por la nochelos fines de semanacada díatodos los díasantesen el pasadoalgunas vecesa vecesde vez en cuandosiemprea menudoraramenterara vezpor lo generalgeneralmentemientras

 Subjuntivo

AdviceDoubt, Denial, Demand, DesireEmotionApproval impersonal opinionDisapprovalProbability, Preference, Perhaps/ maybeUncertainty, ignorance, uncompleted actionNecessityvague/ indefinite antecedenteven if (aunque)

Subject 1 + QUE+ Subject 2Main Clause Subordinate Clause,Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood ALL USED WITH QUE BEFORE SUBJUNCTIVE

Adviceaconsejar es aconsejablesugerir (e-ie)

Doubtdudarno creer no pensar (e-ie)no suponerno parecerno imaginarseno estar convencido de

Denial, Demandnegar(e-ie) no permitir prohibirexigirinsistir enmandar(decir [e-i, irreg yo])

Desiredesear esperar ojalapedir (e-i)querer (e-ie)rogar (o-ue)

Emotionalegrarse de

sentir (e-ie)sorprendertemertener miedo deApproval impersonal opinionDisapprovales importantegustares fantasticoconviene es buenoes mejores horriblees increiblees una lastimaes ridiculoes terriblemas vale

Probability, Preference, Perhaps/ maybe Es probable es improbable es imposiblepreferir (e-ie) puede serpuedees posiblees preferibleQuiza/s (not followed by que)Tal vez (not followed by que)acaso (not followed by que)Uncertainty, ignorance, uncompleted action

a menoscuando (not used w/ que) despues deen caso deantes (de)con tal (de)hastamientras

parasintan pronto como (not used w/ que) no estar seguro de

Necessityes necesarionecesitar

Present Perfect Subjunctive ~ Perfecto de subjuntivo

The present perfect subjunctive, also known as the past or perfect subjunctive, is used when a verb or expression requiring the subjunctive in the main clause is in the present, future, or present perfect. You might notice that the same definition holds true for the regular (present) subjunctive, so what's the difference? The present subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the present or future, while the present perfect subjunctive is used when the dependent clause is in the past.

For example, if you want to say "I doubt you'll do it," you'd use the present subjunctive: Dudo que lo hagas. But if you wanted to say "I doubt that you did it," you'd use the present perfect subjunctive: Dudo que lo hayas hecho.

Another example: "It's good that he is studying" - Es bueno que estudie vs "It's good that he studied" - Es bueno que haya estudiado.

http://www.elearnspanishlanguage.com/grammar/verbs/presentperfectsubjunctive.html

More Subjunctive Tenses

Besides the present subjunctive, there are several other subjunctive tenses which you need to know and be able to use.

I. The present perfect subjunctive (el [presente] perfecto de subjuntivo): A. Forms. The present perfect subjunctive is formed by using the present

subjunctive of the helping verb haber with the past (or passive) participle: yo

 

haya

 habladocomidovivido

  I (have) spoken/eaten/lived, etc.

tú hayasél/ella/usted hayanosotros/vosotras hayamosvosotros/vosotras hayáisellos/ellas/ustedes hayan

B. Uses. The present perfect subjunctive is used in the same types of clauses as the present subjunctive, and normally is used: to indicate the action as completed with governing verbs in the present or future tense or command forms. Examples: Me alegro de  que ella haya

llegado.  I'm glad she (has) arrived.

Dudo I doubt she (has) arrived.Niego I deny she (has) arrived.

Es posible It's possible she (has) arrived.Lo haré después I'll do it after she has arrived.No lo hagas a menos

Don't do it unless she has arrived.

C. When to use which “present” subjunctive. The simple present subjunctive is used to indicate an action viewed as occurring at the same time or in the future when the governing verb is in the present, present perfect, future, future perfect, or a command form; the present perfect subjunctive is used to indicate an action viewed as having occurred previously when the governing verb is in those same tenses:  Tense   of   the   governing   v erb

 Subjunctive   tense   to   use   in   the   subordinate   clause

present (indicative or subj.)

present subjunctive [for a simultaneous or future state or action]ORpresent perfect subjunctive [for a prior state or action]

present perfect (indic. or subj.)futurefuture perfectcommand form

Me sorprende que ustedes bailen.

It surprises me that you

dance. (generalization)are dancing (right now).will dance (in the future).

 

Me sorprende que ustedes hayan bailado.

It surprises me that you

danced ORhave danced (in the past)

http://users.ipfw.edu/JEHLE/COURSES/PASTSUBJ.HTM

The Past Subjunctive--FormationFirst of all, let's remember how we formed the present subjunctive: basically, we started with the first person singular of the present (hablo, como, vivo, digo, conozco), took off the 'o', and then added the 'opposite endings'.

Now with the past subjunctive, we're going to go through a similar process, but now, instead of beginning with the first person singular of the present, we use the third person plural of the preterite (simple past). So now our starting point will be, for example: hablaron, comieron, vivieron, dijeron, conocieron.

But this time we are going to remove -ron, so we end up with the following stems: habla-, comie-, vivie-, dije-, conocie-).

Up to this point in Spanish we've only had to learn one set of verb endings; now there are two sets! And the funny thing is that there is no difference in meaning between one and the other! But let's also look on the positive side of things: they are the same endings whether we are dealing with -ar, -er, or -ir verbs. Here they are:

-ra       -ramos-ras      -rais-ra       -ran

The following is a seldom-used form of this tense that is used primarily in literature. It is rarely heard in speech. It

is conjugated as above, except the -ra becomes -se. It normally is not necessary to memorize this form, but you should be able to recognize it when you see it.-se       -semos-ses      -seis-se       -sen  

So the verbs cited above will look like this:   

hablarhablara       habláramoshablaras      hablaraishablara       hablaran

comercomiera       comiéramoscomieras      comieraiscomiera       comieran

 vivirviviera       viviéramosvivieras      vivieraisviviera       vivieran

decirdijera       dijéramosdijeras      dijeraisdijera       dijeran

 conocerconociera    conociéramosconocieras   conocieraisconociera    conocieran

The imperfect tense of the subjunctive mood is used to express the same subjectivity as the present subjunctive, but in the past.

The imperfect subjunctive has three main uses:

1.  Express subjectivity in the past after the same verbs, impersonal expressions, and conjunctions as the present subjunctive. For the imperfect subjunctive to be needed, the verb in the main clause has to be in one of the following tenses/moods: preterite, imperfect, conditional, or pluperfect (aka past perfect, habia +ado, ido).

Quería que lo hicieras. I wanted you to do it.

Fue una lástima que no pudiera venir. It was too bad that he couldn't come.

Yo iría al banco para que tuviéramos dinero.

I would go to the bank so that we'd have money.

  

2.  Make a very polite request or suggestion (only with the verbs deber, poder, and querer).

Quisiera dos libros, por favor. I'd like two books, please.

¿Pudiera Ud. ayudarnos? Could you (possibly) help us?

  

3.  In conditional sentences (si clauses) and with the conjunction como si.

Si tuviera dinero, iría contigo. If I had money, I would go with you.

Me escucha como si fuera su profesor. He listens to me as if I were his teacher.

  Use imperfect subjunctive (past subjunctive) in the same situations as present subjunctive, but when referring to past events:

Quiero que juegen esta tarde. -- I want now, thus present subjunctive. Quería que jugaran por la tarde. -- I wanted, thus past subjunctive.

This is like correspondence of tenses in English -- after a past tense (either Preterit or Imperfect) in an independent clause, one should use a imperfect (past) subjunctive.

Also when discussing situations in the present or future that are contrary to the fact or very unlikely.

Si lloviera, no saldría.

Here are the 4 main cases of subjunctive: Present Subjunctive

hable Emotions today and tomorrow about something being done today or tomorrow. (I hope he speaks.)

Imperfect Subjunctive

hablara/hablase Emotions yesterday about something done before yesterday; (I was hoping he spoke.)Conditional sentences referring to something unreal today or tomorrow. (“If” clause sentences) (If I were you, I would say nothing.)

Present Perfect Subjunctive

haya comido Emotions today and tomorrow about something done yesterday. (I hope he ate yesterday.)

Pluperfect Subjunctive

hubiera/hubiese comido

Conditional sentences referring to something unreal yesterday. (If he had been here, he would have eaten.)

Note that emotion is expressed by one person, while action is being done by another: Ella teme que el gobierno no haga nada. -- two subjects, thus subjunctive

She fears that the government doesn’t do anything.Ella teme no hacer nada. -- one subject: no subjunctive.

She’s afraid of not doing anything.

3 types of hypothesizing. Structures in Spanish are very similar to those in English: 1. Hypothetical situations in the future and the present:

Si + present indicativethe present indicative

a future tense command

Si llueve, 

no salgo saldré/voy a salir/estaré saliendo

no salgas!

If it rains (it may or may not),

I don't go out will not go out/am not going out

don't go out!2. Hypothetical situations in the future and the present that are contrary to fact or very unlikely:

Si + imperfect subjunctive conditionalSi lloviera, no saldría.

If it rained (it does not), I would not go out.3. Hypothetical situations in the past that are contrary to fact:

Si + pluperfect subjunctive conditional perfectSi hubiera llovido, no habría salido.

If it had rained (it did not), I would not have gone out.

Past Perfect Subjunctive:The past perfect of the subjunctive mood is formed using the formula below:

Subject 1 +que+ Subject 2 Main Clause in past, Subordinate Clause, Conditional, past perfect Conditional sentence referring to something unreal yesterday. Ex: If he had been here, he would have eaten. Past Subjunctive form of haber (at right) + past participle The past participle is formed by adding the suffix -ado to -ar verbs and -ido to -er and -ir verbs.Example: the past participle of comer is comido. So, Ex: If he had been here, he would have eaten. = Si habría estado aquí, hubiera comido.

Past Subjunctive

yo hubiera

tú hubieras

Ud hubiera

nos

hubiéramos

vos

hubierais

U hubiera

ds n