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Historical significance and legacy
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Spain (Andalusia)
(712-1492)
Spain( Andalusia), a peninsula is bound to west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east by
Mediterranean
In the 5th Century, Visigoths conquered Spain and established Kingdom with Toledo as Capital
In the year 711, an oppressed Christian chief, Julian, went to
Musa Ibn Nusair, the governor of North Africa, with a plea for
help against the tyrannical Visigoth ruler of Spain, Roderick
Musa responded by sending young general Tariq bin Ziyad
with an army of 7000 troops. The name Gibraltar is derived from
Jabal At-Tariq which is Arabic for 'Rock of Tariq' named after the
place where the Muslim army landed
Tariq Bin Ziyad defeated the Visigoth Army
King Roderick was killed in battle
Andalusia, during Muslim rule became
“The Crown Jewel of Muslim Civilization”
because of its splendid Culture & Heritage
Under ’Abd al Rahman II (822-852)
30 million Andalusia population lived in hundreds of cities
It was the largest
city in the West, with
130,000 households
within its walls
Capital City Cordoba in 10th Century
10th Century city of Cordoba had 60,00 Palaces
Palace in Cordoba
Al-Hambra Palace
10th century Cordoba had 3,000 Mosques
including baths, villas & splendid gardens
10th Century Cordoba had 70 libraries
largest of which had up to 600,000 books
By 1100, the number of Muslims rose to 5.6 million
There existed in Cordoba alone, 200,000 houses, 900 publicbaths, 10,000 lamps, 50 hospitals, lighted and paved streets
Granada, 2nd Largest City of Muslim Spain
First Bronze Lamp Made in Granada
Now it is at the National Archaeological Museum of Spain
(Madrid)
Muslims build an urban-based society which became a thriving center of industry, agriculture,
Trade & Science
Muslim Spain produced
great Philosophers, Physicians, Scientists, Judges & Artists
Islamic Architecture in Spain It is elaborate and decorative with intricate designs. Stone, and
stucco, plaster for coating exterior walls, were widely favored
The Great Mosque of Cordoba (784-987)
Cordoba Mosque was the most magnificent of the more than 1,000 mosques in the city and was at one time the
second largest mosque in the Muslim world
Cordoba Mosque is most notable for its giant arches, with over 1,000 columns of
jasper, onyx, marble, and granite
The mihrab of the
Mosque of Cordoba, a
niche in the wall
indicating the direction
of the Kaaba, was
reportedly decorated
with 320 bags of
mosaic cubes with
corinthean and ionic
pillars.
Medina-al-ZaharaA city built by Abd-ur-Rahman-III (891-961). It flourished for nearly 80 years
The construction work in Medina al-Zahra
proceeded apace, especially since Abd al-
Rahman 111 invested a third of all state
revenues in it
The construction work in Medina al-Zahra took 40 years
25 years under Abd al-Rahman Ill's rule (from the founding of the palace city in
936 to his death in 961), and 15 years under al-Hakam 11 (961— 976)
Alhambra PalaceThe brightest piece memory of Muslim Andalusia
Alhambra is a reflection of the culture of the last days
of the Nasrid emirate of Granada (1238-1492)
INSIDE AND AROUND THE ALHAMBRA ARE INSCRIPTIONS
of Arabic writing “Wa la Ghalib illa Allah”
(there is no Conqueror (victor) except Allah)
Inside the palace is decorated with beautiful fountains, exquisitely decorated halls and courts,
and delicate designs using Arabic calligraphy and colored tiles
The splendors of the
Alhambra and its
gardens have inspired
many musicians, artists,
and authors.
Washington Irving, who
took up residence in
Alhambra and wrote
Tales of the Alhambra.
POTTERYHispano-Moresque ware was a style of Islamic pottery
created in Islamic Spain
EDUCATION
Abd al Rahman I started to
build great mosque in 785,
with immense public-works
project, and established the
religious and educational
centers in Cordoba
This project was enlarged and
extended by his successors
Abd al Rahman II and Abd al
Rahman III, and completed by
Al-Hakem II
In the Ninth-Tenth
centuries, the mosque
schools evolved into
universities.
In the Tenth and
Eleventh centuries, the
madrasah, a state-
sponsored educational
institution, appeared in
Andalusia.
Hakem II build 27
elementary schools in
Cordoba for children of
poor families.
One chronicler reports
that in Cordoba alone,
there were 800 schools
The German philologist Gustav Diercks remarked
―there were even in the smallest villages,
public schools and schools for the poor in
such numbers, that one has good reason
to assume that under Hakem II (916-976)
at least in the province of Cordoba,
no one was ignorant of reading and writing‖
Andalusia build an Advanced Agricultural Sector
The introduction of new crops and advance farming methods transformed Andalusia into a
major agriculture exporter
New Crops were Introduced by Muslims in Spain e.g. Dates & Pomegranate
The Textile Industry in Cordobaproduced cotton, linen, wool, and silk
Three-course Meals, was Introduced in the Medieval Islamic Spain
by Prominent Nutritionist Abul Hasan Ziryab,
who Insisted that meals should be served in three separate courses
consisting of soup, the main course, and Dessert
As a result of the improved
agriculture and cuisine,
the average life expectancy
in Islamic Spain increased
to 69–75 years by the 11th century
Networks developed
during this time enabled
a world in which money
could be promised by a
Bank in Baghdad ….
… and cashed in Spain, creating the Cheque’sSystem of today
Economics
Science & Technology in Andalucía
The 1st Windmill was built during Hazrat Umar (RA)
and introduced to Europe through Spain
Water Raising Wheels for Agriculture
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Berber, 810–887 A.D)
The 1st man who tried to fly through scientific way
Re-conquest of Andalusia by Christians
Cities started to fell to
Christians:
- Barbastro and Coimbra
in 1063–1064
- Coria in 1079
- Toledo in 1085
Almoravid Dynasty (1085-1145)
In 1086, Almoravid army under
Yousaf bin Tashfin crossed the
Straits of Gibraltar and
defeated the Christians in the
battle of Zallaqa, but unable to
retain most of the territory.
In the third decade of the
twelfth century, political and
religious movements had
begun in several towns, that
shake Almoravid rule in al-
Andalus
Almohad Dynasty (1147-1269)
Almohad movement
started in the south of
Morocco in the first
decades of the twelfth
century, and dominate
the whole of the
Maghreb (Morocco,
Algeria, Tunisia) and al-
Andalus.
Almohads suffered a
major defeat in the
battle of Las Navas de
Tolosa in the year 1212
Silves was conquered in
1190, Cordova in 1236,
Valencia in 1238,
Murcia in 1243, and
Seville in 1248 by
Christians
Nasrid kingdom of Granda (1238-1492)
From the middle of the
thirteenth century until 1492,
the Nasrid kingdom of Granada
managed to survive by taking
advantage of the internal
dissensions both among the
Christian kingdoms and those
Muslim states that had been
created in North Africa after the
demise of the Almohad empire
End of Muslims’ Rule in Spain
In 1492 political
unity achieved by
Isabel of Castille and
Fernando de Aragón
signaled the end of
the small Muslim
kingdom of Granada
After the exile of Moors, Allama Iqbal had the distinction
of being the first Muslim to offer pray and also give
Azzan their at the mosque of Cordoba in 1931
That visit had made him
emotional and he
composed the famous
poem Masjid-e-Qartaba in
which he spoke of the
glorious history of Islamic
conquests and the spread
of Islamic civilization