Space, Big Bang, Galaxies and Stars Review

2013 V3

66 SlidesI hope you like it.

1. AstronomyThe study of Planets, Stars Galaxies and Nebulae

http://www.ceo.wa.edu.au/home/carey.peter/astronomy.jpg

2. Cosmology

http://www.wired.com/geekdad/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/carl_sagan.jpg

Cosmology is the study of the origin of the universeCarl Sagan wrote books and TV shows about it.

3. Geocentric Perspective

In 400 BC, Aristotle thought the Earth was the center of the universe

http://space.about.com/od/astronomerbiographies/a/aristotlebio.htm

4. Heliocentric Perspective

In 1543, Nicholas Copernicus was the first to say the sun not the Earth was in the center of the solar system.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg

5. Variable speed Elliptical Orbits

In 1610,

Johannes Kepler

was the first to say

the planets travel

in variable speed,

elliptical, not circular

orbits.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler

6. Gravity

• In 1687 Sir Isaak Newton described

Gravity

• The most important force in astronomy

students.umf.maine.edu

7. The First Telescope

In 1611 Galileo invented the first telescope by putting 2 lenses in a tube.

http://cnx.org/content/m11932/latest/

8. Stars are farther away from Earth than the planets.

Stars are larger than planets but the planets look larger

because the stars are farther away.

http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2007/01/stars-planets-scale-comparison.html

9. Three Telescope Types

Optical telescopes detect visible light.

Radio telescopes detect Radio Waves.

Telescopes in orbit around planet Earth.

10. Data about StarsAstronomers get data about stars from telescopes likeMount Wilson observatory and and space probes like NASA’s IBEX

http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/01/31/nasa-probe-discovers-alien-matter-from-beyond-our-solar-system/ CHARA Interferometer Array http://www.mtwilson.edu/

60 inch TelescopeThat Hubble used in 1926Mount Wilson Observatory

Interstellar Boundary Explorer

11. Edwin Hubble 1926• First to see the Andromeda galaxy• First to say the universe is larger than just the Milky way • First to discover the Red Shift• First to suggest that the universe is expanding

http://www.edwinhubble.com/ http://www.mtwilson.edu/

12. Big Bang Theory

Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use the term “Big Bang in 1949”

Hoyle did not believe in the Big Bang theory.

He believed in the Steady State

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle

13. LeMaitre and Einstein

Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first

to say that the universe began as a point of pure energy

and expanded in all directions.

http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that expanded out in all directions

14. Evidence of the Big Bang

• Red Shift

• Cosmic background radiation

15a. Red Shift

• Red shift is the apparent change in the frequency of star light. • Red shift shows the direction the star is moving.• Red shift shows stars are moving away from

Earth and from each other.

Earth*

15b. Red Shift

Red shifted light from a source moving away from the Observer.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png

Light from a source that is not moving.

16. Blue Shift

Blue shifted light from a source moving towards the Observer.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png

Red shiftedlight from a sourcethat is movingway from the observer.

17. Doppler EffectThe Doppler effect is the apparent (not real) change in the wavelength of sound or light due to the movement of the source or observer.

Red Shift Blue shift

Red Shift and Blue shift are examples of the Doppler effecthttp://physics.syr.edu/courses/CCD_NEW/seti/tutorial/measure/part8.html

18. Cosmic Background Radiation

• In 1965 Wilson and Penzias of Bell Labs discovered a faint energy coming from space where there are no stars.

http://www.bell-labs.com/history/laser/invention/cosmology.html

19. Cosmic Background Radiation

Leftover energy from the Big Bang?

http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/article/Discovery-of-the-Microwave-Background-Radiation

George Gamow laid the foundations for research into the formation of elements in a big bang http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ideas/gamow.htm

20. Hubble Space Telescope (HST)

http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/image.php?image=hst-above

The HST, named afterEdwin Hubble, is an optical Telescope in obit around the Earth.It was launchedIn 1990.

21. A Light Year is a unit of distance.

• A light year is the distance light travels in one year

• exactly 9,460,730,472,580.8 km• about 6 trillion miles • about 63,241.1 astronomical units • about 0.306601 parsecs

22. Light years measure galaxies.

• Light years are used to measure distances inside galaxies.

23. The Milky Way Galaxy.

The Milky Way Galaxy is 100,000 light years wide

24. Parallax Shift

Parallax shift is used to measure

the distancebetween galaxies.

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html

25. Parallax Shift Rule

The smaller the shift the farther away the star.

http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html

26. Stars in a Galaxy

Galaxies contain billons of stars.

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=milky+way+galaxy&btnG=Search

Stars areheld in galaxiesby gravitationalforces.

27. Galaxy Classification

Hubble was first to classify galaxies

by their shape:

http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html

Spiral elliptical irregular

28. Three Galaxy Shapes

http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html

Spiral elliptical irregular

29. The Milky Way Galaxy

• Spiral Shape

• Our Solar system is

2/3 of the way from middle on 1 arm

I-------100,000 light years---------I

30. Interstellar Matter

• Atoms of gas and dust that exists between stars.

• Interstellar • Matter

http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/polaris-t.html

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33. What comes from Stars?Light and heat waves and

solar wind particles

Solar flaresand thesolarwind

The Earth’s magnetic fieldprotectsthe Earthfrom the solar wind.

http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/spaceweather/curriculum/107_Magnetic%20Configuration.pdf

34. Radiation

Solar energy travels through space to the earth in waves called radiation.

http://news.discovery.com/space/monster-waves-driving-suns-coronal-heating-110727.html

35. SupernovaAt the end of the life of a super giant star, it explodes in

the largest bang the universe has to offer.

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/supernovae.html

36. Black Hole

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/blackhole.html

A region in space with gravity so strong not even light can escape

37. Big Bang

Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use the term “Big Bang in 1949”

Even though he did not believe in the Big Bang theory.

He believed in Steady State.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle

38. Big Bang Theory

About 14.7 Billion years ago,

The universe began

as a point of pure energy

that expanded

in all directions.

http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_lemaitre.html

38. LeMaitre and Einstein

Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first to say that the universe began as a point of pure energy and expanded in all directions.

http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that expanded out in all directions

39. The Universe is 14.7 Billion Years Old

Modern astronomers estimate the age of the universe to be 14.7 billion years old.

40.Nearest star to the sun

Proxima Centauri

is the nearest star

to the sun,

about 4.2

light years

away.

41. Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, one of the most common types in the Milky way.

42a. Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, red stars

are old and cool.

42b. Star Life Cycles• A star is born when fusion starts in the core.• The life cycle depends on the mass of the star.• Star life cycles are shown on the (HR) diagram.

The Sun

Blue stars are young and hotYellow stars are middle aged and mediumRed stars are old and cooler

43. Nuclear Science

Nuclear science gets its name from the nucleus of the atom.

44. The symbol for Radiation

45. What does fusion mean?

Fusion means to make, or combine.

46. Where does fusion occur?

Fusion occurs in stars.

Fusion makes stars hot.

47. What is Fusion reaction?

H + H He + energy

Fusion powers the stars

48. Where does Fission occur in nature?

Fission occurs inside planets.

Fission keeps planet earth hot.

49. What does unstable mean?

A large nucleus is said to be unstable when the strong nuclear force

cannot hold the protons and neutrons together.

http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/uranium/basics.html

50. Unstable metalsUnstable metals are radioactive, such as

Uranium and plutonium

http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200505/proliferation/fuel_cycle.asp

Uranium ore at the Meghalaya mine, north east Indiahttp://www.topnews.in/uranium-mining-may-start-meghalaya-mid2010-2251077

51. The Modern Atom Model

52. Alpha Decay

Alpha decay is when 2 protons and 2 neutrons shoot out of the nucleus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay

53. After Alpha Decay

• The atomic number goes down by 2 • Two protons shot out of the nucleus.

54. Beta Decay

One neutron turns into 1 proton and one electron. The electron shoots out of the nucleus.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay

55. After Beta Decay

• The atomic number goes up by 1 • One neutron turns into 1 proton.

56. Gamma Radiation

Gamma Radiation is pure energy

shooting out of the nucleus.

Gamma decay does not change thethe atomic number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Decay.svg

57. Gamma Energy• Gamma Radiation is the most energetic form

of electromagnetic radiation

58. Two uses of nuclear fission by people

People use fission to make electricity and

nuclear bombs.

What is wrong with these pictures?

59. Radiation and DoctorsDoctors use radiation to look

into the body (x-rays).

Doctors use radiation to kill

cancer cells (radiation

therapy).

60. Radiation and FoodLarge food distributers use radiation to

make food last longer. Irradiated food

has the “radura” symbol on the label.

61. Radiation and ArchaeologistsArchaeologists are people who study ancient human

civilizations.

They use radioactive

carbon 14 testing to

determine the age of

bones and plant remains.

The end

I hope you liked it.