Southern BrazilSouthern BrazilGroup 5Group 5

OverviewOverview States:States:

ParanáParaná Santa CatarinaSanta Catarina Rio Grande do SulRio Grande do Sul

Area:Area: 576,409 576,409 kmkm22

Pop.:Pop.:26,973,51126,973,511 Density:Density: 43.52/km43.52/km22

Where is it?Where is it?

ParanáParaná Capital: CuritibaCapital: Curitiba Population: 9,150,000Population: 9,150,000 Largest number ofLargest number of

inhabitants from Easterninhabitants from EasternEuropean descentEuropean descent

One of the highest standards of living in One of the highest standards of living in BrazilBrazil

Largest grain-producing stateLargest grain-producing state Universidade Federal do Paraná – Universidade Federal do Paraná –

Brazil’s first universityBrazil’s first university

Santa Santa CatarinaCatarina

Capital: FlorianópolisCapital: Florianópolis Population: 5,098,448Population: 5,098,448 Most European stateMost European state

in Brazilin Brazil Major industrial and agricultural centerMajor industrial and agricultural center

Northeast: textile, electric-mechanical, Northeast: textile, electric-mechanical, furniturefurniture

West: cattle and poultry breedingWest: cattle and poultry breeding South: ceramics and shellfishesSouth: ceramics and shellfishes

Beautiful beachesBeautiful beaches

Rio Grande do Rio Grande do SulSul

Capital: Porto AlegreCapital: Porto Alegre Population: 10,845,087Population: 10,845,087 Battlefield for several warsBattlefield for several wars Focal point of internal rebellion in 1800sFocal point of internal rebellion in 1800s Rota Romântica - Tourist route through Rota Romântica - Tourist route through

Serra GaúchaSerra Gaúcha German and Italian influenceGerman and Italian influence

VineyardsVineyards German architectureGerman architecture

Oil RefineriesOil Refineries Crude oil contains Crude oil contains

hundreds of hundreds of hydrocarbons all mixed hydrocarbons all mixed togethertogether

The crude oil is heated, The crude oil is heated, because different because different hydrocarbon chain hydrocarbon chain lengths have different lengths have different boiling pointsboiling points

The chains are pulled The chains are pulled out by their vaporization out by their vaporization temperaturetemperature

Products from Crude OilProducts from Crude Oil Petroleum Gas – heating, cooking, and Petroleum Gas – heating, cooking, and

making plastics (boiling point (bp) = 104 making plastics (boiling point (bp) = 104 °F)°F)

Gasoline – motor fuel (bp = 104 – 410 °F)Gasoline – motor fuel (bp = 104 – 410 °F) Kerosene – Fuel for jet engines and tractors Kerosene – Fuel for jet engines and tractors

(bp = 350 – 617 °F)(bp = 350 – 617 °F) Lubricating Oil – motor oil, grease, and Lubricating Oil – motor oil, grease, and

other lubricants (bp = 572 – 700 °F)other lubricants (bp = 572 – 700 °F) Coke, Asphalt, Tar – starting material for Coke, Asphalt, Tar – starting material for

making other products (bp = >1112 °F)making other products (bp = >1112 °F)

CrackingCracking Cracking takes large Cracking takes large

hydrocarbons and breaks them hydrocarbons and breaks them into smaller ones.into smaller ones.

Three Types of CrackingThree Types of Cracking ThermalThermal

Steam – breaks ethane into ethyleneSteam – breaks ethane into ethylene Visbreaking – reduces viscosity Visbreaking – reduces viscosity Coking – heats residual until it Coking – heats residual until it

cracks into heavy oilcracks into heavy oil CatalyticCatalytic

Fluid Catalytic Cracking – cracks Fluid Catalytic Cracking – cracks heavy gas oils into diesel oilsheavy gas oils into diesel oils

Hydrocracking – takes heavy oil and Hydrocracking – takes heavy oil and cracks into gasoline and kerosenecracks into gasoline and kerosene

UnificationUnification Unification combines Unification combines

smaller smaller hydrocarbons to hydrocarbons to make a larger onemake a larger one

Catalytic reforming Catalytic reforming uses a catalyst to uses a catalyst to combine low weight combine low weight naphtha into naphtha into aromaticsaromatics

Creates hydrogen Creates hydrogen gas which is used in gas which is used in hydrocrackinghydrocracking

AlterationAlteration Alkylation makes Alkylation makes

molecules from one molecules from one fraction to produce fraction to produce anotheranother

Low molecular Low molecular weight compounds weight compounds are mixed in the are mixed in the presence of a catalyst presence of a catalyst such as hydrofluoric such as hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid acid or sulfuric acid to produce high to produce high octane hydrocarbonsoctane hydrocarbons

Complete Oil RefineryComplete Oil Refinery

An oil refinery is a combination of all of An oil refinery is a combination of all of the previously discussed units.the previously discussed units.

THE ENDTHE ENDANY QUESTIONS?ANY QUESTIONS?