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Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods A Contextual Approach
Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods A Contextual Approach
Edited by
Paul ine Boss University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota
Wil l iam J. D o h e r t y University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota
Ralph LaRossa Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia
Walter R. S c h u m m Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas
Suzanne K. S te inmetz Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana
Springer
Editors' Pauline Boss Department of Family Social Science University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108, USA [email protected]
Ralph LaRossa Department of Sociology Georgia State University Atlanta, GA 30302, USA [email protected]
Suzanne K. Steinmetz Department of Sociology Indiana University Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA [email protected]
William J. Doherty Department of Family Social Science University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN 55108, USA [email protected]
Walter R. Schumm School of Family Studies and
Human Services Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506, USA [email protected]
ISBN: 978-0-306-44264-3 (hardcover) ISBN: 978-0-387-85763-3 (softcover) DO|: 10.1007/978-0-387-85764-0
e-ISBN: 978-0-387-85764-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937527
�9 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2004, First softcover printing 2009 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.
Printed on acid-free paper
springer.com
To our f a m i l i e s a n d to all families everywhere
Contributors
ALAN C. ACOCK Department of Human Development and Family
Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331
BERT N. ADAMS Department of Sociology University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706
KATHERINE R. ALLEN Department of Family and Child Development Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
ELAINE A. ANDERSON Department of Family and Community
Development University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742
DENNIS A. BAGAROZZI Human Resources Consultants Atlanta, Georgia 30324
DAVID A. BAVrISTE, JR. HCA Sun Valley Regional Hospital Las Cruces, New Mexico 88005
VERN L. BENGTSON Department of Sociology and the Gerontology
Research Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089
PAULINE G. Boss* Department of Family Social Science University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
INGE BRE.TH ERTON Child and Family Studies University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, Wisconsin 53706
MARGARET M. BUBOLZ Department of Family and Child Ecology College of Human Ecology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824
WESLEY R. BURR Department of Family Sciences Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84602
LINDA M. BURTON Department of Human Development and
Families Studies Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
THOMAS L. CAMPBELL Departments of Family Medicine and Psychiatry University of Rochester Rochester, New York 14620
ELY CHERTOK Department of Sociology Whitman College Walla WaUa, Washington 99362
vi i
. t o
V I I I CONTRIBUTORS
ANNA L. COLE Private Practice Ames, Iowa 50010
CHARLES LEE COLE Department of Human Development and Family
Studies Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50010
LARRY L. CONSTANTINE Private Practice Acton, Massachusetts 01720
MARGARET CROSBIE-BURNETT Department of Educational and Psychological
Studies University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida 33124
FRAN DICKSON Department of Human Communication Studies University of Denver Denver, Colorado 80208
PEGGYE DILWORTH-ANDERSON Department of Child Development and Family
Relations University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro, North Carolina 27412
WILLIAM J. DOHERTY* Department of Family Social Science University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
JEFFREY EDLESON School of Social Work University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
KEITH FARRINGTON Department of Sociology Whitman College Walla Walla, Washington 99362
ERIK FILSINGER Private Industry Scottsdale, Arizona 85260
LucY ROSE FISCHER Wilder Research Center St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
MARY ANN FITZPATRICK Center for Communication Research University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53705
DEBORAH D. GODWIN Department of Housing and Consumer
Economics University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602
VIRGINIA GOLDNER Ackerman Institute of Family Therapy New York, New York 10021
JABER F. GUBRIUM Department of Sociology University of Florida GainesviUe, Florida 32611
LINDA HAAS Department of Sociology Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
CHARLES F. HALVERSON, JR. Department of Child and Family Development University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602
KENNETH V. HARDY Department of Child and Family Studies Syracuse University Syracuse, New York 13210
JAMES A. HOLSTEIN Social and Cultural Sciences Marquette University Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233
GEORGE W. HOWE Center for Family Research Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences George Washington University Medical Center Washington, D.C. 20037
LEANOR BOULIN JOHNSON Department of Family Resources and Human
Development Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 84287
CONnm3uTom i x
JOAN A. JumcH Child Development and Family Studies Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
EDWARD L. KAIN Department of Sociology Southwestern University Georgetown, Texas 78626
DAVID V. KEITH
Department of Psychiatry State University of New York Health Science Center at Syracuse Syracuse, New York 13210
NANCY KINGSBURY Department of Family Sciences Texas Women's University Denton, Texas 76204
DAVID M. KLEIN Department of Sociology University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
RALPH LARossA* Department of Sociology Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia 30303
GARY R. LEE Department of Sociology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611
EDITH A. LEWIS
School of Social Work University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
HARRIETT PIPES MC,~-DOO Department of Family and Child Ecology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824
HOWARD J. MARKMAN Department of Psychology University of Denver Denver, Colorado 80208
ELIZABETH G. MENAGHAN Department of Sociology Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210
A m NEUSTADTL Department of Sociology University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742
MARIE WITHERS OSMOND Department of Sociology Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306
B. KAY PASLEY Department of Human Development and Family
Studies University of North Carolina Greensboro, North Carolina 27412
ROBERT S. PICKETT CFCS Department Syracuse University Syracuse, New York 13210
JoE F. PITTMAN Department of Family and Child Development Auburn University Auburn, Alabama 36849
DAVID REISS Center for Family Research Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences The George Washington University Medical
Center Washington, D.C. 20037
DONALD C. REITZES Department of Sociology Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia 30303
L. DAVID RITCHIE Department of Communication Portland State University Portland, Oregon 97207
RoY H. RODGERS School of Family and Nutritional Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1W5
X CONTRIBUTORS
PAUL C. ROSENBLATT Department of Family Social Science University of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
CANDYCE S. RUSSELL Department of Human Development and Family
Studies Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 66506
RONALD M. SABATELL1 School of Family Studies University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 06269
JOHN SCANZONI Department of Sociology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611
WAUFER R. SCHUMM* Department of Human Development and Family
Studies Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 66506
JAY D. SCHVANEVELDT Department of Family and Human Development Utah State University Logan, Utah 84322
CONSTANCE L. SHEHAN Department of Sociology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32611
M. SUZANNE SONTAG Department of Human Environment and Design College of Human Ecology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824
SUZANNE K. STE1NMETZ* Department of Sociology and Family Research
Institute Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
NGOH T1ONG TAN Department of Social Work and Psychology National University of Singapore Singapore 0511
JAY D. TEACHMAN Center on Population, Gender, and Social
Inequality Department of Sociology University of Maryland College Park, Maryland 20742
BARRIE THORNE Department of Sociology University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089
KAY MICHAEL TROOST Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and
Social Work North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
KAREN S. WAMPLER Department of Human Development and Family
Studies Texas Tech University Lubbock, Texas 79409
OUIDA E. WESTNEY Department of Human Development School of Education Howard University Washington, D.C. 20904
GAIL G. WHITCHURCH Family Research Institute Indiana University Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
JAMES M. WHITE School of Family and Nutritional Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6T 1W5
MARGARET H. YOUNG Department of Family and Human Development Utah State University Logan, Utah 84321
*Served on editorial team.
Preface
Origins
We call this book on theoretical orientations and methodological strategies in family studies a sourcebook because it details the social and personal roots (i.e., sources) from which these orientations and strategies flow. Thus, an appropriate way to preface this book is to talk first of its roots, its beginnings.
In the mid-1980s there emerged in some quarters the sense that it was time for family studies to take stock of itself. A goal was thus set to write a book that, like Janus, would face both backward and forward--a book that would give readers both a perspec- tive on the past and a map for the future. There were precedents for such a project: The Handbook o f Marriage and the Family edited by Harold Christensen and published in 1964; the two Contemporary Theories about theFamily volumes edited by Wesley Burr, Reuben Hill, F. Ivan Nye, and Ira Reiss, published in 1979; and the Handbook of Marriage and the Family edited by Marvin Sussman and Suzanne Steinmetz, then in production. But these volumes were seen as either in need of revision or, in the case of the second handbook, more substantive than theoretical or methodological. At the time the present volume was conceived, people seemed to want - - indeed , some people seemed to be crying out fo r - - a book on theories and methods that would capture the spirit of family studies in the twentieth century and, equally if not more important, help to prepare researchers, practitioners, and educators for the century to come.
Wesley Burr, Reuben Hill, F. Ivan Nye, and Ira Reiss--coeditors of the Contempo- rary Theories about the Family vo lumes- -can be credited with getting the ball rolling. At the 1985 Pre-Conference Workshop on Theory Construction and Research Meth- odology, which was held in conjunct ion with the annual meeting of the National Council on Family Relations in Dallas, Burr and his colleagues presented a paper entit led "Con- temporary Theories about the Family: What Next?" (Sadly, Reuben Hill had died only two months before. The session, appropriately enough, was dedicated to his memory. ) In the tradition of the workshop, which provides a forum for unfinished and developing ideas, the paper had been circulated beforehand and discussants invited to comment on it. David Klein, David Reiss, and Suzanne Steinmetz gave formal responses, and numerous other participants offered input from the floor. It was a lively session all around.
At the 1986 workshop, another panel session was held. Alan Acock, Ralph LaRossa, Jetse Sprey, Suzanne Steinmetz, and Catherine Surra formally presented their ideas for the new book. Again, many workshop members offered suggestions from the floor. A three- person committee was formed, consisting of the past, present, and incoming chairs of the
xi
x i i PREFACE
workshop. They were Patricia Voydanoff, Walter Schumm, and Suzanne Steinmetz. Their task was to plan the next phase of the project.
By October 1987, a steering committee was chosen to supervise the writing and product ion of the manuscript. The five of us constitute that committee. Why us? We were selected, in part, not only to acknowledge but also to reinforce the cross-disciplin- ary nature of family studies. Pauline Boss is a family therapist and family process re- searcher; William Doherty is a medical family therapist and family health researcher; Ralph LaRossa is a family sociologist who specializes in qualitative and historical re- search; Walter Schumm is a family life educator with expertise in quantitative meth- odology and statistics; and Suzanne Steinmetz is a family sociologist and a quanti tat ive- qualitative researcher.
Although we have had the privilege of being the editors and coordinators of this project, we emphasize that, from the beginning, this book has been a collaborative, multidisciplinary effort. Many people who represent different areas and perspectives helped to shape these contents. In 1988, the prospectus for the book was submitted for approval to members of both the Theory Construction and Research Methodology Work- shop and the Research and Theory Section of the National Council on Family Relations. (Indeed, the Research and Theory Section provided a grant to support the project.)
Throughout the process, we asked for and received feedback from countless col- leagues. That over 155 authors and reviewers contr ibuted directly to the book is testi- mony to the team effort that was involved. Comments made from the floor at various sessions and meetings at which the project was discussed, face-to-face encounters with faculty members and students at our respective institutions, lengthy phone calls with colleagues, conversations over dinners with family and fr iendsmall are part of this volume. It is fair to say that through this project, through this Sourcebook, family studies b rea thes - -and thrives.
We hope this Sourcebook o f Family Theories and Methods will help readers to reflect on the roots and context of family studies and to examine its evolving story and identity. For future growth, it is necessary to be aware of the emerging themes in family studies, and to know the relevance of theory and methods to actually helping families.
Features
A number of features about the Sourcebook differentiate it from previous stocktak- ing volumes in family studies. First, this book uniquely emphasizes not only family theories but also research methods and the relationship between the two. In keeping with this emphasis, the methods chapters do not include all the "how-to" details of typical research methodology books but rather emphasize how methods interact with family theories and vice versa. In turn, each theory chapter describes research methods that are identified most prominent ly with that theory. With this balanced presentation, we hope readers will recognize that theory and methods are inextricably entwined and are best studied in tandem.
The second unique feature of this Sourcebook is its sociohistorical approach. We present the story of the development of family theory from its earliest seeds in religion and philosophy through the theory construction and methodology of the mid-twentieth century and of the newly emerging models of the late twentieth century. Each theory and method is placed in the sociohistorical context that influenced its formulation. We hope this book communicates to readers the idea that family theory and methods are no t constructed in a void but rather are influenced by cultural values and beliefs as well as by social, economic, technological, and political events and by germinal ideas such as Darwin's theory of evolution.
PREFACE X111
In addition to this focus on the larger sociohistorical context, we also tried to include some personal or biographical information on the various theorists and meth- odologists. We think, for example, that family development theory is better understood by knowing something about the lives and work of such luminaries as Reuben Hill and Evelyn Millis Duvall.
The third unique feature of this Sourcebook is that leading family practitioners and scholars (family therapists, family life educators, policy experts, social workers, and health care professionals) were asked to write about the implications of the theories for helping contemporary families to cope with problems and to enhance the quality of their lives. These "Applications" follow each theory chapter and address a question frequently asked by students: How would this theory be applied in the "real world?"
The fourth unique feature is that all authors were asked to weave into the theory chapters a discussion of how the theory takes into account differences in age, ethnicity, race, and gender. Our purpose is to emphasize the multicultural dimensions of both our subject matter (families) and our field (family studies).
O r g a n i z a t i o n
The overall organization of the book, after the introductory section, reflects the chronological emergence of different family theories and methods during the twentieth century. We placed the theories and methods into the decade when they first became prominent in the family field, which in some cases is later than they were originally developed. Since theories and methods arise in dialogue with their predecessors, pre- senting them in historical sequence is consistent with the contextual approach underly- ing this book.
In order to make the chapters comprehensive as well as to simplify the comparison of the various theories and methods, we gave the contributing authors some guidelines to follow. We did not expect or want them to force their chapters to conform to a rigid pattern but instead to try to cover the set of topics and questions that we believe are important to every theory and method. The order of presentation was left up to the authors.
Theory chapter authors and methods chapter authors had their own special guide- lines, which we present here.
Guidelines fo r Theory Chapters
1. Origins and Initial Sociocultural Milieu �9 the historical period during which the theory emerged �9 influences of major historical events, cultural shifts, and developments in related
academic disciplines 2. Historical Development of the Theory
�9 emergence of the theory itself, including the backgrounds of founders, earliest publications, and level of acceptance of the emerging theory in the field
�9 introduct ion of major concepts of the theory as they were used by the founders 3. Core Assumptions of the Theory
�9 assumptions and values implied or stated in the theory about human nature and about families (their goals and functions)
�9 philosophy of science (e.g., reductionism versus holism; subjectivity versus ob- jectivity; possibility of verifying theory)
XlV PREFACE
4. Summary of the Main Problems or Questions Addressed by the Theory �9 aspects of family life the theory most clearly addresses �9 major questions the theory is especially equipped to ask �9 major family problems the theory can help explain
5. Major Contemporary Concepts in the Theory �9 conceptual definitions of major concepts in the theory as they are being used in
contemporary research �9 operationalization of concepts in variables used in family research Modeling the Theory: How the Major Concepts Link �9 how major concepts interrelate in the theory, including issues of causal, circular,
interactive, and mediating relationships among the concepts �9 graphic diagrams (if appropriate) depicting major concepts and hypothesized
links 7. Examples of Research Emerging from the Theory
�9 content areas in family research in which the theory has been used extensively, including classic studies or important groups of studies that have supported the theory or have been informed by the theory
�9 how these studies have influenced the development of the theory 8. Limitations of the Theory
�9 areas of family life not addressed or not addressed systematically by the theory �9 summaries of major critiques of the theory �9 current problems in conceptualizing and operationalizing the theory and in em-
pirically supporting the theory 9. The Growing Edge: Future Directions of the Theory
�9 recently emerging trends and emphases in the theory �9 new areas of family life being addressed �9 new methodologies being applied or considered �9 future prospects for the theory
6.
Guidel ines f o r Methods Chapters
1. Historical Origins of Methodology �9 origins of methodology, both general and with respect to applications to family
research �9 critical historical events, technological developments �9 key people
2. Basic Assumptions of the Methodology �9 theoretical assumptions, both general and those more specifically related to fam-
ily theories, the latter being of crucial importance �9 if applicable, statistical assumptions �9 fit between both types of assumptions and the actual complexity of family life �9 whether methodology's assumptions properly reflect or improperly oversimplify
reality 3. Overview of the Methodology
�9 concepts used, models used to tie the concepts together, specific techniques �9 relationship of methodology to other phases and aspects of overall research
process 4. Summary of the Main Questions the Methodology Can Address
�9 general questions and questions specific to family processes or theories the methodology can address with varying degrees of effectiveness
�9 gender differences �9 individual versus family levels of analysis
PREFACE X V
5. Example of Application of the Methodology to Research with Families �9 appropriate and inappropriate applications of the methodology to family re-
search, with emphasis on theoretical and assumption issues rather than minor, more technical points
6. Limitations of the Methodology for Family Research �9 concepts that the methodology cannot easily handle in either measurement or
analysis �9 difficulties in linking concepts together �9 errors that can be caused by inappropriate application (how well- intentioned
uses of the methodology can lead to incorrect conclusions about how families funct ion)
�9 theoretical issues that may tend to be overlooked or overemphasized if too much dependence is placed on this particular methodology
7. Future Directions of the Methodology �9 general trends and trends specific to family research
Pauline G. Boss William J. Doherty Ralph LaRossa Walter R. Schumm Suzanne K. Steinmetz
Acknowledgments
In a collaborative process, there are many people to thank. First, we thank Bobbi Goess for her skill in assisting us in communicat ing with the authors and editors. Coordinat ion would have been impossible wi thout her part icipat ion on this team; the editors were located at four different universities, and one was recalled to the mili tary during the Persian Gulf War.
Second, we thank our respect ive academic departments; the work on this book inevitably drained t ime and energy from depar tmental and research work. Therefore, we gratefully acknowledge the support given by the Depar tment of Sociology at Georgia State University; the Depar tment of Sociology at Indiana Univesi ty-Indianapolis ; the Depar tment of Human Deve lopment and Family Studies at Kansas State University; and the Depar tment of Family Social Science at the University of Minnesota. We thank, too, the U.S. Army for allowing Walter, an Army Reserve Lieutenant Colonel called to duty during the Gulf War, to respond to our queries when he could.
Nothing in this book is the work of just one person; everything, including the editors ' introduction, is the result of extensive review, self-relfection, and collegial collaboration. While the authors ' academic freedom, in the end, guided the final manuscripts, much exchange, debate, and discussion p receded the end p r o d u c t s - - f r o m the bl ind reviewers se lected by the editors as well as reviewers se lected by the authors themselves. In addition, several professors used material prepared for the book in family theory classes at Brigham Young University, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Georgia State Univer- sity, and the University of Minnesota. Reviews from the graduate s tudents in these classes were especially helpful in improving the readabili ty of the volume.
We are indebted to the following reviewers for their assistance in improving the quality of this work.
Gerald Adams, University of Guelph/ Ontario, Canada
Patricia Adler, University of Colorado/ Boulder
Peter Adler, University of Denver Joan Aldous, University of Notre Dame,
Indiana Jay Belsky, Pennsylvania State University Marianne Blayney, University of Southern
California Alan Booth, Pennsylvania State
University
Carlfred Broderick, University of Southern California
Nancy Buerkel-Rothfuss, Central Michigan University
Wesley R. Burr, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
John S. Butler, University of Texas at Austin
David Cheal, University of Winnipeg Canada
Sheau-Er Chen, University of Minnesota Donna Christensen, University of Arizona
x v i i
J o o
X V l l l ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Rand Conger, Iowa State University Sheila M. Cooper, Indiana University,
Indianapolis Lynda Cramer, University of Minnesota Carla Dahl, University of Minnesota Phillip Davis, Georgia State University Mary Jo Deegan, University of Nebraska/
L in co In Paula Dressel, Georgia State University John Edwards, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University Joyce E. Elliott, Empire State College/
New York Robert Emerson, University of California/
Los Angeles Keith Farrington, Whitman College,
WallaWalla, Washington Polly Fassinger, Concordia College/
Moorhead, Minnesota Mark A. Fine, University of Dayton, Ohio Donna Franklin, University of Chicago Pat Winstead Fry, Paulette, Vermont Viktor Gecas, Washington State University Jane F. Gilgun, University of Minnesota Harold D. Grotevant, University of
Minnesota Gerald Handel, City College/CUNY
Graduate Centeg, New York Michael Johnson, Pennsylvania State
University Stephen R. Jorgensen, Texas Tech
University Lori Kaplan, University of Minnesota Lyle E. Larson, University of Alberta,
Canada Pamela Larson, University of Minnesota Reed Larson, University of illinois~
Urbana-Champaign Robert E. Larzelerc, Father Flanagan's
Boys Home, Boys Town, Nebraska Yoav Lavee, University of Haif~ Israel Vicki L. Loyer-Carlson, West Virginia
University David Mangan, Minneapolis, Minnesota Teresa D. Marciano, Farleigh Dickinson
University~Rutherford New Jersey Elaine Tyler May, University of Minnesota Lynn Meadows, University of Calgary,
Canada Jan H. Mejer, University of Hawaii/Hilo Richard Miller, Kansas State University Allison C. Munch, University of Arizona
Susan Murphy, San Jose State University, California
Debra Nelson-Gardell, Florida State University
B. Kay Pasley, University of North Carolina
Sarah Rengel Phillips, University of Minnesota
Joseph F. Pittman, Auburn University/ Auburn, Alabama
Karcn Polonko, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia
Jill Quadagno, Florida State University Kathryn Rettig, University of Minnesota Michael E. Roloff, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Hlinois Norma Rowe, Minneapolis Community
College, Minnesota Wilma Ruffin, Auburn University,
Alabama Candyce Russell, Kansas State University Sakinah Salahu-din, Kansas State
University Thomas V. Sayger, University of
Wisconsin~Madison Karen Schmid, St. Cloud State University,
Minnesota Ryan Sheppard, University of Southern
California Arlene S. Skolnick, University of
California~Berkeley Jetse Sprey, Case Westera Reserve
University, Cleveland Ohio Judith Stacey, University of California/
Davis Sheldon Stryker, Indiana University/
Bloomington Darwin L. Thomas, Brigham Young
University, Provo, Utah Linda Thompson, University of
Wisconsin~Madison Patricia Tomlinson, University of
Minnesota Eleanore Vaines, The University of British
Columbi~ Canada Brian Vargus, Indianapolis, Indiana Samuel Vuchinich, Oregon State
University Kate Wambach, Florida State University Farrell Webb, University of Minnesota Andrew Weigert, University of Notre
Dame, Indiana
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x i x
Ouida Westney, Howard University, Washington, D. C.
Gail G. Whitchurch, Indiana University, Indianapolis
Jacqueline Wiseman, University of California/San Diego
David Wright, Kansas State University Scott D. Wright, University of Utah Kersti Yllo, Wheaton College, Norton,
Massachusetts Maxine Baca Zinn, University of
Michigan~Flint
C o n t e n t s
Part I. O v e r v i e w
Chapter 1
Fami ly T h e o r i e s a n d Methods : A C o n t e x t u a l A p p r o a c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
William J. Doherty, Pauline G. Boss, Ralph LaRossa, Walter R. Schumm, and Suzanne I~L Steinmetz
Chapter 2
M e t a t h e o r y a n d Fami ly S t ud i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
David M Klein and Joan A. Jurich
31
P a r t I I . T h e E m e r g e n c e o f F a m i l y T h e o r i e s a n d M e t h o d s
Chapter 3
Fami ly T h e o r y a n d M e t h o d s i n t h e Classics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bert N Adams and Suzanne K~ Steinmetz
71
x x i
Chapter 3 Application
E x p a n d i n g t h e H i s t o r y o f Fami ly T h e o r y a n d Me thods : A n o t h e r P o i n t o f View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Wesley R. Burr
Chapter 4
H i s t o r i c a l M e t h o d s i n Fami ly R e s e a r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Jay D. Schvaneveldt, Robert S. Pickett, and Margaret H. Young
x x i i CONTENTS
Chapter 5
Co m para t i ve M e t h o d s i n Family Resea rch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Gary R Lee and Linda Haas
P a r t III . F a m i l y T h e o r i e s a n d M e t h o d s E m e r g i n g d u r i n g 1 9 1 8 - 1 9 2 9
Chapter 6
Symbol i c I n t e r a c t i o n i s m a n d Family S tud ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Ralph LaRossa and Donald C Reitzes
Chapter 6 Application
T h e R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f Family Life w i t h A lzhe imer ' s Disease: G e n e r a t i n g T h e o r y to Lower Family Stress f r o m A m b i g u o u s Loss . . . . 163
Pauline G. Boss
Chapter 7
Qual i ta t ive Fami ly Resea rch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Paul C. Rosenblatt and Lucy Rose Fischer
P a r t IV. F a m i l y T h e o r i e s a n d M e t h o d s E m e r g i n g d u r i n g 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 4 5
Chapter 8
Quant i t a t ive M e a s u r e m e n t in Family Resea rch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Karen S. Wampler and Charles F. Halverson, Jr.
Chapter 9
S t r u c t u r a l - F u n c t i o n a l i s m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Nancy Kingsbury and John Scanzoni
Chapter 9 Application
F u n c t i o n a l i s m May Be Down, But It Su re ly Is Not Out: A n o t h e r P o i n t o f View for Family Therap i s t s a n d Pol icy Analysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Joe F. Pittman
P a r t V. F a m i l y T h e o r i e s a n d M e t h o d s E m e r g i n g d u r i n g 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 6 0
Chapter 10
Family D e v e l o p m e n t T h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Roy H. Rodgers and James M. White
CONTENTS
Chapter 10 Application
Fami ly D e v e l o p m e n t T h e o r y as R ev i s ed b y Rodge r s a n d Whi te : I m p l i c a t i o n s fo r P rac t i ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Candyce S. Russell
Chapter 11
L o n g i t u d i n a l R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s a n d Fami ly T h e o r i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Elizabeth G. Menaghan and Deborah D. Godwin
Chapter 12
T h e o r e t i c a l C o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m D e v e l o p m e n t a l P s y c h o l o g y . . . . . . . . . 275
Inge Bretherton
Chapter 12 Application
T h e Social C u l t u r a l C on t ex t s o f Eco log ica l D e v e l o p m e n t a l Fami ly Mode l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Harriette Pipes McAdoo
Chapter 13
S i m u l a t i o n a n d E x p e r i m e n t a t i o n in Fami ly R e s e a r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
George W. Howe and David Reiss
e o e
~ 1 1 1
P a r t VI. F a m i l y T h e o r i e s a n d M e t h o d s E m e r g i n g d u r i n g 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 8 0
Chapter 14
Sys t ems T h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Gail G. Whitchurch and Larry L. Constantine
Chapter 14 Application
T h e A p p l i c a t i o n o f Sys t ems T h e o r y to t h e S tudy o f Fami ly Po l i cy . . . . 353
Elaine A. Anderson
Chapter 15
Social Conf l i c t T h e o r i e s o f t h e Fami ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Keith Farrington and Ely Chertok
Chapter 15 Application
Conf l i c t a n d Fami ly Vio lence : T h e Tale o f Two Fami l i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Jeffrey L. Edleson and Ngoh Tiong Tan
x x i v CONTENTS
Chapter 16
E x c h a n g e a n d R e s o u r c e T h e o r i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Ronald M. Sabatelli and Constance L. Shehan
Chapter 16 Application
Clin ica l Uses o f Social E x c h a n g e Pr inc ip les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Dennis A. Bagarozzi
Chapter 17
H u m a n Eco logy T h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Margaret M. Bubolz and M. Suzanne Sontag
Chapter 17 Application
H u m a n Eco logy T h e o r y : I m p l i c a t i o n s for Educa t ion , Research, a n d Prac t ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
Ouida E. Westney
Chapter 18
Analys is o f Covar iance S t ruc tu res App l i ed to Family Resea rch a n d T h e o r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Alan C Acock and Walter R Schumm
Chapter 19
The Life Cour se Perspec t ive App l i ed to Famil ies Over Time . . . . . . . . . . 469
Vern L Bengtson and Katherine R. Allen
Chapter 19 Application
Family C h a n g e a n d t h e Life Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Edward L Kain
Chapter 20
T h e o r i e s E m e r g i n g f r o m Family T h e r a p y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
William J. Doherty and David A. Baptiste, Jr.
Chapter 20 Application
Family T h e r a p y T h e o r y I m p l i c a t i o n s for Marriage a n d Family E n r i c h m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Charles Lee Cole and Anna L. Cole
CONTENTS
Chapter 21
T h e o r e t i c a l C o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m S o c i a l - - a n d C o g n i t i v e - - B e h a v i o r a l P s y c h o l o g y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Margaret Crosbie-Burnett and Edith A. Lewis
Chapter 21 Application
A p p l y i n g t h e S o c i a l - C o g n i t i v e - B e h a v i o r a l Mode l to W o r k w i t h S t ep fami l i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
B. Kay Pasley
P a r t VI I . F a m i l y T h e o r i e s a n d M e t h o d s E m e r g i n g d u r i n g t h e 1 9 8 0 s
Chapter 22
C o m m u n i c a t i o n T h e o r y a n d t h e Fami ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Mary Anne Fitzpatrick and L. David Ritchie
Chapter 22 Application
T h e Benef i t s o f C o m m u n i c a t i o n Resea rch : I n t e r v e n t i o n P r o g r a m s fo r C o u p l e s a n d Fami l i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
Fran C. Dickson and Howard J. Markman
Chapter 23
F e m i n i s t T h e o r i e s : T h e Social C o n s t r u c t i o n o f G e n d e r in Fami l i e s a n d Soc ie ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Marie Withers Osmond and Barrie Thorne
Chapter 23 Application
F e m i n i s t T h e o r i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Virginia Goldner
Chapter 24
R e f r a m i n g T h e o r i e s fo r U n d e r s t a n d i n g Race, E thn ic i ty , a n d Fami l i e s 627
Peggye Dilworth-Anderson, Linda M. Burton, and Leanor Boulin Johnson
Chapter 24 Application
I m p l i c a t i o n s fo r P rac t i ce w i t h E t h n i c M i n o r i t y Fami l i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Kenneth V. Hardy
Chapter 25
P h e n o m e n o l o g y , E t h n o m e t h o d o l o g y , a n d Fami ly D i s c o u r s e . . . . . . . . . 651
Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein
x x v
x x v i CONTENTS
Chapter 25 Application
P h e n o m e n o l o g y , E t h n o m e t h o d o l o g y , a n d Family Discourse : A Clin ica l App l i ca t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
David V. Keith
673
Chapter 26
E m e r g i n g Biosocia l Perspec t ives o n t h e Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Kay Michael Troost and Erik Filsingcr
Chapter 26 Application
A p p l y i n g a Biosocia l Perspec t ive o n t he Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
Thomas L. Campbell
Chapter 27
E m e r g i n g Me thods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Jay D. Tcachman and Alan Neustadtl
I n d e x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
