Sorghum New Microsoft Office Word 97 - 2003 Document

8/13/2019 Sorghum New Microsoft Office Word 97 - 2003 Document

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Sorghum

Scientific classificationKingdom: Plantae(unranked): Angiosperms(unranked): Monocots(unranked): CommelinidsOrder: Poales

Family: PoaceaeGenus: Sorghum

L.

SpeciesAbout !" species# see te$t

Sorghum is a genus o% numerous species o% grasses # some o% &'ic' are raised %or grain andmany o% &'ic' are used as %odder plants eit'er culti ated or as part o% pasture. 'e plants areculti ated in &armer climates &orld&ide. *pecies are nati e to tropical and subtropical regionso% all continents in addition to t'e *out' +est Paci%ic and Australasia . *org'um is in t'esub%amily Panicoideae and t'e tribe Andropogoneae (t'e tribe o% big bluestem and sugar cane ).

For more speci%ic details on commercially e$ploited *org'um see commercial sorg'um

Cereal grain plant of the family Poaceae, probably native to Africa, and its edible starchy seeds.All types raised chiefly for grain belong to the species Sorghum vulgare , which includes varietiesof grain sorghums and grass sorghums (grown for hay and fodder) and broomcorn (used inmaking brooms and brushes). The strong grass usually grows ! " ft (#.$ ! .$ m) or higher.The seeds are smaller than those of wheat. Though high in carbohydrates, sorghum is of lowerfeed %uality than corn. &esistant to drought and heat, sorghum is one of Africa's ma or cerealgrains. t is also grown in the *.+., ndia, Pakistan, and northern and northeastern China.+ubstantial %uantities are also grown in ran, the Arabian Peninsula, Argentina, Australia, andsouthern urope. The grain is usually ground into meal for porridge, flatbreads, and cakes.

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*org'um includes many &idely culti ated grasses 'a ing a ariety o% names in arious countries.Culti ated sorg'ums in t'e ,nited *tates are classi%ied as a single species# Sorghum bicolor #alt'oug' t'ere are many arieties and 'ybrids. 'e t&o ma-or types o% sorg'um are t'e grain# ornonsacc'arine# type# culti ated %or grain production and to a lesser e$tent %or %orage# and t'es&eet# or sacc'arine # type# used %or %orage production and %or making syrup and sugar.

Grain sorg'um is di%%icult to distinguis' %rom corn in its early gro&t' stages# but at later stages it becomes strikingly di%%erent. *org'um plants may tiller (put out ne& s'oots)# producing se eral'ead bearing culms %rom t'e basal nodes. *econdary culms may also de elop %rom nodal budsalong t'e main stem. 'e in%lorescence ('ead) aries %rom a dense to a la$ panicle# and t'espikelets produce per%ect %lo&ers t'at are sub-ect to bot' sel% and cross %ertili/ation. Maturegrain in di%%erent arieties aries in si/e and color %rom &'ite to cream# red# and bro&n. Grainsorg'um seeds are small and s'ould not be planted too deep since sorg'um lacks t'e soil

penetrating ability o% corn. 'e seeds are planted eit'er in ro&s &ide enoug' %or tractor culti ation or in narro&er ro&s i% culti ation is not intended.

Commonly kno&n as sorgo# s&eet sorg'um &as introduced into 0ort' America %rom C'ina in123"# alt'oug' its ancestry traces back to 4gypt. 5t is an annual# rat'er droug't resistantcrop. 'e culms are %rom 6 to 13 %t (".7 to 8.7 m) tall# and t'e 'ard cortical layer#or s'ell# encloses a s&eet# -uicy pit' t'at is interspersed &it' ascular bundles. Ateac' node bot' a lea% and a lateral bud alternate on opposite sides9 t'e internodesare alternately groo ed on one side. Lea es are smoot' &it' glossy or &a$y sur%aces and 'a e margins &it' small# s'arp# cur ed teet'. 'e lea es %old and rollup during droug't. 'e in%lorescence is a panicle o% arying si/e 'a ing many

primary branc'es &it' paired ellipsoidal spikelets containing t&o %lorets in eac'%ertilesessile spikelet . 'e plant is sel% pollinated . *eed is planted in culti atedro&s and %ertili/ed similarly to corn. 'e main sorg'um syrup producing area is in t'e sout'central and sout'eastern ,nited *tates. See also Corte$ (plant) 9Pit' .

FOO and 0, ;5 5O0

Sorghum vulgare , S. bicolor - cereals that thrive in semi arid regions and provide importanthuman food in tropical Africa, central and north ndia, and China. +orghum produced in the *+Aand Australia is used for animal feed. Also known as kaffir corn (in +outh Africa), guinea corn (in

west Africa), owar (in ndia), ndian millet, and millo mai/e. The white grain variety is eaten as

meal- the red grained has a bitter taste and is used for beer- sugar syrup is obtained from thecrushed stems of the sweet sorghum. A ## g portion is a rich source of protein, vitamin 0 1,niacin, and iron- a good source of /inc- a source of vitamin 0 - provides 12 g of dietary fibre-supplies 33# kcal ( "## k4). +ee also millet .

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Sorghum: Temperature

Sorghum requires about 26-30oC temperature for good growth. The minimumtemperature for the germination of the sorghum seed is 7 to 10oC. Grain sorghum

does not germinate and grow we under !oo soi !onditions. "oor emergen!e andseed ing growth ma# resu t if p anted before soi temperatures rea!h 3$oC.

Sorghum: Rainfall

Sorghum is best adapted to areas ha%ing an a%erage annua rainfa between &$ to 6$!m '17 to 2$ in!hes(.) though sorghum !an respond to good moisture supp ies* it is ne%erthe ess one of thetoughest* drought to erant !rops a%ai ab e and this tends to maintain its popu arit# in

the regions where the weather is %er# unpredi!tab e.


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• Sorghum brachypodum

• Sorghum bulbosum

• Sorghum burmahicum

• Sorghum controversum • Sorghum drummondii

• Sorghum ecarinatum

• Sorghum exstans

• Sorghum grande

• Sorghum halepense

• Sorghum interjectum

• Sorghum intrans

• Sorghum laxiflorum

• Sorghum leiocladum

• Sorghum macrospermum

• Sorghum matarankense

• Sorghum miliaceum

• Sorghum nigrum

• Sorghum nitidum

• Sorghum plumosum

• Sorghum propinquum

• Sorghum purpureosericeum

• Sorghum stipoideum

• Sorghum timorense • Sorghum trichocladum

• Sorghum versicolor

• Sorghum virgatum

• Sorghum vulgare

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Hybrids• Sorghum × almum • Sorghum × drummondii

See also• ai-iu alco'olic be erage distilled %rom sorg'um• Pus'=pull tec'nology pest control strategy %or mai/e and sorg'um

• For ot'er uses# see ai-u (disambiguation) .• Main article: C'inese alco'olic be erages

Baijiu

Literal meaning &'ite li>uor

• Baijiu (C'inese: 9 pinyin: bBi-i )# or s'ao jiu (D ) is a C'inese distilled alco'olic be erage . 'e name baijiu literally means E&'ite li>uor#E E&'ite alco'olE or E&'itespiritsE. Baijiu is o%ten mistakenly translated as E &ineE or E&'ite &ine #E but it is actuallya distilled li>uor # generally about 2" to 16" proo% # or 8" 7" alco'ol by olume (A


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• Baijiu is a clear drink usually distilled %rom sorg'um %rom nort'ern C'ina are generallymade o% sorg'um# &'eat # barley #millet # or occasionally ?ob s tears.

General in%ormation

+ild species are c'aracteri/ed by distinct ring o% long 'airs at t'e nodes# t'ey 'a e loosein%lorescence &it' spreading branc'es. 'e branc'es o% t'e in%lorescence are &'orled.

'e lea es look muc' like t'ose o% mai/e# t'ey sometimes roll o er. A single plant may 'a emore t'an t&o lea es.

'e %lo&er 'ead carries t&o types o% %lo&ers# one type 'as no stalk and 'as bot' male and%emale parts# and t'e ot'er %lo&er is stalked and is usually male.

*org'um gro&s in a &ide ariety o% soils and is droug't resistant# but it &ill do better i% t'e soilis enric'ed &it' compost or %ertilisers prior to planting. Culti ars 'a e also been selected to suit

di%%erent soil and climate conditions.

A%ter 'ar esting t'e stalks can be used %or cattle %ood or %uel. 5t is best to practice crop rotationand only gro& sorg'um on t'e same land e ery 8 years.

*org'um reeding

*org'um H Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moenc'I is t'e %irst e er sel% pollinated cereal staple crop in&'ic' 'eterosis 'as been commercially e$ploited using a cytoplasmic nuclear male sterility(CM*) mec'anism to impro e producti ity. 'is system &as %irst described in sorg'um by*tep'ens and Jolland (1 38). 'is CM* system 'as been designated as A1 ( milo ). *ince t'en alarge number o% 'ybrids 'a e been de eloped and released and or marketed %or commercialculti ation in all sorg'um gro&ing countries &it' a strong national agricultural researc' system(0A;*). 'ese 'ybrids 'a e contributed signi%icantly to increasing grain and %orage yields inse eral countries. 4ncouraged by t'is success# continued researc' in estments 'a e been made int'e de elopment o% 'ybrid parents Hmale sterile (A ) lines (seed parents) and restorer (; ) linesIand 'ybrids by t'e sorg'um impro ement programs o% se eral 0A;* and by 5C;5*A .;esearc' on 'ybrid parents at 5C;5*A &as initiated in 1 2 at its 'ead>uarters at Patanc'eru#And'ra Prades'# 5ndia.

road General ! P'ases o% breeding in *org'um impro ementPhase I.

uring t'is p'ase# grain yield and %ood >uality c'aracteristics# along &it' ma-or adaptationtraits suc' as maturity time recei ed emp'asis in an e%%ort to matc' crop season and regionspeci%ic re>uirements. 'e breeding strategy in ol ed con ersion o% F7 'omo/ygous lines &it'male sterility maintainer reaction ( lines) deri ed %rom pedigree selection into A lines. Lines&it' good general combining ability ( gca ) %or grain yield# grain >uality# desired maturity and

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plant 'eig't (d&ar%) &ere con erted into A lines using 3=7 backcrosses to a kno&n A line &it'A1 cytoplasm. A total o% 6 'ig'yielding A lines# including 1 early maturity lines (N77days to 3" %lo&ering)# and 3 medium maturity lines(77= 3 days to 3" %lo&ering) &erede eloped during t'is period.Phase II.

A trait based breeding approac' &as %ollo&ed to de elop 'ybrid parents resistant to bioticand abiotic constraints during t'is p'ase. 5t in ol ed simultaneous selection %or resistance tospeci%ic biotic stresses Hsuc' as s'oot %ly H Atherigona soccata (;ond.)I# stem borer H Chilopartellus (*&in.)I# midge HStenodiplosis sorghicola (Co>.)I# 'ead bug ( CalocorisangustatusLet'.)# grain mold (%ungal comple$ consisting o% Curvularialunata 9Fusarium spp.9Alternaria alternata 9Cladosporiumoxysporum 9Colletotrichum # etc.)# do&ny milde& (Peronosclerospora sorghi )# lea% blig't (Exserohilumturcicum )# ant'racnose(Collectotrichum graminicola )# rust ( Puccinia purpurea ) and Striga I and abioticstresses (suc' as terminal droug't) based on %amilies# and %orgrain yield based on indi idual

plants &it'in t'e selected resistant %amilies %rom t'e F8 generation on&ard. 'e selected lines&it' maintainer reaction &ere con erted into A lines. 'e trait based met'od ensured retaining greater genetic di ersity in t'e A lines. 'us# 37 traitbased A lines (;eddy et al. 6""3) and!" 'ig' yielding A lines &ere de eloped at 5C;5*A Patanc'eru in P'ase 55# resulting in atotal o% 3 A lines.Phase III.

'is p'ase marked t'e beginning o% race speci%ic and alternati e (non milo ) CM* systems (A6#A! and A8 in t'at order) &it' t'e goal o% di ersi%ying A lines. Furt'er# di ersi%ication o% A lines%or %armerpre%erred e ident grain >uality traits suc' as &'ite# large and lustrous grains %or

postrainy season adaptation (typical o% 5ndia) 'as been emp'asi/ed. i ersi%ication o% A lines&as scaled do&n to only t&o ma-or biotic constraints# s'oot %ly (%or rainy and postrainy seasons)

and grain mold (%or t'e rainy season)# &'ile maintaining 'ig' yield potential. 'ese e%%orts led tot'e de elopment o% !6 A lines# &'ic' include A1 CM* system based 173 (17" old 3 ne&)'ig' yielding lines# 82 biotic and abiotic stress resistant lines# and 31 A6# 1 A! and 16 A8CM* system based lines at 5C;5*A Patanc'eru. All t'ese A lines 'a e been designated as5C*A 1# 6# !# ... etc.# nos.# &'ere 5C*AQ re%ers to 5C;5*A sorg'um A lines .

Plant &ater relations in *org'um

5smotic Ad ustment in 6eaves of +orghum in &esponse to 7ater 8eficits

Lo&er osmotic potential enabled plant s to maintain turgor and decreased t'e sensiti ity o%turgor dependent processes.

*ugar and K &ere identi%ied as t'e ma-or solutes contributing to osmotic potential in sorghum .

*ugar and K concentrations in cell sap increase under water de%icit conditions in %a our o%decreasing osmotic potential


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'e culti ars &'ic' maintained 'ig'er CM* ( cell membrane stability)# 'ig'er 4+L( epicuticular &a$ load) # lo&er cuticular conductance# 'ig'er turgor and 'ig'er osmoticad-ustment under water de%icit conditions &ere identi%ied as droug't tolerant.

EWL increased on lea es o% water de%icient plants and &as positi ely correlated &it' cuticular

conductance and CM*.

Membrane p'osp'olipid content increased in water stressed plants.

AR,APO;50* a 'ope plant &ater relation &orkers

Figure 1. A>uaporins %acilitate t'e di%%usion o%water and small neutral solutes across plant cell membranes. 'e residual permeability o% t'e lipid membrane to t'ese molecules is alsoindicated. 'e capacity o% some a>uaporins to transport solutes &as demonstrated using testmolecules suc' as glycerol and urea# and t'e p'ysiological signi%icance o% t'is property is not yetclearly understood (see te$t). lant a>uaporins similar to t'eir animal counterparts are t'oug't to%orm tetramers# eac' monomer being %unctionally independent. 'e putati e structure o% ana>uaporin monomer &it' si$ tilted membrane spanning domains is s'o&n. *tudies on t'estructure o% 'uman ARP1 suggest t'at t'e t&o connecting loops t'at contain t'e 'ig'lyconser ed Asn Pro Ala moti%s dip into t'emembrane and

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Growth of Sorghum Plant

Sorghum is a member of the grass fami # and origina # a wi d p ant in )fri!a.

The e%o ution of sorghum under the pressures of drought and high temperaturesimparted the abi it# to to erate drought* soi to+i!ities* and e+tremes of temperaturemore effe!ti%e # to !u ti%ated sorghum p ants than other !erea s.

Varieties of sorghums are classified into 4 groups:

• grain sorghums• grass sorghums or forage Sorghum• sweet sorghums and• broom!orn.•

Grain sorghums are grown for the grain - round* star!h# seeds used as human food or !att e

feed.


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Broomcorn is grown for the bran!hes of the seed ! uster* whi!h are used to ma,ebrooms

Germination: )t optimum temperature '2$ to 300 C( and moisture* the sorghum seed

germinates in 3 to $ da#s. hen sorghum seed is sown in moist soi * the seed swe s due to


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moisture absorption. The seed !oat brea,s a sma shoot '!o eopti es( and a primar# root

'radi! e( emerge.

/nitia # the #oung seed ings ta,e nutrients from the endosperm of the seed.

Seedling Development: The shoot '!o eopti es( emerge from the ground and first eaf brea,s

through the tip. The meso!ot# e grows during this period and a node is formed at the base of

the !o eopti es ust be ow ground e%e .

Se!ondar# roots begin to grow from this node* 3 to 7 da#s after the p ant emergesfrom the soi . Seed ings get the nutrients through these roots.

Root system The sorghum root s#stem !onsists of 3 t#pes of roots "rimar# roots Se!ondar#

or )d%entitious roots ra!e or uttress roots


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Primary roots: These roots de%e op from the radi! e and die subsequent #.

Brace or uttress roots These roots de%e op from the first node from the meso!ot# e. These

rots o!!up# $ to 1$ !m area in the soi around the base of the stem.

!dventitious roots are sma * uniform* and form a sma portion of the root s#stem.)nother t#pe of permanent ad%entitious roots de%e op from the se!ond internodesand abo%e. These roots are bran!hed atera # 'about 1 sq.m( inter a!ing the soi%erti!a #. These roots main # supp # nutrients to the p ant.


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Secondary or !dventitious roots: These roots de%e op from the root primordia of the basa

nodes abo%e the ground e%e . The# are stunted* thi!,* and abo%e ground e%e . These roots

pro%ide an!horage to the p ant.

Shoot system: Sorghum shoot s#stem !onsists of stem* ea%es* nodes* and internodes during

the %egetati%e stage. ea%es nodes de%e op of one in 3 to 6 da#s. The p ant remains in

%egetati%e stage for 30 to &0 da#s during whi!h a ea%es '12 to 14( are formed.

The stem of sorghum !onsists of man# a ternating nodes and internodes. /t rangesfrom s ender to %er# strong* 0.$ to $ !m in diameter near the base.


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The ength of stem %aries between 0.$ to & m depending on the %ariet#. ) bud isformed at ea!h node. )t time* these buds de%e op ti ers. )bout 6 to 10 da#s beforef owering* the boot forms a bu ge in the sheath of the f ag eaf 'uppermost eaf(. Thisstage is !a ed boot eaf stage. Sorghum usua # f owers $$ to 70 da#s.

The f owering stru!ture 'inf ores!en!e( in sorghum is !a ed as pani! e or head. /n!u ti%ated sorghums* the pani! e starts de%e oping from 30 to &0 da#s aftergermination.


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The tin# pani! e !an be obser%ed b# !arefu # !utting the stem of a 30 t0 &0 da#sp ant.

Two da#s after the emergen!e of the inf ores!en!e from the boot* the f owers beginto open. The f owering !an be obser%ed from the #e ow po en from the anthers onthe pani! e 'sorghum head(.

The ma+imum f owering ta,es p a!e on 3rd or &th da#. /t ta,es 6 da#s for the who einf ores!en!e to !omp ete f owering.


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Seed Development: The sorghum seed is !a ed grain. The grain matures in 30 to 3$da#s after ferti i5ation. Sorghum seeds are spheri!a in shape but some what f at on

one side.

The seeds %ar# in !o or - red" rown" white" yellow" or cream and are with a dull orpearly luster#


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Physiological maturity: a+imum tota dr# weight of the p ant rea!hes at the ph#sio ogi!a

maturit#. pta,e of nutrients a so most # !ease at this stage. So* if there are prob ems i,e

bird damage et!. it is ad%antageous to har%est the !rop at this stage. )s the seed moisture at

this stage wi be around 2$ to 3$8* proper dr#ing of the seeds is important. Physiologicalmaturity can e determined y the dar$ spot on the seed#

The seed on the eft is ph#sio ogi!a # mature9 the one on the right is not. The!u ti%ated sorghums mature in 100 to 1&0 da#s depending on the %ariet#.


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The right time to har%est sorghum is at the ph#sio ogi!a stage of the p ants or whenthe seed moisture !ontent is be ow 2$8.The subsequent odu es in this !ourse deawith the important inse!t pests that atta!, sorghum !rop.

Growth Stages


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Stage 0 - Emergence

Emergence occurs when the coleoptile is visible at the soil surface,and generally occurs 3 to 10 days after planting. During emergence,growth is dependent upon soil temperature and moisture, planting

depth, and seed vigor. Disease organisms are favored by cool, wetconditions and such infestations would result in reduced stands.Therefore, planting should be timed so that germination and earlyplant growth occur during warm temperatures, and the reproductivephase will occur prior to the hottest part of the growing season. Now isalso the time to treat seeds with fungicides and consider future weedcontrol options. hotgun !atra"ine # $,%&D' may be applied from thespi(e stage to ) inch !%&leaf' growth stage and as a directed sprayfrom ) inch to 1$ inch growth stages.

Stage 1 - Three Leaf Stage

The three leaf stage occurs when the collars of three leaves can beseen without dissecting the plant. This stage will occur appro*imately10 days after emergence, with great dependence upon temperature. +tis important that planting date is late enough to ensure that plants cangrow rapidly at this stage. low growth and poor weed control duringthis stage can seriously reduce yields since the plant is small.

lthough sorghum does not recover as vigorously as corn, much ofthe leaf area can be removed since the growing point is below the soil

surface. -uctril and atra"ine may be applied at this stage up to 1% inchand 1$ inch grain sorghum, respectively. ar(sman may be appliedfrom the 3 leaf stage until the / leaf stage.

Stage 2 - Five Leaf Stage

The five leaf stage occurs when the collars of five leaves can be seenwithout dissecting the plant and occurs about 3 wee(s afteremergence. The root system develops rapidly at this stage. Dry matter

accumulates at nearly a constant rate assuming growing conditionsare satisfactory. During this stage the potential for the plant to developis determined. tresses from weed competition, nutrients, water, orinsects can dramatically reduce yields if not corrected. ar(smanshould not be applied past this growth stage. Do not apply atra"ine orparamount when grain sorghum is greater than 1$ inches tall.


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Stage 3 - Growing Point Differentiation

t this stage the growing point of the sorghum plant changes fromvegetative to reproductive. The total number of leaves have beendetermined, with potential head si"e following shortly thereafter.

Nutrient upta(e is rapid and ade uate supplies of nutrients and waterare necessary to provide ma*imum growth. orghum plants are uitecompetitive helping maintain good weed control over the remainder ofthe season. This stage occurs appro*imately 30 days after emergenceand is about one&third of the time from planting to physiologicalmaturity.

Stage 5 - Boot Stage

t this stage all leaves have fully e*panded, which provides ma*imumleaf area and light interception. The head is full si"e and isencompassed by the flag&leaf sheath. otential head si"e has beendetermined by this stage. 2apid growth and nutrient upta(e continue.

tress from lac( of moisture or via herbicide in ury may prevent thehead from e*erting completely from the flag&leaf sheath preventingcomplete pollination at flowering.

Previou tage!

Stage " - Fina# Leaf $i i%#e in &hor#

t this point all e*cept the final 3 to % leaves are fully e*panded representingappro*imately )04 of the total leaf area potential. The lower $ to / leaves of the planthave been lost and any reference to leaf number from this stage on should be from thetop, counting the flag leaf as leaf number one.

Stage ' - (a#f B#oom


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This stage is defined as when half of the plants in a field are in somestage of bloom. 5lowering progresses from the tip of the headdownward over a period of % to 6 days. t half&bloom nearly half ofthe total dry wieght of the plant has been attained. This stage usuallyrepresents two&thirds of the time between planting and physiological

maturity. evere moisture stress can result in poor head filling.7owever, if environmental conditions are favorable, the sorghumplant can compensate for limitation in plant si"e, leaf area, or plantnumbers by increasing both seed number per head as well as seedweight.

Stage ) - Soft Dough

t this stage the grain has a dough&li(e consistency and grain fill isoccurring rapidly. ppro*imately half of the seed dry weight isaccumulated between tage 8 and tage 9. :ower leaves continue tosenesce with ) to 1$ leaves remaining at this stage.


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Stage * - Ph+ io#ogica# maturit+

a*imum total dry weight of the plant has occurred. This stage isdetermined by the dar( spot seed on the opposite side of the (ernelfrom the embryo. ;rain moisture at physiological maturity depends onthe hybrid, with typical moisture ranging from $/4 to 3/4. 7ybrid andweather conditions affect the time between maturity and the properharvest time.

Previou tage!

Stage , - (ar Dough

-y this stage appro*imately three&fourths of the grain dry weight has been attained.Nutrient upta(e at this point is essentially complete. evere moisture stress of anuntimely free"e before the grain reaches physiological maturity will result in a light,chaffy grain.

Sorghum Pro uction in .i i i//i

&hat are the growth tage for grain orghum

tage 0< Emergence & eedlings emerge from the soil.

tage 1< Three&leaf stage !3 leaves completely emerged, collars present'.& 10 days after emergence

tage $< 5ive&leaf stage & $0 days after emergence

tage 3< ;rowing oint Differentiation !head development begins' & 2apid growth and nutrient upta(ebegins & 30 days after emergence

tage %< 5lag leaf visible & 7ead si"e being determined. %0 days after emergence.

tage /< -oot stage !head enclosed insss swollen flag leaf sheath' & evere moisture stress will limit heade*ertion from the flag&leaf sheath, preventing pollination. /0 days after emergence


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tage 8< 7alf&bloom & 7ot, dry weather can reduce seed set. 80 days after emergence

tage 9< oft dough & bout /04 of the grain dry weight has accumulated. 90 days after emergence

tage )< 7ard dough & bout 9/4 of the grain dry weight has accumulated. )/ days after emergence

tage 6< hysiological maturity & dar( spot on the opposite side of the (ernel from the embryo forms!similar to blac( layer in corn'. Dry matter accumulation is complete. 100 days after emergence.

Documents

Sorghum New Microsoft Office Word 97 - 2003 Document