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Solubility
Water
HOT
A B
AFTERBefore
Water
COLD
Water
HOT
Add 1 drop of red food coloring
Miscible – “mixable”
two gases or two liquids that mix evenly
Experiment 1:
Water
COLD
A B
Solubility
Water Water
Oil
T30 sec
AFTER
Before
Add oil to water and shake
Immiscible – “does not mix”
two liquids or two gases that DO NOT MIX
Experiment 2:
T0 sec
SolubilitySATURATED SOLUTION
no more solute dissolves
UNSATURATED SOLUTIONmore solute
dissolves
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
becomes unstable, crystals form
increasing concentration
Solubility
• Solids are more soluble at...Solids are more soluble at...– high temperatures.
• Gases are more soluble at...Gases are more soluble at...– low temperatures &
– high pressures (Henry’s Law).
– EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” soda
To
Sol.
To
Sol.
Solids dissolved in liquids Gases dissolved in liquids
As To , solubility As To , solubility
Solubility vs. Temperature
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 297
KI
NaNO 3
KN
O 3
Na 3PO 4
NaCl
Temperature (oC)
Sol
ubili
ty (
g so
lute
/ 10
0 g
H2O
)200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
020 40 60 80 100
Gas SolubilityCH4
O2
CO
He
Temperature (oC)
Sol
ubili
ty (
mM
)
2.0
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Higher Temperature
…Gas is LESS Soluble
Pure water does not conduct an electric current
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 215
Source ofelectric power
Purewater
Ionic Solutions conduct a Current
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 215
Source ofelectric power
Free ionspresent in water
Electrolytes
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
(a) Nonelectrolyte (b) Weak electrolyte (c) Strong electrolyte
Electrolytes
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 290
ElectrolytesElectrolytes - solutions that carry an electric current
NaCl(aq) Na+ + Cl- HF(aq) H+ + F-
strong electrolyte weak electrolyte nonelectrolyte
Solution, Suspension, Colloid
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 309
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
