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Solid Waste Management and Sustainability Technology (NOTE 1)
Joonhong Park
Yonsei CEE Department
2014. 9. 1.
Resource Recovery and Recycle
• Introduction to this course
• Introduction to solid wastewater management
What is sustainability?
• General Definition: meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
• Don’t do these: exhausting a natural resource, leaving large costs for future generations or doing irreversible harm to the planet.
• An energy technology is considered sustainable if:
1. It contributes little to manmade climate change. 2. It is capable of providing power for many generations w/o significant reduction in the size of the resource, and 3. It does not leave a burden to future generation.
☞ It is very difficult to say if an energy technology is truly sustainable or not.
3
Scope of this course
• Solid waste treatment and disposal
• Global climate change and sustainable resource technologies
Intro to Solid Waste Management
• Solid waste treatment and disposal
• Global climate change and sustainable resource technologies
Solid Waste in History
10,000 BC – Nomadic life to community life
Waste collection systems
2100 BC – trunk sewers connecting homes
1600 BC – the sanitary laws written by Moses
800 BC – sewers and a primitive water supply (old Jerusalem)
500 BC – a law to require all wastes to be deposited more than a mile out of town (Athens)
200 BC – sanitary police, disposal laws (China)
14AD – a waste collection program (Rome)
1300 – the Black Death
19th century – city and industry caused a lot of environmental pollutions (Charles Dickens)
Solid Waste in History
The 1840s – Edwin Chadwick ( a lawyer), a germ theory.
John Snow, control of cholera epidemic by stopping supply of water that was contaminated.
1866 – New York city declared a war against trash.
The 1880s – the first incinerator (New York city)
materials recovery system => People did not like it.
1934 – federal legislation making the dumping of municipal waste into ocean illegal.
1935 – the first landfill (California)
1953 – the first published engineering guideline for sanitary landfill (American Society of Civil Engineers)
Products influenced the composition of municipal refuse
1908 paper cups in vending machines
1913 Corrugated cardboard for packaging
1924 Kleenex
1935 Beer can
1944 Stryrofoam
1960 Pop-top cans
1963 Aluminum beer cans
1977 PETE soda bottles replace glass
What else?
How about Korean case?
Paradigm shift in solid waste engineering
1.Simply getting the stuff out of town => recycle and reuse
2.The Waste Reduction Revolution (reduce the source of waste)
Economics and Solid Waste
The Invisible Hand (Adam Smith): classic optimism
The law of populations (Thomas Malthus): classic pessimism
But, when the populations grew, famine and deprivation were avoided. This was due to “Technology” – new optimism
The Club of Rome report: resource is limited. – new pessimism.
Developing a balanced world system (sustainable environment)
Three sources of materials
Raw materials
Scrap materials
Materials recovered after the product
Users’ Options
To dispose of this material
To collect the material in sufficient quantities either to use it for energy production or to recycle it back into the industrial sector
To reuse the material for the same or a different purpose without remanufacture.
The 4 Rs
The feasible options for achieving reduced material use and waste generation
1.Reduction
2.Reuse
3.Recycling
4.Recovery
Materials Flow Through Society
AIndustrial Scrap
RawMaterials
IndustrialProduction
WasteManagement
Reuse
DomesticUse
Energy
B
Recycle
Recovery
Raw materials (A) and the materials returned to the environment (B)
Increasing these amounts is good for industry including waste disposal industry.
Large A and B are detrimental
- causing depletion of some resources (ex. Aluminum, petroleum etc.).
- obtaining these materials from concentrated sources and distributing the products over a wide land area (makes recovery and reuse difficult)
Reduction
Achieved by three ways
1)Reducing the amount of material used per product without sacrificing the utility of that product
2)Increasing the lifetime of a product
3)Eliminating the need for the product
Waste reduction in industry: pollution prevention (ex. Enamel paint for car => a new method of painting to reduce VOC contamination)
Waste reduction on the household level: “waste reduction” or “source reduction” referred by the US EPA (ex. Refusing bags, laundry deterent refills, stopping junk mail deliveries, and using cloth diapers)
The level of participation in source reduction is low compared to recycling activities.
Reduction
An integral part of society
Utility and value for more than one purpose
(ex. Paper bags, news papers, coffee cans)
Reuse
A process requires that the owner of the waste material first separate out the useful fraction so that it can be collected separately from the rest of the solid waste.
Requires first identification of some “characteristics” of wastes and then manual segregation of useful materials.
The characteristic known as a code.
- newsprint from glossy magazines
- separation of plastics (difficult to identify)
Recycling
Common types of “Recyclable” Plastics
Code Chemical name Typical uses
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Polyethylene terephthalate
High-density polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Low density polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Mixed plastic
PETE
HDPE
PVC
LDPE
PP
PS
Soft drink bottle
Milk cartons
Pipe
Grocery bags
Car battery casings
Eating utensils
Benches
• Location of wastes: cost for transport
• Low value of material: based upon thermodynamics
• Uncertainty of supply: depending on people’ willingness.
• Administrative and institutional constraints
• Legal restrictions
• Uncertain markets
(NOTE: Despite these difficulties, recycling is successful!)
Obstacles in Recycling
• MRF (materials recovery facilities)
• Impossible to mechanically identify and separate all of the PETE soft drink bottles from refuse. (“pickers” do the job).
• It sounds terribly attractive but is still a marginal option. (availability of firm markets for recovered products).
• Paper industry companies are vertically integrated, meaning that the company owns and operates all of the steps in the papermaking process.
Recovery
Recycling of reusable wastes
Reduction of Volume of Solid wastes
•Combustion
Ultimate Disposal
• Landfill
• Land-farming
• Injection into Earth’s mantle
•Deep-well injection
Solid Waste Pollution Control
Energy Conversion
Of MSW (municipal solid wastes) generated, over 80% is combustible (US case).
This is equivalent about 4.6% of all the fuel consumed by all utilities, 10% of all the coal consumed by all utilities, and about 20% of the electrical energy demand of the private sector of a municipality.
Electricity from burning of gases generated from Landfills
Heats from combustion of solid wastes.
Energy Recovery from Landfill
Gas (CO2 50% and CH4 50%)-Greenhouse gases-Modern landfill has facilities to use methane to generate electricity.
Incinerator
Air-lock automatic feeder
Municipal Waste Combustion
Solid waste volume reduction up to 90% is possible.
Unfortunately, dioxin production is possible.
Causing the problem of ash disposal
10% cannot be combusted (waste computers, old refrigerators)
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) – US EPA
1) Reducing the quantity of waste
2) Reusing the materials
3) Recycling and recovering materials
4) Combusting for energy recovery
5) Landfill
HW1 (Due: Next Monday)
Write one page essay regarding either of the following questions
1)납골당 방식에 대해서 찬성 혹은 반성인지 논하시오 .
2) 음식쓰레기 , 하수슬러지 , 축산분뇨 등의 액상폐기물의 해양투기가 올해 부터 금지되었고 , 이들의 위생매립장 반입도 법으로 금지되어 있다 . 그러하면 이들의 처리 , 처분은 어떻게 되야 할까 ?