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Stephan Rieke
SolarFuel GmbH – Stephan Rieke: Solar Fuels and Power-to-Gas technologies
CPE Lyon, 28.9.2012
Stephan Rieke
Structure:
Challenges of the electricity system through the integration of renewable
energies
Possible storage solutions as an integration puzzle
Renewable Methane as a systematic approach – bidirectional
combination of electricity and gas grids
Status: activities of SolarFuel – particular project realisation
-3-
Real Storage capacity Average power Consumption
Storage capacity of the natural gas grid in Germany lasts for 2000 hrs, storage capacity of the electricity grid last for only 0,6 hrs Energy consumption and storage capacity in Germany, 2008
1) fuel, diesel, kerosine 2) high differences from season to season 3) pump accumulator power plants 4) 46 underground gas storage / plus 72 TWh in construction /
planning 5.) stockage of fuel, diesel, kerosine and fuel oil EL 6.) related to average capactiy
source: ZSW
707
930
619
Calculated storage
capacity 6
71
81
1062
TWh/a GW
2505
2174
0,043
TWh
3,1005
2,0004
0,63
h
Electricity Natural gas Liquid fuel1
-5-
Power to Gas: Comparison of storage capacity and duration between different energy storage technologies
Chemical storage of methane could be interesting due to time, cost, capacity and existing infrastructure.
SolarFuel GmbH
-7- lyon_28_9_2012_en.ppt
Power-to-Gas Concept is linking the electricity and natural gas networks
Interconnection with different CO2 resources by producing renewable methane (SNG- Substitute Natural Gas)
Source: SolarFuel/Specht, ZSW
CCPP /
µ-CHP
CO2
buffer
Grid Gas distribution
system
Electrolysis /
H2 buffer
H2
CH4
POWER GENERATION
ELECTRICITY STORAGE
Gas
storage
Solar
Wind
H2
Methanation
Heat
CO2 CO2
CCPP: Combined Cycle Power Plant; µ-CHP: micro Combined Heat and Power Plant
Atmosphere
Biogas/sewage
Breweries
Steel, cement
Chemical plants
Industry
Heating
Fuel Chemistry
SolarFuel GmbH
-12- lyon_28_9_2012_en.ppt
Absorption- / Desorption
Electrolysis
Synthesis
Air with CO2
Water
CO2
Air without CO2
Oxygen
H2
Methane Solar energy PV/
Windpower Electricity
other CO2 resources or utilisation of CO2 is possible
other H2 resources or utilisation of H2 is possible
Renewable methane (RM): Absorption/electrochemical desorption of CO2 , reduction of H2O to H2 and followed reduction of CO2 by hydration would be the favourable solution
Basic plant concept of CO2 absorption by air inlet, 2009, combines different approaches
source: SolarFuel
Detailed analysis of process shows ideal process realisation for independent applications like off-grids
stuff energy
• Fully satisfied
hydrocarbons
• Best Energy -to -
C-Relation
-13-
SolarFuel GmbH
lyon_28_9_2012_en.ppt
Experiences with CO2-Conversion to methanol by H2-Reduction and Solar electricity at the ZSW leads to Methanation of CO2 in the 90`s PV Generator including column reactor for CO2 absorption by air scrubbing 1998 for methanol production
Source: ZSW, Specht et. al.
-16-
Thermodynamical Optimum (idealised process) methanation
• 4H2 + 1CO2 → CH4 + 2H2O
• 12 kWh → 10 kWh
• 100% → 83%
• 4m3 + 1m3 → 1m3 + 0 (condensed)
Real Process SolarFuel
• The challenge will be the level of methanation:
– A level of methanation of over 90% will be reached
– This permits a direct feed of the SNG into the gas distribution system
– Total overall efficiency will be >60% electricity to gas, or > 80% by using gas and waste heat for industrial,
domestic applications.
Methanation and Electrolysis: Basic industrial technology units are the central processes
source: SolarFuel
-19-
SolarFuel plant converts surplus of electricity from wind or pv power into renewable methane/SNG (substitute natural gas) Flow chart SolarFuel demonstration plant ,2009
Feed gas stoichiometry adapted for optimized methanation operation conditions.
Addition of steam to avoid carbon depositions/catalyst deactivation.
Methanation heat utilization at T > 200 °C possible
source: ZSW/SolarFuel
Electrolysis Methanation M
M
M O2
Pel H2O
Pel
CO2
H2O
Q
Q
H2O Q Pel
Substitute
Natural Gas
(SNG)
H2
Heat exchange unit
-20-
The α-plant produces a norm compliant substitute natural gas according to DVGW G260/262 and DIN 51624 N in two containers
Technology Scheme
Container 1: CO2-Production
Container 2: fuel synthesis
CO2-buffer
P/C
FIC
CO2 supply Electrodialysis
CO2-Absorber
2-Bench-
Storage
P/C
Gas dryer CH4 buffer
Fuel-filling
CH4-Synthesis
Car
Fuel
nozzle
DI-Cartridge
M
M
M
H2-Production
Hydrogen
generator
FIC
Gas mixer M
M
Air
Exit air
Water
Process temperature control
Reactor
Evaporator
-21-
The SolarFuel demonstration plant in Stuttgart uses CO2 from the air for off-grid/remote area application or a non-concentrated CO2 resource
X ray image of the plant, 2009
Option: CO2 from biogas plants (>7300 plants, 2,5 GWel, 2011), potential of approx. 60-70 TWh SNG 2011,
other CO2 resources are bioethanol, brewery, sewage treatment or industry (lime stone, chemical processes).
source: SolarFuel
SolarFuel GmbH
-22- lyon_28_9_2012_en.ppt
80
85
90
95
100
13400 17000 20600 24200 27800 31400 35000
Test Duration [h]
CH
4-C
on
ten
t [v
ol-
%]
0
5
10
15
20
CO
2-,
H2-C
on
ten
t [v
ol-
%]
CH4
CO2
H2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CO2 + H2 (via Electrolysis) SNG
Gas Composition during Steady State Operation of the demo plant
Source: Dr. M. Specht, ZSW
Reactor concept: Fixed bed reactor
with recycle loop and intercooler
Feed: CO2 20 Vol.%db, H2 80 Vol%db
T = 250 - 550 °C, p = 7 barabs, SV = 2000 l / (lcat * h)
No downstream processing!
-27-
Conversion efficiency will exceed 60%, SNG will be injected directly into the natural gas network, total efficiency >80% (gas + heat) Vol. %, G262, DIN 51624 compliant
Electricity
Electrolyser
11.7%
26.7% Usefull Heat <80°
Usefull Heat >200°C
61,6%
Substitute Natural Gas
(SNG)
100%
Electricity
Compression of CO2
98.9%
1.1%
source: SolarFuel
Conversion
Gas content before and after methanation, Vol. %, Wobbe matching according biogas to grid management
CH4-rich
Product-Gas (SNG) Feed-Gas
CO2
20.5
H2
79.5 CH4
90,1
CO2
5.3
H2
4.6
Reaction of synthesis
Reduction of volume 5:1
SolarFuel GmbH
-29- lyon_28_9_2012_en.ppt
Renewable methane (RM) to provide an assured, planable energy supply by renewable electricity
Multi dimensional value of RM in the system platform “gas network” according
(peak power generation versus fuel aplication )
Long range mobility
with existing CNG
filling stations
Renewable Methane
Produced by
Power to Gas
devices
Shipment (LNG)/airfuel
(GTL)
Power generation by
ccpp/gasturbine systems
heating
Green chemistry
Pipeline Transport
LNG
Transport
Chiller/cold
Gas storage
-30-
CO2-Cycle in existing gas network/power turbine infrastructure with ptg oxygen streams
sourcee: SolarFuel et al.
PV Power
CO2
Electricity network
CO2
H2
Decentralized chp
Gas network
Gas turbine
CO2 -Tank
Elektrolysis/H2
-Tank
CO2
H2
CH4
Methanation
Wind
heat
O2
CO2
electricity
OxiFuel*
Gas boiler
CH
4
O2
O2
Tank
CO2
Tank
Long range mobility
Heating
-33-
Solar Fuel GmbH
Pipeline of PtG Projects up until large scale realisation in the real market by Audi through 6,3 MWel plant Consequent steps in the development of plants by SolarFuel
Werlte
Stuttgart
2009 Alpha-Anlage Morbach
Beta-plant
Quelle: SolarFuel
2013
Hersfeld
2010- plant with biogas supply
IWES 2012
250 kW, ZSW 2012
2011
ZSW 2009
-40-
Power to Gas - PtG250 – Alkaline Electrolysis (AEL) device, ZSW
-41-
Solar Fuel GmbH
State of development for AEL: Status of Hysolar Project 1995
State of Technology in 1995: Electrolyser with direct PV coupling in intermittent/dynamic operation
Quelle: ZSW
e-gas-plant
Linking of the electrical and gas grid
Pilot project of audi with windturbines of 4* 3,6 MW
Elektrolyse
H2-Tank
CO2-Tank
Water 4.600 t H2O
Oxygen 4.000 t O2
520 t H2
Natural gas cars
CNG
Gasnetz
water 2.000 t H2O
CO2 from
► Biomass-, gas
Fuel cell FCEV Electric
BEV, PHEV
53.000 MWh
27.600 MWh
Power generation
Combined heating pp
2.800 t CO2
Methanation CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O
electricity
1.000 e-trons
+ 1.500 A3 TCNG
1.000 e-tron
Production
of the car
20.100 MWh
*all values per year
H2
1.500 A3
TCNG
Gas storage
120 t CH4
lyon_28_9_2012_en.ppt -48-
Life cycle analysis of the Audi A3 TCNG Life cycle range in total: 200.000 km
CO2-
Äquivalente
[g/km]
CO2-Emissions tank-to-wheel
CO2-Emissions of car
manufacturing
CO2-Emissions well-to-tank
petrol CNG
BioMethane
BEV (Wind power)
BEV (EU-mix)
Conclusion: a wind powered A3 ICE TCNG model has the same
environmental benefit like a BEV powered with wind power
- 85% CO2
(well-to-wheel)
e-gas (Wind power)
-50-
Solar Fuel GmbH
Contact:
SolarFuel GmbH
Stephan Rieke
+49 (0) 711 – 22 96 45 50
+49 (0) 151 18 05 44 50
If the wind of change is blowing,
Somebody is building up walls,
And somebody is building wind mills.
Laotse