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SOL BIOLOGY REVIEW
Everything you wanted to know and then some…..
GENERAL INFORMATION
• 60 Questions
• 10 are research questions.
• You must answer 34 correctly to pass.
• You must answer 45 correctly to achieve an advance pass
THE BREAKDOWN
• Scientific Investigation- 11
• Life at Molecular and Cellular Level- 14
• Life at Systems and Organism Level- 14
• Research questions-10
SOME STRATEGIES
• Four responses: The right one, the two really wrong ones and the distractor.
• The distractor is almost right. It is basically a trick.
More Strategies
• The incredible POE : PROCESS OF ELIMINATION
BOTTOM LINE
• ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
• GO AHEAD AND GUESS!
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
UNIT ONE
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• Observations- gathering data using your senses.
• Quantitative observations: Use numbers
• Qualitative Observations: Describe things
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• INFERENCES: gathering data based on previous knowledge
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• USING APPROPRIATE SOURCES
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• HYPOTHESIS – an educated guess Must be in IF,Then format
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- the thing that changes in an experiment
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE- The thing that is changed by the experiment- what will you measure?
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• CONTROL- The variables are compared to the control. For example, the sugar pill given to a group of people
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
• SCIENTIFIC METHOD- a way to standardize the science- 5 steps
• 1. Ask a question
• 2. Develop a hypothesis
• 3. Do the experiment
• 4. Gather data
• 5. Draw Conclusions
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
• GRAPHING- the independent variable goes on the X axis
• The dependent variable goes on the Y axis
UNIT TWO: BIOCHEMISTRY
“I thought this was Biology?”
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
• MUST HAVE CARBON IN THEM
• Exception is CO (carbon monoxide)
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• Four Types:
• PROTEINS-
• Made from amino acids
• Used for repair, building and structure
• Test: Biuret’s Solution
• Made by the Ribosome
• Examples: any meat, hair nails
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• PROTEINS-
• ENZYMES- special type of protein
• Speed up reactions
• Affected by temp. and pH
• Have an active site.
• Lock and Key theory
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• Carbohydrates:
• Two types:
• Simple- sugars like those in juice or candy
• Complex: like pasta or bagels
• 2:1 ratio of C to H
• Test with Benedicts
• Used for energy
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• LIPIDS:
• Fats, Waxes and Oils
• Saturated- are solid at room temp. Like butter
• Unsaturated- liquid at room temp.- olive oil
• Test: brown paper
• Used for long term storage of energy
MOLECULES OF LIFE
• NUCLEIC ACIDS-
• Hereditary material
• Examples: DNA, RNA
• Made up of nucleotides
THE CELL!!!
Unit 3
CELLS
• HISTORY:
• Hooke- named Cells, Cells. Observed cork.
• Leewenhook- developed the microscope
CELLS
• SCHLEIDEN- says all plants are made of cells
• SCHWANN-all animals are made of cells.
• VIRCHOW-Cells come from other cells.
CELLS
• CELL THEORY-• 1. Cells are the basic
unit of life.• 2. Cells come from
pre-existing cells
• 3.All organisms are made from one or more cells
CELLS
• TWO BASIC TYPES
• 1. Prokaryotes
• Simple
• No nucleus or organelles
• Example Bacteria :Kingdom Monera
• PRO THINK NO!!
Cells
• 2. Eukaryotes:
• Has a nucleus
• Has organelles
• More complex
• Came from prokaryotes
• Examples: Humans, protists
PLANT CELLS
• Have a cell Wall
• Have a HUGE vacuole- store water
• Have a Cell Plate in cell division
• Are usually rectangular
• Chloroplasts
Animal Cells
• Have Centrioles
• Cell Membranes
• May have Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
ORGANELLES
• Small specialized structures that have special functions within cells.
ORGANELLES
• Nucleus- brain of cell• Nucleolous- inside
nucleus- makes ribosomes
• Chromosomes- inside nucleus- made of DNA- heredity
• Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
ORGANELLES
• Lysosome- cleans up the cell
• Ribosome- makes protein
• Cytoplasm- jelly like stuff inside the cell
• E.R.- smooth or rough-with ribosomes- transport
ORGANELLES
• Golgi body or apparatus- packages things
• Vacuole- storage
CELL MEMBRANE
• Fluid Mosaic Model-
• Bilayer
• Made of Phospho-lipids
• Lipids on the inside- hydrophobic
• Phosphates on the outside- hydrophillic
CELL MEMBRANE
• Purpose: Gate keeper
• Semi-Permeable- let’s some things in keeps others out
GETTING THINGS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
• Holes in the membrane let some things in and out with no problem- like O2 and water
• The Proteins help get bigger things across the membrane.
Cell Transport
• TWO TYPES
• PASSIVE- no energy required.
• Examples include Diffusion
CELL TRANSPORT
• OSMOSIS-diffusion with water- passive transport
CELL TRANSPORT
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT-requires energy
• Used to get large molecules into and out of the cell.
• Proteins act as channels/tunnels
Cell Transport
• EXOCYTOSIS- getting things OUT of the cell
CELL TRANSPORT
• ENDOCYTOSIS- getting things INTO the cell
CELL ENERGY Photosynthesis and
Respiratioin
Unit FOUR
CELL ENERGY
• CELL RESPIRATION:
• Done by all cells
• Done in the mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell.
• Method by which the cell gets energy.
• ATP- Unit of Energy
• C6H12O6 + O2-> ATP
CELL ENERGY
• Two types of Cell Respiration:
• AEROBIC-
• Uses oxygen
• Is more efficient-> 32 ATPS
• ANAEROBIC- No oxygen
• Less efficient-> 8 ATPS
ANAEROBIC vs. AEROBIC
• ANAEROBIC:
• No oxygen
• Done by yeast
• Inefficient
• Produces Alcohol or CO2
• AEROBIC:
• Oxygen
• Efficient
• Produces ATPs
Cell Respiration Steps
• Glycolysis: break sugar down into pyruvic acid.
• This happens in BOTH anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Done by plants.
• Done in the chloroplast.
• CO2 + H2O with sunlight ---- C6H12O6 + O2
RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Take home Message
• They are called complementary or opposite reactions to each other. WHY? Because the reactants of one are the products of the other.
CELL REPRODUCTION
UNIT 5
CELL CYCLE
• INTERPHASE: longest part of cell cycle. Includes:
• G1- growth phase• S- synthesis phases-
DNA is replicated here
• G2- second growth phase
CELL CYCLE
• After interphase there is the M phase.
• M=Mitosis/ Meiosis This is when the cell actually divides.
CELL CYCLE
• MITOSIS:• Occurs in body
(somatic) cells, in bacteria or some protists
• Only one parent cell• End up with two
identical daughter cells.
CELL CYCLE
• Mitosis:
• Different Phases- these just tell you what the chromosomes are doing.
• Prophase- chromosomes thicken, nuclear membrane disappears
• Metaphase- chromosomes line up in middle
CELL CYCLE
• MITOSIS:
• Anaphase: chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of cell
• Telophase: the cell forms a cleavage furrow and begins to split.
CELL CYCLE
• MEIOSIS: Occurs in gametes- sex cells- eggs and sperm ONLY!!!
• End up 4 Haploid ( only half the number of chromosomes) cells.
• Two Divisions
CELL DIVISON
• MITOSIS
• In body cells
• End up with 2 identical diploid cells
• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• Cytokinesis
• MEIOSIS
• In sex cells
• End up with 4 haploid cells
• Goes through 2 divisions
GENETICS!!
Unit 6
DNA
• The take home message!
• DNA contains all the information to create proteins.
• DNA is found in every living cell.
• DNA is in the nucleus
• DNA can be used to identify any organism
• It is amazing!!
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
• Made up of nucleotides- consist of nitrogen base and sugar and phosphate
• Double stranded- double helix- twisted ladder
• Rungs are nitrogen bases (ATCG)
• Sides are sugars and phosphates
• RNA- Ribonucleic acid:
• Single stranded
• Made from nucleotides
• Bases are: AUGC
HISTORY
• Rosalind Franklin used X- Rays to held determine DNA shape
• Watson and Crick Discovered DNA
• Chargaff’s rules- A&T, C&G
DNA REPLICATION
• Only molecule in the universe to do this
• 1. The Hydrogen bonds break and the DNA unzips.
• 2. Free floating nucleotides fill in
• 3. The sides re-form• Replication happens during
the S phase of Interphase in the cell cycle.
Protein Synthesis
• DNA directs protein synthesis.
• Two parts:
• Transcription: mRNA is formed from information from DNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus.
• Codons- three bases= an amino acid
Protein Synthesis
• 2. Translation: The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. Then tRNA brings matching anti-codons to the mRNA.
• This forms amino acids
• Groups of amino acids = protein
DNA TECHNOLOGY
• We Can’t clone Humans
• We can clone some animals
• Human Genome Project- effort to sequence human DNA
Genetics
• Mutations: errors in the DNA that can result in disease.
• Examples: PKU- can’t metabolize an amino acid
• Sickle-Cell Anemia
• Tay Sachs
Chromosome Structure
• DNA is tightly coiled to form a Chromosome
• Humans have 46 chromosomes.
• The chromosome has genes on it.
• Genes are packets of information.
Chromosomes
• Karyotype- the way chromosomes are organized on paper. Done by size- biggest to smallest.
• Used to determine if too many or few, and any problems
Genetics
• Traits- characteristics that are inherited
• Half of DNA comes from mom, half from dad.
• This is why you can have your moms smile and dad’s eyes.
Genetics History
• Mendel- Father of genetics• A monk who worked with
pea plants• Came up with three laws• 1. Law of Dominance- one
“gene” is dominant over another
• 2. Law of Segregation- genes separate
• 3.Law of Independent Assortment- genes are shuffled
Genetics Vocabulary
• Alleles- different forms of the same gene
• Phenotype- the physical appearance of a trait
• Genotype- the genetic makeup of a trait
Genetic Vocabulary
• Homozygous- same genes for a trait. Ex. TT or tt
• Heterozygous- different genes for a trait. Ex. Tt
• P1- first generation or parent
• F1- second or filial generation - offspring
Genetics
• Punnet Square- a table used to show all possible outcomes from a mating
Genetics
• PEDIGREE-a chart used to track a trait through generations.
Genetics
• Incomplete Dominance- Blending of traits ex. Pink flowers blend with red flowers to form pink
• Co Dominance : Equal expression of two alleles ex. Blood type
Taxonomy
Unit 7
TAXONOMY
• Science of naming and classifying organisms.
• Each level of organization is called a taxon
• Linneaus- father of taxonomy
Taxonomy
• The taxa:• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species• Goes from broadest to
most specific
Taxonomy
• Binomial nomenclature: fancy way of saying two name naming system.
• We use genus species
• Homo Sapien
Taxonomy
• KINGDOMS:
• Animalia
• Plantae
• Monera- bacteria
• Protist- paramecium, amoeba
• Fungi- mushrooms
Taxonomy
• Organisms grouped by structural, biochemical, locomotive behavioral and genetic similarities.
• As you go from kingdom to species, the creatures are more similar.
Taxonomy
• Homologous structures- similar and have a common ancestor. EX. The wings of birds and bats. The actual physical structure is similar.
Taxonomy
• Analogous Structures
• Strucures that provide the same function- but DO NOT have a common ancestor.
• EX. Bird and winset wings
EVOLUTION
Unit 8
EVOLUTION
• Change over time• Gradualism- change
takes place over millions of years
• Punctuated Equilibrium- Everything stable for a long while then a sudden change then stable again
EVOLUTION
• Darwin- came up with Natural Selection- the idea that organisms gradually change by adapting to their environment so they have a better chance for survival.
• Survival of the Fittest
EVOLUTION
• Geographic Isolation- New species develops because part of the population becomes isolated and develops different features.
• Ex. Darwin’s finches
ECOLOGY
Unit 9
ECOLOGY
• Biosphere 8km above and 8km below the surface of Earh
• Ecosystem- all living and non-living parts of an area
• Community: All living parts of an area
ECOLOGY
• Population: one particular group of organisms within an area.
• Biotic: any living thing
• Abiotic: any non-living thing
• Biome: an area determined by climate ex. Desert, ocean
ECOLOGY
• Succession: replacement of one community for another
• Primary succession/ pioneer community: first organisms into an area- Ex. Mosses, lichens
ECOLOGY
• Secondary succession: a community is replaced by another one due to some natural disaster- flood, fire
ECOLGY
• Carrying Capacity:
The number of organisms an area can support
Makes an S shaped curve.
ECOLOGY
• Exponential growth: organisms growing without any limits
• Curve goes straight up.
ECOLOGY
• NICHE: the job or role an organism has in an ecosystem
• Producer: plants- anything that makes it’s own food (autotroph)
• Consumer: anything that has to get it’s own food.
ECOLOGY
• DECOMPOSERS: Take care of all the dead organic matter
• Ex. Bacteria/ fungi
ECOLOGY
• Synbiosis: a close personal relationship between two or more organisms
• 3 Types:• Mutualism: both benefit
ex. Bees and flowers• Parasitism: one harms the
other- Dog and flea• Commensalism- one
benefits the other is neither harmed nor benefitted ex. Whales and barnacles
ECOLOGY
• Predator/Prey – Lions and zebras
• Boom/Bust curve- as one increases, the other decreases.
ECOLOGY
• Food Chain- two or three organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy
• Food Web- many organisms that demonstrate the flow of energy in an ecosystem
ECOLOGY
• Ecology Pyramids- show you biomass or energy flow.
• Plants make up the most biomass and have the most energy