II CHAPTER IV II

SOIL, SEDIMENTS

AND

LANDUSE

CONTENTS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Regional Distribution of Soils

4.3 Soil properties of Parri Basin

4.3.a. Morphological Characteristics

4.3.b Textural Classification

4.3.c. Chemical Analysis

4.4 Spatial Distribution of Soils

4.5 Soil Catena & Profile in Parri Basin.

4.6 Sediment Analysis-Grain Size Distribution

4.7 Land use I Land Cover of Parri Basin

FIGURE:

4.1 Regional Soil Resource

4.2 Location Map of Soil & Stream Sediments Samples, Rajnandgaon

4.3 Texture of Soils of Parri Basin, Rajnandgaon

4.4 Soil Distribution in Parri Basin, Rajnandgaon.

4.5 Cummulative Frequency Curve of Sediments

4.6 Log Probability Curve of Parri & Seonath Sediments

4. 7 Land use/ Land cover of Parri Basin

TABLE:

4.1 Regional Distribution of Soils in Chhattisgarh Basin

4.2a Physical Properties of Soils of Chhattisgarh

4.2b Size Grouping of Soil Particles.

4.3 Mechanical Composition of Principal Soil Types

4.4 Physical (Mophological) Properties of Soil of Parri Basin

4.5 Mechanical Analysis of Major Soil Types of Parri Basin.

4.6 Chemical properties of Soils

4.7 Spatial distribution of Soil in Parri Basin.

4.8 Soil types, their characteristics & associated Land forms in Parri Basin

4.9 Mechanical Analysis of Sediments

4.10 Rolling, Saltation Population of Sediments.

4.11 Land use I Landcover of Parri Basin.

PLATE:

4.1 Soil Profile showing well developed 0, A, B, C & R horizons at Padumtara.

4.2 Soil profile showing horizons B, C, and R at Khapri Village.

4.3 Soil section in a well showing A, B, C & R horizons, presence of root in

deeper depth of A horizon.

4.4 Coarse sand stream sediments of Parri Nadi, Nawagaon Khaira Section.

4.1 INTRODUCTION:

Soils are next of water and it is man's most vital resource (Thorn bury,

1969) Soil influences the water storage, movement and infiltration which is an

elusive parameter in the hydrological cycle.

Soil layering acts as a storage reservoir for soil water and provides

pathways for water moving down to recharge the ground water (Kumar, 1997). No

recharge of ground water by deep percolation, can occurs until the moisture

demand of the soil mantle has been satisfied. The continueous infiltration leads

to deep percolation and groundwater get recharged. A quantitative evaluation

and spatial distribution of soil is a pre requisite for estimation of recharge of

groundwater resource in optimal manner. The surface water resource of a basin

gets input from surface runoff (stream flow) . The runoff depends largely on

precipitation and soil condition, vegetation and landuse . The downward movement

of surface water through soil depends on the characteristics of soil like texture

,structure composition and concentration of particles moisture content and duration

of rain fall. Soil parameters such as texture, structure depth, moisture and fertility

determines crops in different landuse practices.

In planning of conservation measures within watershed, it is essential

to know the source and location from which sediments are derived and sources

of sediments in a catchment confined to any one of landfroms and landuse zones.

To justify the above statement in river basinal study , the morphological

, physical and chemical properties of soil of Parri Nadi basin has been determined.

Spatial variation of soil demarcated using Remote Sensing data and field checks.

Laboratory test of samples has been carried out at Soil Testing Lab, Irrigation

Deptt., Raipur & S.O.S. in Geology, RSU. Grain size analysis of loose sediments

of Parri Nadi Floodplain is carried out in order to evaluate the depositional

environment of stream sediments.

4.2 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOILS :

Regionally, the soils occur in a variety which differ widely in their

morphological, mechanical and chemical properties . Based on Soil groups annual

rainfall, landuse , soil and water management need , India has been divided into

20 Land Resource Regions and further sub divided in to land Resource Areas.

(LR) (Gupta & Tejwani, 1984). According to this classification Upper Mahanadi

Zone falls in Eastern Soil Region, designated as 131 (0) where red and yellow

soil occurs over 7500 Sq Km. area and contributes 1.31% of total land resource

region of India and 0.23% of the country .

The Soil of the region are derived from parent rock ins'tu and their

occurrence largely depends on the lithology. Three major soil categories Ultisols,

Alfisol and Vertisols are distributed over Chhattisgarh sedimentary basin in a

distinct spatial arrangement. Two major varieties of vertisol, black and medium

black soil occupies the central part of the basin, which extended in a shape of

wide strip from west margin to east margin. ( Fig. 4.1 )

The west, south and east peripheries of basin are characterized by

Alfisols with red sandy and red loamy soils where Dongargarh Supergroup of

rocks and its equivalents are parent rocks.

Red-yellow soil is confined mainly in the Mahanadi valley in eastern

part and occurs as NE-SW trending belt. Lateritic Soil is scattered as isolated

patches in uplands and margins of Chhattisrgarh basin.

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S.No.

1.

2.

3.

Table 4.1

Regional Distribution of soils in Chhattisgarh Sedimentary

Basin

Soil Group Classes Geomorphic Geological

Characteristics Formations

Deep Black Low lying undulating Chhattisgarh

Plains, interflues of Super Group

Vertisols tributaries of Mahanadi

system

Medium Black Shallow Buried Formation

pediplains in central part

Red Yellow· River valleys- Mahanadi Quaternaries Ultisols

Latritic· Uplands., Mounds Chhattisgarh super

group !ormation

Red sandy· Hills, plateaues Granitoids,

Altisols Metamorphic

Red loamy- Hill slopes Metasediments

4.3 SOIL PROPERTIES :-

Soil is an unconsolidated aggregate of mineral and rock fraggments

ranging in size from tiny clay and silt particles to sand . It is generally confined to

maximum depth of 1.5 metres from the surface. It occurs in a three dimensional

body which develops naturally by action of natural forces acting on natural material

and under suitable physical, chemical and biological conditions and is able to

support vegetation growth (Rajora, 1998) In Chhattisgarh the soil are locally named

as Bhata, Matasi, Kanhar and Kachhar. The general properties are given in Table

4.2a The morphological and physical properties of Parri basin soil, have been

determined in the field and laboratory by Standard Pipetting method & textural

composition carried out. Soil samples of Parri Basin were collected from

representative soil zones so as to cover the entire basin. A total 15 samples

were collected air dried, hand meshed and cone quatering, the quantity 1 Kg

retained. About1 00 gm sample finally obtained and dried in oven at 110°C for 12

hours which is used for analysis.

Table 4.2 a

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS OF CHHATTISGARH

Soil Types

Bhata

1. Mechanical Compo.

Sand% 60-80

Silt% 15-22

Clay% 9-20

2. Bulk density (gm/cm3) 1.76-1-80

3. Soil Depth (em) 5-30

4. lnfiltrartion rate(cm/hr) 5-7

5. Field capacity (%) 5-32

6. Wilting point (%) 3.40

7. Available water (Cm/m) 2.20

Ref : IG K V V, Raipur

Matasi

30-50

30-40

20-35

1 .50-1.65

30-80

0.6-3.0

17-35

8.70

8.70

Kanhar

20-30

20-30

45

1.30-1.65

150

2-2.5

37.00

20.20

16.80

" ' • . ' '.I-, ( L ~

2 15

21 !0'

21

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\ I \ ' \

\

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INDEX

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\ \

81 TO B3 BHATA

\

Kl TO K 6 KANHAR

Ml TO M3 MATAS!

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·-·-·-....

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FIG.4.2 Locat1on of So1L Samples & Stream Sediments.Rajnondgoon

21"

IS'

2f tO'

4.3.A. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS :

Under the physical characteristics of soils the morphological and

textural properties like soil texture, structure, density, porosity, shrinkage,

infiltration are important parameters. Morphological properties of soils of Parri

basin is illustrated in table (4.4) Soil texture is mainly associated with size of

mineral particles present in the soil and it represents the relative proportion of

various grain sizes of mineral particles. Soil structure is the arrangement of soil

particles in group or aggregate.

On the basis of soil particle size, following are the main soil size groups.

(Table 4.2b) (Sahu, 1990).

Soil separates

Gravel

Very coarse sand

Coarse sand

Medium sand

Fine sand

V.Fine sand

Silt

clay

Table 4.2b

SIZE GROUPING OF SOIL PARTICLES.

United states International

Dept!. of Agriculture Society of

Soil science

> 2 mm

1-2 mm

0.5-1.0 mm

0.25-0.5 mm

0.1-0.25 mm

0.05-0.10 mm

0.002-0.05 mm

<0.002 mm

> 2 mm

0.2-2 mm

0.02-0.2 mm

0.002-0.02 mm

<J.002 mm

4.3.8. TEXTURAL CLASSES :-

In soil texture the main determinants of physical properties are contents

of sand, clay and silt. On basis of the quantitative proportion of sand,silt and clay,

soils have been divided into different textural classes (Table4.3).The mechanical

composition of different soil clases are based on the proportion of sand,clay and

loam contents.

TABLE- 4.3

MECHANICAL COMPOSITION OF PRINCIPAL SOIL TYPES

S.No. Soil Class Composition

Sand% Silt% clay%

1 . Sand 88.5-100 0.00-75 0-9

2. Loamy sand 72-97 3-25 0-13

3. Sandy loam 66-92 0-13 8-21

4. Loam 49-80 9-25 11-26

5. Sandy clay loam 60-89 0-9 17-31

6. Silt 0-50 15-100 0-26

7. Silty loam 24-75 25-50 0-26

8. Silty clay 0-38 26-60 10-75

9. Silty clay loam 0-49 25-26 26-40

10 Clay loam 38-72 65-25 21-40

11 . Sandy clay 42.5-74 .Q-65 26-51

12. Clay 0-69 0-26 31-100

Most of the agricultural Soils contain some kind of loam.A sandy laom

is a loam in which sand in dominant. In clayey soil more than 50% clay particles

are present, silty soil contain more than 50% silts and sandy soils contain more

than 50% sandy particles.

The textural composition of soil samples of Parri basin have been plotted

in Textural Trilinear Diagram (Fig 4.3) Under textural nomenclature Kanhar, Matasi,

Bhata and Kachhari are synonymous with clay, clay loam, sandy loam and loamy

sand.

The physical properties of four major soil group of study area are

described as below-

BHATA SOIL:-

The lateritic or Bhata soil contains 61.52 to 64.84% sand, 13.65-

15.85% clay and 19.31 to 24.15 %, silt, are gravelly sandy to sandy loam in texture.

Red to reddish yellow colour is characteristics of Bhata Soil. Murrum (psolites)

are found on the surface. It occurs in isolated patches in physiographic high areas.

It acts good recharge zone for ground water and runoff zone for surface water

resource. Thickness vary from few em to 1.0 metre.

MATAS! SOIL :-

Matasi soil are light yellow or grey in colour. Texturally it is a clay loam.

In Parri basin it contains 17.40 to 25.76% sand, 26.26 to 31.88% clay and 43.44

to 56.34% silt. A layer of Murrum is generally found below the Matasi soil veneer.

This soil show slight acidic or neutral in reaction.

KANHAR SOIL :-

These soil are dark brown to black in colour. In textural composition it

contains 59.30 to 75.32 % clay, 13.63 to 30% silt and 7.55 to 20.55% sand. The

soil thickness is greater than other soils. It resembles black cotton regur soil and

develop cracks when it dry. Generally cracks vary 0.5 metre to 0.75 metre depth

and 3 to 5 em wide. This is due to high clay content.

KACHHARI OR ALLUVIAL SOIL:-

The alluvial soil is deposited along the rivers by flood water as largely

occurs adjacent to Seonath river. it contains 38.95% sand, 25.53% silt and 35.52%

clay in Hardi village sample. Under texture class Kachhari soil of the study area

fall under loamy sand category.

From the soil mechanical analysis interpretation of Parri Basin,

Rajnandgaon, It is observed that sand proportion is low (14.03) and clay proportion

is high (64.80%) than regional average value in case of Kanhar Soil. The silt

composition (48.66%) constitute just above the average value in Matasi soil.

TABLE 4.4

PHYSICAL (MOPHOLOGICAL) PROPERTIES OF SOILS OF PARR! BASIN

S.NoPhysical Soil Types

Properties Bhata Matasi Kanhar

1 Colour Red, Dark Red, Yellow Dark, grey

Brown Black

2 Texture Gravelly Coarse Sandy loam Clayee

Sandy to Loamy

3 Structure Hard, Compact Angulate Angular, blocky

no Structure Polygonal Blocks

4 Lime concretion Absent Absent Abundant

5 Other concretion Ferrugenous, low iron High black

Gravel, Psiolites Concretion Iron conceration

High

6 Consistency Non Sticky less sticky '-'e ry sticky &

Nor Plastic Non plastic very plastic

7 Profile Depth Thin very ShalloVI Thick Moderate Deep

Capping Moderate (1-2.0 metre)

(10cmto1mt.) (50 cm-1 mt.)

8 Development of Absent Shallow Bhakra or Sink

Cracks Cracks Holes & Deep

9 1 nternal Rapid Moderate Slow

Drainage

10 Reaction with No effervances Eflervances Effervances

ACid (HCL) in Last Horizon throughout.

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tap

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lan

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8

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Mo

ha

ra

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25

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4

3.4

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15

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i M

ata

si 1

7.4

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56

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6.2

6

ttl.::., ~50

60

~ Sand

100

90 ,~

so .

Silty Clay uill4 o

~Z>' Clay ~

20

- '.&> = = =

FIG. 4.3

Sandy Clay Loa

0 1 Loam 0 °b3 Silt Loam

b2 Sandy Loam

QC ..... a-- Ul .. ..., = = = = = =

Percent Sand

alto aJ Kachhari blto b3 Bhata

mlto mJ Matasi

klto k6 Kanhar

N

=

TEXTURE OF SOILS: PAAAI BASIN

Silt \~~

-=

4.3.C. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:·

The Chemical characteristics pH and electrical conductivity of different

soil of Parri basin have been determined (Table 4.6) For pH and EC determination

a soil water suspension 1:5 by weight was prepared and the pH and EC was

directly recorded using a digital pH meter (model century CP 901 P) and

conductivity meter (Model Century CC 601 ).

The pH and electrical conductivity are key parameters which affects

the functionality of the soil. The analysis reveals that the Bhata and Matasi soil

indicates weakly acidic (5.6 to 6.34), Alluviul I Kachhari shows slightly acidic to

neutral (5.91 to 7.61) whereas Kanhar represents slightly alkaline (7.65-8.38)

The fertility of the soil is significantly influenced by pH. Under low pH

most of the nutrients are more soluble and they are leached rapidly in acid

condition. With increase in acidity the leaching increases and it losses the

nutrients. It also affects the activity of soil organisms.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY:-

The electrical conductivity of soil increases with soluble salt contents.

The results obtained from Parri basin soil show low electrical conductance. Soil

salinity is apprising by electrical conductivity. A saline soil is a soil having a

conductivity of saturation extract greater than 4.0 m S cm-1 and exchangeable

sodium percentage less than 15. (WMF, 1992)

In Parri basin, Kanhar soil shows 0.48 to 0.165 milli mho/em whereas

in Bhata soil it ranges from 0.043 to 0.070 milli mho/cm.Kachhari soil has 0.075

to 0.164 milli mho/em conductance.

TA

BL

E 4

.6

CH

EM

ICA

L P

RO

PE

RT

IES

OF

SO

ILS

Ch

em

ical P

rop

ertie

s S

. No.

Sa

mp

les N

o.

Lo

catio

n

So

il Typ

e

pH a

t 25

°C

E em

mh

o/e

m

1 P

BK

1

Sirsa

hi

Ka

nh

ar

7.6

5

0.0

50

2 P

BK

2

Pe

nd

ri K

an

ha

r 7

.94

0

.04

8

3 P

BK

3

Mo

ha

ra

Ka

nh

ar

7.81 0

.15

4

4 P

BK

4

Ra

jna

nd

ga

on

K

an

ha

r 8

.38

0

.16

5

Alka

line

5 P

BK

5

Kh

ursip

ar

Ka

nh

ar

7.9

3

0.1

10

6 P

BK

6

Gh

atu

l K

an

ha

r 8

.20

0

.16

0

7 P

BB

1

Tikra

pa

ra

Bh

ata

5

.60

0

.05

4

8 P

BB

2

Bich

arp

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Bh

ata

6

.16

0

.05

4

we

akly a

cidic

9 P

88

3

Re

ng

aka

the

ra

Bh

ata

6

.34

0.061

10

P

BA

1 S

ing

hd

eh

i K

ach

ha

ri 7.61

0.1

64

11 P

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ga

on

K

ach

ha

ri 6.81

0.0

75

a

cidic to

alka

line

12

P

BA

3

Ha

rdi

Ka

chh

ari

7.7

2

0.1

42

13

P

BM

1

Ga

tap

arka

lan

M

ata

si 6

.05

0

.06

6

14 P

BM

2

Mo

ha

ra

Ma

tasi

6.1

8

0.0

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kly acid

ic

15

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3

Tila

i M

ata

si 5.91

0.0

43

4.4 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOIL :-

Four principal soil types occur in the study area i.e. Bhata, Matasi,

Kanhar and Kachhari. In the study area the soil are derived from Raipur limestone,

Deodongar sandstone and Gunderdehi shale. A soil distribution map has been

prepared (Fig.-4.4) using Remote Sensing data. The IRS Satellite imegery FCC

on 1.125,000 scale has been used. The Spatial pattern of soil reveals that Kanhar

soil predominate the terrain, followed by Matasi, Bhata and Kachhari soil. (Table

4. 7). The lighter soils, like Bhata or lateritic soil occurs as isolated patches in the

uplands, mainly over water divide of the catchments. The long time span of

weathering and relatively low relief are the main cause of predominance of Kanhar

soil (heavier soil) in Parri basin.

BHATA SOIL :-

The Bhata soil (lateritic) occurs in isolated patches in water divide zones

and capped the uplands. It covers 385 hectare of the Parri basin. It appears dark

grey coloured,coarse textured, forms small isolated patches on FCC imagery and

can easily be recognized by their colour and shape.

MATAS! SOIL :-

It is found in small narrow strips and occurs between mounds and

lowlying undulating plains. It extends over 4722 hectare i.e. 20% of the basin

area . It seems as light mottled texture, light brown to yellowish in colour and

occurs adjacent to Bhata soil on FCC.

KANHAR SOIL:-

This soil type is most widely distributed over the basin area. It covers

77.98% area and spread over 18326 hectare. It occurs mainly in the lowtying and

I

2

\r~\

llllllllllllllllllllll

LPUR

s o'

IN DE X

LATERITE SOIL

MATASI SOIL

KANHAR SOil_

KACH HA81 SOl L

seale

15 0 10i<M I I I

RRI KALAN

]"

Is·

FIG . ..JA Soil Distribution in Parri Basin,Rajnandgaon

valley regions & undulating plains. On FCC it appears dark grey, greenish grey

with fine texture and greasy in appearance.

KACHHARI SOIL:-

This soil shows limited extent along banks. It occurs as linear belt in

lower reaches & confined to the flood plains But along both sides of Seonath river

it occurs as strip. It covers 67 hectare of basin area. It shows light to dark brown,

yellow colour, smooth textured and represented by cultivated land.

TABLI~ 4.7

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL IN PARRI BASIN

S. No. Soil Type Area in Hectare %Area

1 . Bhata 385 1.63

2. Matasi 4,722 20.09

3. Kanhar 18,326 77.98

4. Kachhari 67 0.28

Total 23,500 100%

4.5 SOIL CATENA & PROFILE:-

The occurrence and distribution of soil in Parri basin represents soil

catena which consists of a sequence of soil profile and characterized by varying

topography, slope and drainage conditions. A catena is a succession of soil, down

a slope (Gupta, 1992) From upland to undulating plains and valleys. The physical

properties of soil changes. Depending upon geologic material sediment formation

the topo sequence of a particular catena develops pedomorphic surface

(Thornbury, 1969) In the Parri basin the soil ·texture becomes heavier, colour

darkens and thickness increases with the profilic sequence of the terrain. The

different soil types of Parri basin, their characteristics and associated landforms

has been correlatied (Table 4.8) This study reveals the pedomorphic surface of

of soil and their catenary nature in the study area Soil catena is primary fuction

of the factor of relief, together with the indirect effects of relief upon hydrology

(Young, 1976).

S. No.

1 .

2.

3.

4.

TABLE 4.8

SOIL TYPES, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND

ASSOCIATED LANDFORMS IN PARRI BASIN

Soil Type Textural Thickness Landforms

characteristics

Bhata Reddish brown Few em to1 m. uplands dissected

stony, sandy soil mound upper

pediments

Matasi Yellow, sandy 1 to 2m. Lower pediment

soil with clay & pediplains

Kanhar Dark Grey 1 to 3m. Buried pediplains

Black, Clayey soil & lowlying areas

Kachhari Light yellow to 1 to< 5 m River valley

(Alluvial) whitish sandy Alluvial flat, plain

clay loam & river, bank and

& sandy loam river bed

SOIL PROFILE:-

Soils are characterized by horizons, i.e. distnctive weathered zone,

parallel to the surface of ground that are produced by soil forming process.

(Bloom, 1992) Another view is that soil is rock detritus present on the surface of

the Earth, Which have been produced by sufficient weathering by physical, chemical

and biological processes. Regolith is applied to broken rocks. (Iegge!. 1967). The

Soil profile of Parri basin represents distinct horizons A, B, C and R displayed in

plate 4.3 . The upper organic horizon o is demarcated in plate 4.1. These profile

indicates presence of mature soil in Parri basin, as the soil horizons are well

developed and be easily recognised in section. The characteristics of soil profile

horizons are as follows :-

A-HORIZON :-

This horizon lies immediately below the ground surface and its thickness

vary from 0.35 to 0.5 metres. It is also called eluvial (washed out) horizon. This

is the horizon of maximum biological activity where organic matter has

accumulated. This horizon is characterised by abundant root, organic material

and mixed with mineral detritus from which clay , iron or alumini,lr ~arried

down into B-horizon.

B-HORIZON :-

In soil profile of Parri basin this horizon is well developed (1.8 metre

thick) and charactrized by enrichment of clay or iron or aluminium minerals. The

upper most part 81 contains the presence of organic matter & clay, whereas 82

shows the presence of clay, iron oxide, few roots and prismatic or blocky structure

major biological activity occurs in this horizon.

C-HORIZON:-

It consists of weathered material. The distinctive structure of parent

material like angular, blocky and prismatic aggregation are not present but partly

decomposed minerals present in abundance. In Parri basin soil profile of Kanhar

so1l, cons1sts oxidized mottled soil material, almost without roots. The thickness

of this horizon is found 1.65 metres. Oxidized soil material is slightly altered.

A-HORIZON :-

This is underlying parent material bedrock shale formation. it is

measured 0.75 metres in profile as laminated shales.

4.6 SEDIMENT ANALYSIS :-

The stream sediments of Parri basin have been collected, and analysed

to know the depositional environment of sediments because,this largely influence

the stream run off, surface water resources, water conservation structure and its

performance. Parri Nadi from leaf shaped basin, which flows NW to SE direction

and join the Master Seonath river. This type of fern like elongated basin are very

susceptible to flood discharge. The sediment carrying capacity of Parri Nadi is

apparantely low due to rolling plains and very low gradient terrain (0-3° slope)

Sediments have not trasported to a long distance as evidenced by widening of

stream channel in last 10 km. length, similar condition exist in flood plains, 18

km. distance from confluence point.

The sediments samples were collected to known various wain size

distribution. The distribution of particle size in sediment is a function of 1) the

availability of different size of particles in the parent material 2) The process

operating where the particles were deposited. (Gerald, Friedman, 1982) The

stream sediment samples of Parri basin, collected from junction of loworder

streams and main stream trunk at suitable interval covering the entire stream

channel course. One sample is also taken from master river Seonath (fig.4.2)

For grain size analysis of sediments mechanical sieve methods were adopted. A

automatic sieve shaker with 8" dia used. Aller drying the samples (2 Kg.)

processed by coning and quartering, 40 grams of sediment weighed and shaked

tor 10 minutes using BSS 8, 16,22,25,52, 120,170,200,240,300,400 & bottom pan

TA

BL

E 4

.9

ME

CH

AN

ICA

L (S

IEV

E A

NA

LY

SIS

) OF

SE

DIM

EN

TS

BS

S

Part1cle s1ze G

rade <!>Scale

S1eve openrng

Separate W

t. in grams.

Wt. %

I Cum

mulative W

t. %

No

s1ze mm

m

m

S3 S

5 SB

S9 S

10 S3

S5 SB

S9

S10

21.228 18.1 07

35.337 24.33

8.767 8

2.00 above-2.00

-2.0

0

8.491 7.240

14

.13

5

9.732 8

.76

7

21.228 18.107

35.337 24.33

8.767

16 1.00

2.00-1.00 -1

.00

14.986

17.740 7

.79

7

14.744 1

3.2

85

37.392

44.350 19.492

36.86 13.285

58.62 62.45

54.829 61.19

22.032

22 0.71

1.00-0.71 0

.00

4.657

11.715 5

.22

5

12.510 1

5.9

12

11.594

29.287 13.062

31.275 15.912

70.214 91.73

67.891 92.465

37.464

25 0.60

0. 71-0.60 +

0.0

4

1.333 1.424

0.7

81

0.500

3.9

50

3.333

3.56 1.952

1.25 25.352

73.547 95.29

69.842 93.715

67.766

52 0.30

0.60-0.30 +

0.0

6

6.139 1.393

4.4

91

2.234

25

.35

2

15.348 3.842

11.227 5.585

31.25 88.895

98.712 81.07

99.3 98.091

120 0.125

0.30-0.125 +

1.6

5

4.118 0.298

6.8

94

0.200

31

.42

5

10.256 0,745

17.235 0.5

1.00 99.151

99.517 98.305

99.8 99.691

170 0.090

0.125-0.090 +

3.0

0

0.067 0.066

0.4

70

0.025

1.0

00

0.169

0.165 1.175

0.0625 0.01

99.32 99.682

99.48 99.862

99.701

200 0.075

0.090-0.075 +

3.3

75

0.033

0.021 nil

nil 0

.01

0.084

0.052 nil

0.05 99.404

99.734 nil

99.751

240 0.068

0.075-0.068 +

3.6625 0.020

nil nil

nil 0

.05

0

0.051 nil

nil 0.05

99.455 nil

99.801

300 0.053

0.068-0.053 +

3.8125 0.018

nil 0

.05

8

0.025 0

.05

0

0.046 0.145

0.0625 0.025

I

99.501 nil

99.625 99.925

99.826

400 0.040

0.053-0.040 +

4.2

0.040

0.105 0

.04

9

0.01 0

.02

5

0.102 0.262

0.122 0.025

0.172 99.603

99.747 99.95

99.998

less than below

0.040 +

4.5625 0.980

nil 0

.10

0

0.02 0

.17

2

Bollom

Pan 0_040

0.246 nil

0.250 0.05

nil

Total

40.00 40.00

40

.00

40.00

40

.00

99.849

99.996 99.997

100.00 99.998

-

The opening size, grade in mm & in scale with respective weight is given in

table(4.9).

Grain size distribution is a very important property of sediments. it has

relationship with the physical forces involving the mechanism of transportation &

deposition of sediments. Particle size is related to the dynamic condition that

occured during the transport period The data obtained from mechanical analysis

are used to draw cummulative curve (Fig4.5) . Analysis of sediments has

emphasised the evaluation of deposition and transportation history of sediments

(Sahu, 1964, Reineck & Singh, 1980, Folk & Ward 1957, Folk 1966, Durah & Das,

1997). The cummulative curve shows that the slopes of curves are variable. The

upper and middle reaches of Parri stream (plate 4.4) shows 70% coarser fraction

in lower gentle slope whereas lower reachs of stream and confluence sediments

contains more than 92% coarser fraction. The Seonath river deposited finer

sediments in comparison to Parri sediments. Seonath sediments contain only 40

% coarser fraction in sediments. In all cases finer fraction ranges between 1.00

to 2.5% by weight.

A Cummulative frequency curve on probability log sheet with size

classes in (phi) scale along the abscissa and cummulative weight frequency along

the ordinate has been plotted fig. 4.6 Transportation of sediments from source

area to the depositional site is expected to lead to a log normal distribution of

grain size. The slope of each straight line segment and the position of breaks

between segments reflect the mechanism of depostion. The plot shows log

normally distributed sediment populations by the three modes of transport &

traction (rolling & sliding, saltation (1 &2) & suspension population.

The position of truncation point help in understanding the nature of the

depositional processes. In curve the larger and central segment represent the

saltation sub population that moved in the water current by a jumping motion.

100

90

80

70

~ ) 60 .

>. ()

c Ill ::=! 'j 50 l> .... 1..

Ill > ~

40 53 Upper Parri Sediment

::J ---::J 58 Middle Pclrri Sediment ) 30 55 Lower Parri Sediment

S9 Confluence of Parri

20 s10 Seondth Sediments

10

2 0 2 3 4 s

Particle size ¢ Scale Units

FIG.4.5 CUMMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE OF SEDIMENTS

UJ > 1-<

9~9

99.8

99

98

9S

90

-J 10 :::> ~ :::> 5 <..>

2

1

05

02

01

coarse 2

C. T. Coarse Truncation Point

F.T. Fine Truncation Point

4 5 3 1 0

6 fine

PHI UNITS

FIG.4.6 LOG PAOBABJLJT Y CURVE OF PAARI & SEONATH SEDIMENTS

63

Rolling and sliding population shows 2 <P break. The analysis reveals

that saltation in Parri represent 0.7 <P breaks whereas Seonath having 1.6 <P

break. (Table 4.1 0}. The plots shows that the rolling, sliding and saltation are the

major process in sediment deposition of Parri Nadi whereas the suspension also

played some role in the deposition of sediments in Seonath river. The suspension

population reduces from 1.40% to 0.3% from upper reaches to lower reaches of

Parri Nadi which indicates sufficient carrying capacity of fine particles.

4.7 LANDUSE/LAND COVER DISTRIBUTION:-

Land use/ Land cover of a catchment largely determines the surface

sunoff, peak flood discharge of stream and surface water resource of the basin. A

Landuse map of the Parri basin has been prepared using remote sensing data

(L/SS II, FCC 2,3,4} by visual interpretation. In the catchment area, the land use/

cover comprises agriculture, fallow, urban and vegetation coverd arr>a & water

bodies It is found that the agricultural/and is dominated and it occupies about 3/

4th of the catchment (72.95%} vegetation is confined mainly to the riparian tract

of nalas, stream and wet zones. Major urban centre Rajnandgaon city is located

in the south west of basin and 2.90% urban area comes under parri catchment

(table 4.11 }.

2 5'

oC>l'<Pal pur

II AgriCultural Land

~ Fallow Land

Urban Land

st' o'

LAND USE Scale

1.6 0 1.5 KM

I KALAl:!.

RAJNANdQAON -' \,_ ..... -............ J

s o'

INDEX

[§] Vegetat1on

[;] water bodres

~ ~ River

FIG.-1.7 Land Use/ Land cover of Parri Basin

I'

151

21' 10'

••

Table4.10

o values of Coarse Truncation (C.T.) and Fine Truncation {F.T.) point and

Rolling, Saltating & Suspension Population %of Parri Basin Sediments

Sample location C.T. F.T. Rolling Saltation Suspension

No. in 0 in 0 in% in% in%

53 Upper Parri -10. 1.40 60 38.40 1.60

48 Middle Parri 00 1.70 66 32.80 1.20

55 Lower Parri 00 0.60 92 6.80 1.20

59 Confulence 00 0.70 92 7.70 0.30

510 Seonath 00 1.80 36 63.30 0.70

Table 4.11

LANDUSE I LAND COVER OF PARRI BASIN

S. No. Land Cover I Land Use Area in Hectare Area%

1. Agriculture 17145 72.95

(Including Temp. Fallow) (5433)

2. Fallow (waste land) 5370 22.85

3. Vegetation 89 0.37

4. Urban Settlement 682 2.90

5. Surface water bodies 214 0.91

Total 235,00

P LATE 4 .1 WELL DEVELOPED SOIL PROFILE SHOWING 0, A, B, C, & R HOR IZO NS , PADUMTARA.

PLATE 4 . 2 SOIL PROFILE SHO WI NG HORIZONS B, C, AND R AT KHAPRI tlt l I A I"! ~

PLAE 4.3 SOIL SECTION IN A WELL SHOWING A, B, C AND R HORIZONS, PRESENCE OF ROOT IN DEEPER DEPTH IN A HORIZON.

PLATE 4.4 COARSE SAND STREAM SEDIMENTS IN MIDDLE REACHES OF PARRI NADI, NAWACAON • KHAIRA SECTION ,