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4) Pose the focus questions to the group. Always allow enough time for students tothink about the questions before allowing them to give a response. Besure to geta variety of responsesbefore moving on to another question. Asa facilitator ofthe discussion, try not to inflict your beliefs on the rest of the group. Askforevidencefrom the text to support the student's stand. It is not important to cometo a conclusion on the issue.

5) Review and summarize the discussion. Students need a chance toprocess whatthey heard or observed. Generalizations about the themesdiscussed should beidentified so students can continue toprocess the information

6) Evaluate student and instructor performance through the use o f rubrics or ,checklists that are explained to students prior to the seminar.

How can this be adapted to my classroom?Elementary Secondary

use stories or nursery rhymes todiscuss themes such ascommunity, respect, or theimportanceo f rules

discuss science or math concepts( i f discussingmath, make sure itisa concept orproblem withmore than oneway toarriveatthe answer)

f,aY\= ' ^ ^

use picturebooks or otherliterature to identify anddiscuss themes importanttoour cultureor history(slavery, racism,etc)discuss controversialissues that arise in yourcontent area(immigration,prescription drugregulation, cloning,etc.)

ReferencesCopeland,M . (2005). Socratic circles: Fostering critical and creative thinking in middle and high school.Steinhouse.Estes, T., M in tz , S., & Gunter, M . (2011). Instruction: A models approach (6* ed.). Boston, M A : Pearson.Huckabee, M . (2008, September). Republican National Convention Speech. Speech presented atMinneapolis-St. Paul,M N .Verification and additional information found at http://www.snopes.com/glurge/nodesks.asp

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O n t h e f i r s t d a y o f s c h o o l i n 2 0 0 5 , M a r t h a C o t h r e n , at e a c h e r a t t h e J o e T . R o b i n s o n H i g h S c h o o l i n L i t t l e R o c k ,w a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t h e r s t u d e n t s w o u l d n o t t a k e t h e i re d u c a t i o n o r t h e i r p r i v i l e g e s a s A m e r i c a n f o r g r a n t e d . A n dw i t h t h e p r i n c i p a l o f h e r s c h o o l ' s p e r m i s s i o n , s h e r e m o v e da l l t h e d e s k s f r o m h e r c l a s s r o o m o n t h a t f i r s t d a y o f s c h o o li n 2 0 0 5 . , ^ . . ^ . , ,3 , ,N o w , t h e s t u d e n t s w a l k e d i n t o a n e m p t y c la s s r o o m a n d t h e ys a i d , " M s . C o t h r e n , w h e r e ' s o u r d e s k ? " S h e s a i d , " Y o u g e t ad e s k i n m y c l a s s r o o m w h e n y o u t e l l m e h o w y o u e a r n i t . "W e l l , s o m e o f t h e m s a i d , " M a k i n g g o o d g r a d e s . " S h e s a i d ," W e l l , y o u o u g h t t o m a k e g o o d g r a d e s i n m y c l a s s , b u t t h a tw o n ' t e a r n y o u a d e s k . " A n o t h e r s t u d e n t s a i d , " I g u e s s w eg e t a d e s k w h e n w e b e h a v e . " M a r t h a s a i d , "Y o u w i l l b e h a v ei n m y c l a s s r o o m . " B u t t h a t w o n ' t g e t y o u a d e s k e i t h e r . N oo n e i n f i r s t p e r i o d g u e s s e d r i g h t . S a m e f o r s e c o n d p e r i o d .B y l u n c h , t h e b u z z w a s a l l o v e r t h e c a m p u s . M s . C o t h r e nh a d f l i p p e d o u t , w o u l d n ' t l e t h e r s t u d e n t s h a v e a d e s k .K i d s s t a r t e d u s i n g t h e i r c e l l p h o n e s . T h e y c a l l e d t h e i rp a r e n t s . A n d b y e a r l y a f t e r n o o n , a l l f o u r o f t h e l o c a ln e t w o r k T V a f f i l i a t e s h a d c a m e r a c r e w s o u t a t t h e s c h o o l t or e p o r t o n t h i s t e a c h e r w h o w o u l d n ' t l e t h e r s t u d e n t s h a v e ad e s k u n l e s s t h e y c o u l d t e l l h e r h o w t o e a r n i t . B y t h e f i n a lp e r i o d , n o o n e h a d g u e s s e d c o r r e c t l y , s o t h e s t u d e n t s f i l e di n . M a r t h a s a i d , " W e l l , I d i d n ' t t h i n k y o u w o u l d f i g u r e i t o u t ,s o I ' m g o i n g t o t e l l y o u . "A n d w i t h t h a t , s h e w e n t t o t h e d o o r o f h e r c l a s s r o o m a n dm o t i o n e d , a n d i n w a l k e d o v e r 2 0 v e t e r a n s , s o m e o f t h e ms t i l l w e a r i n g t h e u n i f o r m s f r o m d a y s g o n e b y , e v e r y o n e o ft h e m c a r r y i n g a s c h o o l d e s k . A n d a s t h e y c a r e f u l l y a n dq u i e t l y a r r a n g e d t h o s e d e s k s i n n e a t r o w s , M a r t h a s a i d ," Y ou d o n ' t h a v e t o e a r n y o u r d e s k , b e c a u s e t h e s e g u y s ,t h e y a l r e a d y d i d . "

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Sc. ^Mtvyk e+lAtv pwrHcypants a v u t -fixiV / ' ^ < ? S '( V cWplcct+l'*^

- T h e s e b r a v e v e t e r a n s had g o n e h a l f w a y a r o u n d t heg i v i n g up t h e i r e d u c a t i o n , i n t e r r u p t i n g t h e i r c a r e e r s

so t h a t we c o u l d h a v e t he f r e e d o m t h a t wea t o l d t h e m , "No one c h a r g e d you for y o u r d e s k ,

u t it w a s n ' t r e a l l y f r e e . T h e s e g u y s b o u g h t it for y o u . An d Iyou n e v e r , e v e r f o r g e t i t . "from a speech given by forme r Arkansas governornd potent ia l pres ident ia l candidate Mike Huckabee on2, 2007 and again on September 3, 2008. It

the events In Cothren 's History class In 2005.] 'he Veterans of Foreign Wars chose Cothren as a Teacher of

Year in Arkansasfo r 2005-2006.

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