SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE CONSTRUCTION LABOUR MARKET:

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Chapter 8

Conclusion

8.1 Introduction

This research study on the social networks of migrant construction workers in the

construction labour market in Goa has attempted to make some contribution to the fields

of economic sociology, migration studies and labour studies. This chapter presents a

summary of the major findings of this study followed by its contributions, which have

been classified into theoretical contribution, methodological contribution and policy

implications. It concludes with limitations of the study and further scope for future

research.

8.2 Major Findings of the Study

This study on migrant workers in the construction labour market in Goa have

either confirmed some known facts about migrant workers or unearthed new findings

about their social networks in the construction labour market. The major finding of this

research is given below.

8.2.1 Relationship between Migration and HDI

Karnataka, being a neighbouring State, has been the source of a large number of

migrants to Goa on account of its relative prosperity and its proximity to the state. This

only confirms the neighbourhood effect of trends in migration. However, the

neighbourhood effect does not apply if one takes into account the districts from which the

migrant workers have come. The migrant workers entering the construction sector come

from relatively backward districts of Karnataka, especially those with low HDI index.

Therefore, though the neighbourhood effect in migration does exist to a certain extent, the

most important factor in migration the extent of backwardness of the region, which is

captured adequately through Human Development Indices. There is a distinguishable link

between migration and HDI values. People migrate from regions with low HDI to regions

with high HDI, even if these regions are quite far off.

203

8.2.2 Social profile of Migrant Labour

The casual labour market in the construction industry is pre-dominantly male

dominated. The construction labour force demands a great deal of hard manual labour

which can be largely performed by a youthful work force. The social profile of the

construction labour force indicates that the construction sector is an attractive

employment prospect for the poorest sections of society in India, like backward castes,

scheduled castes and Muslims. They come from families who are mainly landless or

small and marginal farmers.

8.2.3 Level of Educational Attainment of Migrant Labour

The overall picture of the level of educational attainment of construction workers

show that almost the entire migrant labour force in the construction sector have either not

gone to school or are dropouts not being able to complete their schooling. The migrant

workers who enter the construction labour market do not have the skills required for

being employed in the construction industry since they have just come out of schooling

and have had no formal vocational training in any trade. This study validates various

studies that expose the lacunae in the education system that unleashes a huge army of

unskilled labour to small islands of prosperity in India. Almost all migrant workers have

become skilled through on-the-job training and not through any formal training. This fact

underlines the need for a national effort to empower youth with vocational skills.

8.2.4 Living Conditions of Migrant Labour

Migrant workers often live in appalling conditions. The houses of two thirds of the

migrant workers who live in temporary tin shed structures are regarded as "kaccha"

houses of less than 250 square feet with poor sanitation facilities and hardly any personal

assets. The consumption expenditure of the migrant workers is just over $ 1 per day and

they live frugal lives in order to be able to send remittances back home.

8.2.5 Working Conditions of Migrant Labour

The working conditions of the migrant workers are quite pathetic. Many of them

have to work for more than eight hours every day of the week. The sanitation facilities are

204

poor and they do not even have first aid facilities. They are ignorant of labour laws and do

not have access to any form of collective bargaining making them vulnerable to

exploitation. This study reveals that though there are several legislations stipulating the

conditions of service for migrant workers as well as construction workers, the benefits of

these legislations have not reached them due to the failure to implement them and the lack

of political will to do anything for the welfare of migrant workers. This study also shows

that migrant workers are not even aware of the existence of such legislations.

8.2.6 No Collective Bargaining

This study reveals that migrant workers are not members of any trade union in

Goa. Since they are highly mobile and keep moving from one construction site to another,

they remain highly unorganised with very low network density. Consequently, they have

no access to any trade unions or any means for collective bargaining. The construction

companies have taken no initiatives to organise their workers as they can easily exploit

their vulnerability to demand more work for low wages.

8.2.7 Wage Rate of Casual Labour

The wage rate of casual labour in Goa is much higher than the corresponding

wage rates at the places of origin of migrant workers. This confirms the neo-classical

theories that wage differentials influence migration decisions. However, in spite of a

relatively high casual wage rate of migrant labour, it is still lower than the corresponding

wage rate of native labour. This finding re-affirms the findings of several studies in India

about the exploitation of migrant labour by construction companies, who view migrant

labour as a perennial source of cheap labour for their construction projects.

8.2.8 Social Networks Determine the Place of Destination

The findings of this study validate earlier studies on construction workers in Goa

that "push" factors involve poverty, unemployment or under-employment, low wages,

natural calamities, shrinking of agricultural land holdings due to increase in population

and other similar factors (Noronha, 1998). However, it is not sufficient for "pull" factors

in a region to merely be the existence of high demand for labour, high wages, low

205

unemployment and other such factors. The destination for migration is often influenced

by social networks of those willing to migrate. There are several other destinations in the

country such as Delhi and Kerala that also have high demand for labour and a high wage

rate. But the migrants who chose Goa as the destination of their migration did so because

there was a family member, relative, fellow villager, native friend or an acquaintance who

was working in Goa. The influence of social networks on the choice of place of

destination is applicable, not only to Goa, but to any developed region in the country.

Migrant workers, who are unskilled and have low educational attainment, depend on

kinship and friendship ties to reduce the costs and risks of migration and to ensure that

there is adequate social support system at the place of destination.

8.2.9 Migrant Labour Depends of Strong Ties

The poverty and the vulnerability of the migrant workers compel them to depend

on their social networks at every stage of their journey in the labour market which

includes labour market information, assistance for migration, entering the labour market,

on-the-job training, work allocation, borrowing, lending, friendship, communication and

sending remittances to native place. The findings of the study reveal that during the initial

stages before entry into the construction labour market, migrant workers depend heavily

on strong ties of family members and relatives. However, once they enter the construction

labour market, they depend on both strong as well as weak ties for their survival.

8.2.10 Reliance of Migrant Labour on Migrant Contractors

Sociograms of networks of migrant construction workers reveal that migrant

contractors play an important role in the life of migrant workers in the construction labour

market in Goa as they depend on him for labour market information, entry into the labour

market, allocation of work, access to credit or financial assistance and to build social

capital at the place of destination. These networks help reduce the cost and risk of

migration and help them to endure the difficult working and living conditions at the place

of destination.

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8.2.11 Upward Occupational Mobility of Migrant Self-employed Workers

Migrant self-employed workers do not have any formal qualification or training

for their skill. They have entered the construction labour market as casual workers and

acquired the necessary skill and experience in their occupation through on-the-job

training. They are older, more skilled and experienced in their occupation as they have

lived in Goa for a longer period of time. After having gone through the ordeal of entering

the construction labour market as a casual labourer, he has achieved upward occupational

mobility to become a self-employed worker with the social support and financial help of

his social networks. While his social networks assisted his upward occupational mobility,

his experience in his occupation over a period of several years helped him gain the

competence required to be a successful entrepreneur in the construction labour market.

8.2.12 Role of Migrant Self-Employed Workers in the Construction Labour

Market

Migrant self-employed workers in the construction industry in Goa play a

uniquely crucial role in the construction labour market. In order to survive in the place of

destination a migrant self-employed worker develops his social capital by having a

network of relations comprising of family members, relatives, friends, fellow villagers

and locals. The social support network among migrant self-employed construction

workers range from very close-knit highly cohesive networks to loosely knit less cohesive

ones. Migrant self-employed workers exhibit homophilous relationship among fellow

self-employed workers from the same socio-cultural background and of the same

occupation.

Social networks of migrant self-employed workers play an important role in

recruiting and training migrant workers in specialised occupations required by the

construction industry. Consequently, migrant workers from specific regions in the country

are found to have developed the expertise in particular skills and occupations without any

formal training or qualification. This study found that migrant self-employed employers

as well as migrant workers, who were engaged in tile-fitting in the construction industry

in Goa, came from a specific region in Malda District of West Bengal.

Ego networks of migrant self-employed workers reveal that they depend on strong

networks with builders, engineers, fellow self-employed workers, their own skilled and

207

unskilled migrant labour and their social networks at the place of origin. Finally, his

functions in the construction labour market include entering into contracts with builders,

assessing demand for labour, recruiting labour, organizing work at construction sites,

making financial arrangements with builders as well as workers and facing the challenges

of the labour market.

8.2.13 Network Linkages of Migrant Self-Employed Workers with Construction

Companies and Migrant Labour

Ego networks of migrant self-employed workers reveal that they depend on social

networks consisting of builders, engineers, fellow contractors, workers and persons in his

native place in order to be a successful contractor in the Goan labour market. However, in

order to be a successful entrepreneur, he employs migrant construction workers, who

have to depend totally on their relationship with him for physical and socio-economic

security. He provides them with the necessary social and financial support to survive at

the place of destination. More importantly, he is a bridge between the construction

companies or builders and the migrant labourers. On the one hand, he provides cheap

migrant labour for construction companies; while on the other hand, he provides

employment and the necessary social support and social security for migrant labourers.

8.2.14 Networks of Migrant Workers from Malda

The findings of migrant construction workers from Malda District of West Bengal

reveal that it is one of the backward districts of West Bengal where there is hardly any

industrial development and therefore lacks employment opportunities. The casual wage

rate for agricultural and non-agricultural labour is also lower than other regions. Besides,

the region is flood-prone as rivers regularly overflow and break their banks causing a lot

of hardship for the people. Widespread poverty and even distress among families

contributed to the migration of people from the District. However, the main reason for

migration to Goa for employment is due to the strong social network links between Malda

District and those who have migrated to Goa. There have been early migrants who came

to Goa in late 1980s and early 1990s. This resulted in chain migration of people coming

to Goa to take advantage of the demand for labour in the booming construction industry.

While initial migrants may have used weak ties to come to Goa, the present trend has

208

been the use of strong ties of family members, relatives, neighbours or fellow villagers to

go to Goa. The ties between migrant workers in Goa and people in the native places

remain strong on account of annual home visits and remittances sent by migrant workers,

which have enhanced the living standards and purchasing power of families in the native

villages. The constant movement of people between Malda and Goa has established

strong links between two distant regions in the country. The youth of Malda are a

constant source of cheap labour supply for the labour markets in Goa. However, most of

the migrant workers return home trying to explore livelihood options in native villages

due to homesickness or the inability to sustain a rigorous lifestyle of hard work for a long

period of time. In spite of the many challenges faced by migrants in Goa, many families

try to ensure that there is at least one migrant worker in the family who will remain

employed in Goa and send remittances to support the family. Consequently, there

continues to remain social networks of strong ties that exist between the people of Malda

and migrant workers from Malda working in Goa.

8.3 Theoretical Contributions

The earliest contribution to migration studies came from Ravenstein, where he

formulated the laws of migration. The Push-Pull framework of analysis of migration was

a development of Ravenstein's laws of migration. Classical and neo-classical economic

approaches used economic variables such as wage differentials and unemployment levels

to validate the Push-Pull theoretical approach (Harris and Todaro, 1970). This research on

migrant construction workers in Goa provides further development to the Push-Pull

model of understanding migration. The findings of this study validate earlier studies on

construction workers in Goa that "push" factors involve poverty, unemployment or under-

employment, low wages, natural calamities, shrinking of agricultural land holdings due to

increase in population and other similar factors (Noronha, 1998). However, it is not

sufficient for "pull" factors in a region to merely be the existence of high demand for

labour, high wages, low unemployment and other such factors. The destination for

migration in influenced by social networks of those willing to migrate. There are several

other destinations in the country such as Delhi and Kerala that also have high demand for

labour and a high wage rate. But the migrants who chose Goa as the destination of their

migration did so because there was a family member, relative, fellow villager, native

friend or an acquaintance who was working in Goa. Migrants, who are unskilled and have

209

low educational attainment, depend on kinship and friendship ties to reduce the costs and

risks of migration and to ensure that there is adequate social support system at the place

of destination. Therefore, the first theoretical contribution to the Push-Pull analytical

framework for migration studies that has emerged from this study is that social networks

of migrants, who are unskilled and have low educational attainment level, depend on their

social networks of kinship and friendship ties to determine the place of destination for

migration.

The second theoretical contribution of this study is derived from Gunnar Myrdal's

theory of cumulative causation (Myrdal, 1944), which has been extensively used in

development studies to explain various phenomena including the vicious cycle of poverty

in developing countries. Piore (1979) used this theory of cumulative causation to explain

the phenomenon where migration of workers into a particular labour market leads to the

withdrawal of "native" workers from the labour market due to the change in the social

definition of work and cultural labelling of a particular work as "migrant" jobs, thus

creating a perennial structural demand for "migrant" workers in the labour market. This

research on migrant construction workers has theoretically hypothesized another process

of cumulative causation based on the findings of the report of National Commission for

Enterprises and Unorganised Sector (NCEUS, 2007) which states that the availability of

surplus migrant labour brings down the wage rate. The findings of this study of migrant

construction workers, who also are classified as 'unorganised labour', reveal that the wage

rate of migrant workers is less than the casual wage rate in Goa according to NSSO

reports. This finding underlines the phenomenon that construction companies prefer

cheap labour offered by migrant workers in the construction labour market as the wage

rate of "native" workers is much higher. Since "native" casual workers are not prepared to

work for a low wage rate, they have been moving out of the construction labour market,

resulting in the phenomenon of cumulative causation, where there is a perennial structural

demand for "migrant" workers in the casual labour market of the construction industry in

Goa.

The third theoretical contribution is a development of the network theories on the

basis of the homophily principle, that is having ties with those with similar traits such as

age, gender, race, caste, class or occupation. This study on social networks of migrant

construction workers reaffirms the homophily hypothesis. The finding that migrant

workers with similar socio-cultural background tend to have stronger ties resonates with

210

the social identity theory (Turner and Oaks, 1989) that suggests that individuals tend to

relate to those sharing the same "social identity" with the focal person (Monge et al,

2003). Similarly, the finding that migrant self-employed workers with similar occupation

have stronger ties than those with different occupations echoes Feld's (1981) activity

focus theory which argues that individuals engaged in similar activities are more likely to

interact more often than others. However, the theoretical contribution of this thesis is a

nuanced understanding of the theories of physical proximity in migration studies. The

findings of this study of migrant self-employed construction workers reveal that migrant

workers whose families reside in closer proximity at the place of origin, tend to have

stronger ties in the place of destination.

Another theoretical development from this research is the based on Granovetter's

thesis on "Strength of Weak Ties" (1973), which hypothesizes that labour market

information is more likely flow more quickly through networks with weak ties rather than

strong ties. In the context of migrant construction workers in Goa, the findings indicate

that a large majority of migrant workers depend on strong ties for jobs, labour market

information and other needs in the construction labour market in Goa. Since the migrant

construction workers have low educational attainment and no formal skill formation, they

need to depend on networks of strong ties to enter into the construction labour market and

sustain themselves in the construction industry in Goa.

8.4 Methodological Contribution

The study of social networks of migrant workers in the construction industry in

Goa required a unique methodology that would unravel the significance of migrant

workers in the construction labour market in Goa.

The three stage research design has been a serious attempt to collect as much

information about migrant workers in the construction industry in Goa as well as their

roots at their place of origin. The first stage presented the general characteristics of

migrant construction workers, while the second stage was a detailed study of migrant self-

employed workers, who play a crucial role in the construction labour market by providing

labour to construction companies and at the same time providing gainful employment

with necessary social support for migrant workers coming to Goa in search of

employment. Since a study of migrant workers at the place of destination is incomplete

211

without understanding their roots at their place of origin, a case study of migrant workers

from Malda District of West Bengal was conceptualised as a third stage to bring this

research to completion.

Most research on migrant workers uses qualitative methods or quantitative

methods. Some researches adopt the mixed methodology of both, qualitative as well as

quantitative methods. However, the main methodological contribution of this study has

been the use of social network analysis. The sociograms generated through network

software programs have revealed the various networks of migrant workers that exist in

the construction labour market in Goa. Though simple measures of degree, connectedness

and network density was used to understand relationships at different stages in the labour

market, such as information, job seeking, work allocation, friendship and credit seeking.

Similarly, sociograms of migrant self-employed workers in the construction industry in

Goa revealed their social support mechanism and the homophilous relationship that exist

with migrant workers of the same occupation and from the same place of origin. Ego

networks of migrant construction workers using multiplexity of ties has also been an

innovative way of understanding the strength of different types of relationships migrant

self-employed workers have in the construction labour market.

8.5 Implications of the Study

Migrant workers working in the construction industry come from backward

regions of the country and belong to the weakest sections of society. They belong to the

economically poor families and socially backward communities. They are unskilled and

have low educational attainment levels. Therefore, this study highlights the inadequacies

of the various legislations and government schemes that are implemented for their

welfare.

Firstly, this study validates various studies that expose the lacunae in the

education system that unleashes a huge army of unskilled labour to small islands of

prosperity in India. Almost all migrant workers have become skilled through on-the-job

training and not through any formal training. This fact underlines the need for a national

effort to empower youth with vocational skills.

Secondly, this study reveals that though there are several legislations stipulating

the conditions of service for migrant workers as well as construction workers, the benefits

212

of these legislations have not reached them due to the failure to implement them and the

lack of political will to do anything for the welfare of migrant workers. This study also

shows that migrant workers are not even aware of the existence of such legislations.

Thirdly, since migrant workers are highly mobile and keep moving from one

construction site to another, they remain highly unorganised and do not have any means

for collective bargaining. This study reveals that migrant workers are not members of any

trade union in Goa. Organising migrant construction workers and other unorganised

workers is a herculean task for policy makers as well as trade unions.

8.6 Limitations of the Study and Future Scope

This study has various limitations and there is a lot of scope for further research

on social networks of migrant workers.

Firstly, this study has ignored the gender dimension of migrant labour. Though the

occupations in construction industry are male dominated, there are a large number of

female labour who work alongside their male counterparts but are underpaid. Besides, the

specific issues related to female labour have not been addressed in this study. There is a

lot of scope to study the role of gender in labour relations and other issues related to

migrant female labour force in labour markets, including the construction labour market.

The second limitation of the study is that only simple measures of social network

analysis were used to analyse the sociograms of networks of migrant construction

workers. There is a lot of scope for using more advanced methods of social network

analysis in order to make a deeper and more detailed analysis of networks of migrant

workers.

The third limitation of the study is the limited use of statistical analysis to analyze

the data. In this study only descriptive statistics were used in data anlysis. There is a lot of

scope for more advanced statistical analysis of data using a larger sample of migrant

workers in the construction industry in Goa or any other part of India.

213

Appendices Appendix 1: Descriptive Statistics of Migrant Construction Workers in Goa

Variable Respondents Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Age 122 15 60 25.70 8.68

Family Size 122 1 14 5.91 2.48

Time taken to learn skill (in

months)

92 1 60 17.82 15.34

Daily wage 110 50 320 147.59 47.22

Daily wage (native place) 34 50 200 75.29 31.65

Monthly Household Income 121 1300 19000 5729.75 3284.12

MPCE 118 500 5000 1739.83 728.09 Number of Friends in Goa 122 0 8 2.78 1.73

Number of persons brought for

construction work

121 0 25 1.37 4.38

Number of persons residing in

the house

122 1 21 4.38 3.12

Number of family members

residing in native home

121 0 10 3.3 1.81

Land Holding in Ha. 122 0 30 1.63 4.30

N = 122; Source: Primary data from field survey of construction sites in Goa.

Appendix 2: Descriptive Statistics of Migrant Self-Employed Workers in the Construction Industry in Goa

Profile Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Age 21 40 31 5.66

Family Size 3 11 5.32 1.91

Number of workers 2 50 9.16 9.16

Years of schooling 0 11 7.48 2.42

Year of arrival 1986 2005 1997.44 5.46

Duration of training in skill 9 months 10 years 2.82 2.14

Years working in Goa 3 22 11.52 5.84 Years in Construction Industry 5 22 12.72 5.19

Duration working as Contractor 1 month 13 years 5.2 3.84

Years to become Contractor 3 16 7.88 3.47

Annual Income 60,000 3,00,000 1,23,500 57,574.12

Annual family Income 60,000 3,00,000 1,39,200 58,586.12

Annual Consumption Expenditure 18,000 1,50,000 67,458.33 32,285.38

Annual Savings 0 1,20,000 30,375 35,482.77

Annual Remittances 0 70,000 25,666.67 23,479.25

N = 25; Source: Primary data on migrant self-employed workers in the Construction Industry in Goa

214

Migrant Networks

* Job network

Social Support

* Friendship Network

Relations with

Place of Origin * Remittances

* Contacts

* Visits

Migrant Worker * Temporary

* Seasonal

* Permanent

Financial Support

* Credit Network Market-related Information

* Information Network

Conditions in

Native Place *Family *Land *House *Assets

*Basic Amenities

Living Conditions in

Goa * Family * Land * House * Assets * Basic Amenities

* Health & Nutrition

Working Conditions * Weekly Off * Basic Facilities

* First Aid

* Protective Gear

Cumulative Causation * Social Labelling

* Lower wage of migrants

Construction Labour Market * Labour Demand

* Wage Rate

Organization * Work Allocation

Network

Legal Provisions * Migrants * Construction

Workers

* Labour Laws

Native Labour * Literate * Regular wage

* High wage

Construction Companies * Reduce costs * Increase profits

Theory of Surplus Value

Human Capital

*Skill formation

Push Factors * Poverty * No Employment

* Low wage

Pull Factors * Employment

* High wage

Infrastructure

Projects Real Estate Industrialization Tourism

Economic Growth

Appendix 3: Conceptual Map

Self Employed Employer of

Migrant Labour

Occupational Mobility *Human Capital/Skill *Financial Capital

*Experience

*Networks

215

Appendix 4 : Network Table of Sample Migrant Self-employed Workers in the Construction Industry

GO

VD

UT

TB

TA

PM

PU

LR

PR

AM

SU

BM

SH

US

PA

DM

MO

NH

DI

LM

MA

NA

BE

NS

SA

TC

RA

MS

KO

KB

RA

VB

DE

EB

VI

NR

MA

NR

VI

JB

HY

DA

SU

JB

MA

HS

NA

GB

SA

JK

GOVD 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 11

UTTB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

TAPM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PULR 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 3

PRAM 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 4

SUBM 11 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 11

SHUS 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PADM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 10

MONH 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

DILM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 11 4 5 5 4 5

MANA 11 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 10 11 5 2

BENS 3 4 5

SATC 4 5 6 6 4 6

RAMS 5 6 8 7 5 4 6

KOKB 5 6 6 9 5 4 7

RAVB 5 2 6 8 9 6 4 4 4 8

DEEB 4 7 5 6 5 6

VINR 4 5 4 5 3 1 4 7

MANR 4 4 4 4

VIJB 4 3 4

HYDA 1

SUJB 5 6 6 7 8 6 4 4 4

MAHS 7

NAGB

SAJK

Source: Derived from primary data on migrant self-employed workers in the construction industry in Goa.

216

Appendix 5 : Network Table of Sample of West Bengal Migrant Self-Employed Workers in the

Construction Industry

GO

VD

UT

TB

TA

PM

PU

LR

PR

AM

SU

BM

SH

US

PA

DM

MO

NH

DI

LM

SA

TC

KO

KB

RA

VB

DE

EB

HY

DA

SU

JB

GOVD 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10

UTTB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

TAPM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PULR 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PRAM 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

SUBM 11 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 10

SHUS 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PADM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12

MONH 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

DILM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 4 5 5 4 5

SATC 4 6 6 6

KOKB 5 6 9 5 7

RAVB 5 6 9 6 8

DEEB 4 5 6 6

HYDA

SUJB 5 6 7 8 6

Source: Derived from primary data on migrant self-employed workers in the construction industry in

Goa.

Appendix 6 : Network Table of Sample of Migrant Self-Employed Workers from Malda District GOVD UTTB TAPM PULR PRAM SUBM SHUS PADM DILM KOKB SUJB

GOVD 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10

UTTB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

TAPM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PULR 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PRAM 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

SUBM 11 10 10 10 11 10 10 10

SHUS 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PADM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12

DILM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 5 5

KOKB 5 7

SUJB 5 7


Goa.

Appendix 7: Network Table of Sample of Migrant Self-Employed Workers from Muchia Gram

Panchayat of Old Malda Block

GOVD UTTB PULR PRAM SHUS DILM

GOVD 10 10 11 10 10

UTTB 10 10 10 10 10

PULR 10 10 10 10 10

PRAM 11 10 10 10 10

SHUS 10 10 10 10 10

DILM 10 10 10 10 10


Goa.

217

Appendix 8: Network Table of Sample Migrant Self-Employed Tile Fitters

GO VD

UT TB

TA PM

PU LR

PR AM

SU BM

SH US

PA DM

MO NH

DI LM

MA NA

BE NS

MA HS

GOVD 10 10 10 11 11 10 10 10 10 11

UTTB 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

TAPM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PULR 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 3

PRAM 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 4

SUBM 11 10 10 10 11 10 10 10 10 11

SHUS 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

PADM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 10

MONH 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

DILM 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 10 11

MANA 11 10 10 11 11 11 10 10 10 11 5

BENS 3 4 5

MAHS


Goa.

Appendix 9: Network Table of Sample Migrant Self-employed Carpenters

SATC RAMS RAVB DEEB VINR MANR

SATC 5 6 4

RAMS 5 8 7 5 4

RAVB 6 8 6 4 4

DEEB 7 6 5

VINR 4 5 4 5

MANR 4 4


Goa.

218

Appendix 10: Multiple contents of ties of migrant self-employed worker (UTTB)

NODES A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Strength of Tie

BEDC 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

BRAM 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

BMOD 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2

EBHU 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

EKAP 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

EROH 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

EFRA 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

EPAR 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

EANK 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

CPUL 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

CPRA 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

CMON 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

CPAD 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

CTAP 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

CDIL 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

CSUB 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

CGOV 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

CMAN 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

CSHU 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

WMGO 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6

WMHO 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

WMCH 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

WHAJ 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

WHAM 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

WHJI 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

WHBI 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

WHPR 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

WHPA 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

WMUT 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

NBIR 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4

NPRA 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 10

A = Duration of relation, B = Number of construction projects, C = Annual financial turnover, D = Type of contact, E = Frequency of contact, F = Purpose of contact, G = Type of relationship,

H = Quality of relationship, I = Borrowing, J = Lending, K = Getting work, L = Work Allocation, M = Labour Market Information, N = Upward occupational mobility, O = Work relationship,

P = Friendship, Q = Financial help, R = Room sharing, S = Brought from native place, T = Support from native place, U = Labour market information in native place, V = Journey to Goa,

W = Influence to get employment, X = Entering labour market in Goa, Y = Training in Skill, Z = Remittances

219

Appendix 11: Map of Goa

Source: http://holiday-india.in/goa-map.html

220

Appendix 12: Map of Malda District, West Bengal

Source: http://www.calcuttaweb.com/maps/maldah.shtml

Copyright: 2001 calcuttaweb.com

221

Appendix 13: Interview Schedule for Migrant Construction Workers in Goa

Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)

Deonar, Mumbai. 400 088

A Study of Migrant Networks among Construction Workers in Goa

Name of Construction Site: Place

Name of Builder: Native Place:

Name of Architect: Native Place:

Name of Contractor: Native Place:

Name of Worker: Age: Sex:

Native place: District

State

Religion: Caste:

Married/Unmarried: With/without

family:

Family size: Spouse + M: F:

Mother Father Brothers

Sisters

Education: Illiterate /Just Literate / Primary (1-4) / Middle School (5-7)/ Secondary (8-

10)/ S.S.C.

H.S.S.C./ Graduation/ Diploma/Technical Tr./ Vocational Tr/ Any Other

(Specify)

Type of work:

Skill: Spervisor/Mason/Plasterer/Painter/Carpenter/Electrician/Wireman/Plumber/Tiles/

Steel fabrication / Any other (specify)

Were you trained before coming to Goa or did you learn at construction site

If skill learnt, how long it took to learn?

Under whose supervision? Name:

Family member/relative/friend/ contractor/any other (specify)

Household type: Self-employed / Regular wage – salary employed / Casual

Labourer

Mother Tongue: Speak Read Write

222

Other Languages: Speak Read Write

1. a. Reasons for leaving native place:

i. Poor economic conditions

ii. Lack of employment

iii. Lack of education

iv Meagre or no agricultural land

v. Lack of capital to start any work or business

vi. Low wages (How much?)

vii. Drought

viii. Natural Disasters

ix. Conflicts

x. Family Feud

xi. High Cost of Living

xii. Any Other (Specify)

b. Reasons for coming to Goa:

i. Better working conditions

ii. Higher Demand for Construction Workers

iii. Higher Wages (Specify)

iv. Proximity to Hometown

v. Presence of Relatives

vi. Following family members, relatives, friends who came before

vii. Better standard of living

viii. Any other (Specify)

2. Who gave information about work available in Goa:

Name:


223

3. Was there any person known to you working in Goa before you came.

Name:


4. How did you first come to Goa: (alone/ with other persons)

Name:


5. Through whom did you get this job ?

Name:


6. In which month/year did you come to Goa:

7. For how many months/years you have been working on this job?

8. Have you shifted from one job to another? Specify.

9. How many months in a year you work/stay in Goa.

10. Working days per month:

11. Who allocates you work:

Name:


12. Daily wage:

13. Monthly Household Income:

14. Do you send money home?: (yes/no)

15. To whom do you send money?

Name:


16. Do you save money?:

17.

18. From whom do you borrow money when in need?:

Name:


224

19. To whom do you lend money?:

Name:


19. How many persons have you brought from outside Goa to work in Goa?

No. Relationship

a. For construction work

b. For any employment

c. Family members

20. Who are your friends in Goa: (among construction workers + local people)

Name:


21. Who are not friendly to you in Goa: (among construction workers + local people)

Name:


22. Whom do you communicate with in native place:

Name:

Family member/relative/friend/any other (specify) (letters, phone calls, visits)

23. Are you part of any organization/Union? (yes / no) If yes, name it.

24. Participation in Union: Member / Attend meeting / office bearer / Join morchas

25. Are you aware of laws protecting migrants or construction workers? (yes/no)

If yes, which laws?

225

26. Living Conditions in Goa:

i. Accommodation: Own/ Rented/temporary housing at construction site

ii. House: kaccha / semi-pucca / pucca

iii. House size: sq. ft.

iv. Number of persons residing in the house:

Name: Relationship Occupation Income

v. Source of Lighting: Electricity / Kerosene

vi. Source of drinking water: tube well / dug well protected / dug well unprotected/

piped water

vii. Drinking water treatment: Filtering / Boiling / chemical / untreated

viii. Toilets Open space / insanitary latrine / sanitary latrine

ix Bathing place Open space / Open Bathroom / Closed Bathroom

x Removal of garbage: Daily / Weekly / Monthly / Not removed

xi Distance to nearest market,

xii. Election card,

xiii. Ration card

xiv Access to School K.G./ primary / secondary school / College

xv Access to Health Care: Govt. Hospital / Pvt. Hospital / Pvt. Doctor / Pharmacist

xvi. Diseases: Fever / Cold / Diarrhoea / Jaundice / Malaria /

xvii Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE):

xviii. Nutrition:

Milk Products Daily / Weekly / Occasionally / Never

Pulses Daily / Weekly / Occasionally / Never

Vegetables Daily / Weekly / Occasionally / Never

Animal Protein Daily / Weekly / Occasionally / Never

xix. Working Conditions:

Hours of work Below 8 hrs / 8 hrs. / 8-10 hrs. / Above 10 hrs

Overtime charges

Creche for Children

Canteen Facilities

Toilet

226

First Aid

Drinking Water

Weekly Off day

Payment of wages daily / weekly / monthly / irregular

Accident Expenditure Builder / Contractor / Worker

xx. Assets: T.V. / mobile,telephone / refrigerator / washing machine/ Sewing

Machine/ Gas cylinder /radio/ VCR,VCP/Thresher/Water Pump.

xxi Vehicle: Bicycle / Autorickshaw / Scooter / Motorcycle / Bullock Cart/ Car /

Jeep/ Tractor

xxii Livestock: Cows/ Bullocks / Buffaloes / goats / sheep / camel / pigs / poultry

20. Living conditions in native place.

i. Land in Ha.:

ii. Land use pattern: Cultivation / Plantation / kitchen garden / uncultivated

ii. House: Kaccha / semi-pucca / pucca

iii. Family Members Occupation Income

iv. Ration Card and access to PDS

v. Assets: T.V. / mobile,telephone / refrigerator / washing machine/ Sewing Machine/

Gas cylinder / radio/ VCR,VCP/Thresher/Water Pump.

vi. Vehicle: Bicycle / Autorickshaw / Scooter / Motorcycle / Bullock Cart/ Car / Jeep/

Tractor

vii. Livestock: Cows/ Bullocks / Buffaloes / goats / sheep / camel / pigs / poultry

General Remarks:

227

Appendix 14: Interview Schedule for Migrant Self-Employed Construction Workers



Name of Contractor:

Address: Taluka: District:

Contact No:

Number of workers: Age: Sex:

Native place: District: State:

Religion: 1=Hindu; 2=Muslim; 3=Christian; 4=Buddhist; 5=Other

Caste:

Social Category: 1=Upper Caste; 2=Middle Castes; 3=Backward Caste; 4=Scheduled

Caste; 5=Scheduled Tribe; 6=Low caste Muslim; 7=Other Muslim; 8=Christian; 9=Other

Marital Status: 1=Married; 2=Unmarried; 3=Divorced

Family size: If Married: Spouse: + Male children: Female children:

If Unmarried: Mother Father Brothers: Sisters:

Family Residence: 1=Staying with Family; 2=Family in Native Place

Years of schooling:

Education: 1=Illiterate; 2=Just Literate; 3=Primary Education (1-4); 4=Middle School

(5-7); 5=Secondary School (8-10); 6=S.S.C.; 7=H.S.S.C; 8=Graduate; 9=Post-Graduate;

10=Professional Degree; 11=Vocational qualification; 12=Diploma Technical Education;

13=Other (specify)

Skill: 1=Unskilled; 2=Skilled; 3=Apprentice

Main Occupation: 1=Construction worker; 2=Supervisor; 3=Mason; 4=Plasterer;

5=Painter; 6=Carpenter; 7=Electrician; 8=Wireman; 9=Plumber; 10=Tile Fitter;

11=Welder; 12=Other (specify)

Subsidiary Occupation/s:

CONFIDENTIAL Used For Research Purpose Only

Interview Schedule No.: ___________

Date:

228

Training: 1=Formal; 2=Trained on the job at construction site; 3=Apprentice on the job

at construction site; 4=Trained on the job in previous employment; 5=hereditary or family

occupation; 6=No skill required; 7=other.

Time taken to be trained in skill:

Mother Tongue: Speak Read Write

Other Languages: Speak Read Write

MIGRATION:

21. a. Reasons for leaving native place: (multiple responses)

1=Poor economic conditions; 2=Lack of employment; 3=Lack of education;

4=Meagre or no agricultural land; 5=Lack of capital to start any work or business;

6=Low wages; 7=Drought; 8=Natural Disasters; 9=Conflicts; 10=Family Feuds

11=High Cost of Living; 12=Following family members, relatives, friends who

went before;

13=Any Other (Specify)

b. Reasons for coming to Goa: (multiple responses)

1=Employment; 2=Better working conditions; 3=Higher Demand for Construction

Workers;

4=Higher Wages; 5=Proximity to Hometown; 6=Presence of Relatives;

7=Following family members, relatives, friends who came before; 8=Tourist

Destination;

9=Better standard of living; 10=Any other (Specify)\

EMPLOYMENT IN GOA

22. In which month/year did you first come to Goa for employment:

23. For the last how many months/years have you been working continuously in Goa?

229

24. Have you shifted from one occupation to another? Specify.

Occupation Contractor or

Company

Year Duration

25. For how many months/years you have been working in the construction industry?

26. For how many months/years you have been working as a labour contractor?

27. How many months in a year you stay in Goa?

28. How many months in the last one year you were engaged as a contrator?

29. Do you have subsidiary occupations?

1=yes; 2=no

30. If yes, then

Subsidiary Occupation Months in the year Annual Income Generated

31. How many months in the last year you were unemployed?

32. What do you do in times of unemployment?

1=go to native place; 2= take odd jobs; 3=Survive on family support; 4=Survive on

personal savings; 5=Other

33. Working days per month:

34. Daily wage: or Average monthly income:

35. Nature of payment: 1=Daily wage; 2=Monthly salary; 3=Area of work; 4=Piece rate;

5=Not fixed.

230

36. Annual Household Income:

Earning

Members

Consumption

Expenditure

Total Savings Remittances

Sent to Native

Place

Total Annual

Income

TOTAL

17. What is the nature of the contract made with the builders?

1=No contract; 2=Oral without time limit; 3=Oral without time limit; 4=Oral and

project based; 5=Written without time limit; 6=Written with fixed term; 7=Written and

project based

18. What is the nature of the contracts between contractors and their labour?

1=No contract; 2=Oral without time limit; 3=Oral without time limit; 4=Oral and

project based; 5=Written without time limit; 6=Written with fixed term; 7=Written and

project based

19. What is the role of the contractor in the organizational structure of the construction

company?

1=No role; 2=supplying labour; 3= supplying labour and supervising work;

4=supplying labour, supervising and doing work himself.

20. Are you part of any organization/Union? 1=yes; 2= no

If yes, name it.

21. What is the nature of your participation in the Union?

1=Member; 2=Attend meeting; 3=office bearer; 4=Join morchas

22. Are you aware of laws protecting migrants or construction workers? 1=yes; 2=no

If yes, which laws?

i. The Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment

and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 1=yes; 2=no

ii. Building and Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996. 1=yes; 2=no

231

iii. The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923. 1=yes; 2=no

iv. The Trade Unions Act, 1926. 1=yes; 2=no

v. The Payment of Wages Act, 1936. 1=yes; 2=no

vi. The Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946. 1=yes; 2=no

vii. The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. 1=yes; 2=no

viii. The Factories Act, 1948. 1=yes; 2=no

ix. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948. 1=yes; 2=no

x. The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970. 1=yes; 2=no

xi. The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 1=yes; 2=no

xii The Inter-State Migrant Workers (Regulation of Employment

and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979. 1=yes; 2=no

23. Living Conditions in Goa:

i. Accommodation: 1=Own; 2=Rented; 3=temporary housing at construction

site; 4=Other

ii. House: 1=kaccha; 2=semi-pucca; 3= pucca

iii. House size:

iv. Source of Lighting: 1=Electricity; 2=Kerosene

v. Source of drinking water:1=tube well;2=dug well protected;3=dug well

unprotected; 4=piped water

vi. Drinking water treatment: 1=Filtering; 2=Boiling; 3=chemically treated;

4=untreated

vii. Toilets 1=Open space; 2=insanitary latrine; 3=sanitary latrine;

4=public toilet

viii Bathing place 1=Open space; 2=Open Bathroom; 3=Closed Bathroom;

4=public bathroom

ix. Removal of garbage: 1=Daily; 2=Weekly; 3=Monthly; 4=Not removed; 5=Self

clearance

x. What is the distance to nearest market (in kms)?

xii. Do you have a Voting ID card? 1=yes; 2=no

xiii. Do you have a Ration card? 1=yes; 2=no

xiv Do your children go to school? 1=yes; 2=no

xv In times of illness, where do you go?:

1=PHC; 2=Govt. Hospital; 3=Pvt. Hospital; 4=Pvt. Doctor; 5=Pharmacist

sq. ft.

232

xvi. What diseases you suffer from during your stay in Goa?

1=Viral Fever; 2=Common Cold; 3=Diarrhoea; 4=Jaundice; 5=Malaria

xvii Do you have a Bank Account? 1=yes; 2=no

If yes, then which bank?

xviii. Working Conditions:

a. Hours of work 1=Not fixed; 2=8 hrs; 3=9 hrs; 4=10 hrs;

5=11 hrs; 6=12 hrs

b. Overtime charges 1=yes; 2=no

c. Creche for Children 1=yes; 2=no

d. Canteen Facilities 1=yes; 2=no

e. Toilet 1=yes; 2=no

f. First Aid 1=yes; 2=no

g. Drinking Water 1=yes; 2=no

h. Weekly Off day 1=yes; 2=no

i. Payment of wages 1=daily; 2=weekly; 3=monthly; 4=irregular

j. Accident Expenditure 1=Builder; 2=Contractor; 3=Worker himself

k. Social Security 1=Life Insurance; 2=PPF; 3=EPF;

4=Gratuity; 5=HRA;

5=Medical Insurance; 6=Pension 7=Other.

xix. Assets: 1=T.V.; 2=mobile/telephone; 3=refrigerator; 4=washing machine;

5=Sewing Machine; 6=Gas cylinder; 7=Radio; 8=VCR/VCP;

9=Thresher; 10=Water Pump.

xx Vehicle: 1=Bicycle; 2=Autorickshaw; 3=Scooter; 4=Motorcycle; 5=Bullock Cart;

6=Car; 7=Jeep; 8=Tractor.

xxi Livestock: 1=Cows; 2=Bullocks; 3=Buffaloes; 4=Goats; 5=Sheep; 6=Camel;

7=Pigs; 8=Poultry

24. Living conditions in native place.

i. Land in Ha.:

ii. Land use pattern: 1=Cultivation; 2=Plantation; 3=kitchen garden;

4=uncultivated

iii. House: 1=Kaccha; 2=semi-pucca; 3=pucca

233

iv. Family Members

Name Relationship Occupation Income Remarks

v. Source of Lighting: 1=Electricity; 2=Kerosene

vi. Source of drinking water: 1=Tube well; 2=Dug well protected; 3=Dug well

unprotected; 4=Piped water.

vii. Drinking water treatment: 1= Filtering; 2=Boiling; 3=Chemically treated;

4=Untreated.

viii. Toilets 1=No Latrine; 2=Insanitary latrine; 3=Sanitary latrine;

4=Public Latrine

ix. Bathing place 1=No Bathing space; 2=Open Bathroom; 3=Closed

Bathroom

x. Removal of garbage: 1=Daily; 2=Weekly; 3=Monthly; 4=Not removed;

5=Burning garbage

xi. What is the distance to nearest market?

xii. Do you have a Voting ID card? 1=yes; 2=no

xiii. Do you have a Ration card? 1=yes; 2=no

xiv Do children have access to school? 1=yes; 2=no

xv In times of illness, where do you go?:

1=PHC; 2=Govt. Hospital; 3=Pvt. Hospital; 4=Pvt. Doctor; 5=Pharmacist

xvi. Availability of work: 1=yes; 2=No;

If yes, Type of Work: Wage Rate:

xvii. Assets: 1=T.V.; 2=mobile/telephone; 3=refrigerator; 4=washing machine;

5=Sewing Machine; 6=Gas cylinder; 7=Radio; 8=VCR/VCP;

9=Thresher; 10=Water Pump.

xviii Vehicle: 1=Bicycle; 2=Autorickshaw; 3=Scooter; 4=Motorcycle;

5=Bullock Cart; 6=Car; 7=Jeep; 8=Tractor.

xix Livestock: 1=Cows; 2=Bullocks; 3=Buffaloes; 4=Goats; 5=Sheep; 6=Camel;

7=Pigs; 8=Poultry

km

234

Role of Contractors:

25. Have you registered yourself with the Labour Department? 1=yes; 2=no

26. Are your workers registered before the Labour Department?

1=yes; 2=no; 3=some workers are registered; 4= Other

27. What are the facilities you (contractor) provides for workers.

Facilities 1=All workers 2=Some workers 3=No worker 4=Other

i. Housing

ii. Food

iii. Clothing

iv. Drinking Water

v. Sanitation

vi. First Aid

vii. Protective gear

viii. Financial Help

ix. Loans

x. Recreation

xi. Creche

xii. T.A. for home

visit

xiii. Medical

Expenses

xiv. Accident

Expenses

xv. Education of

children

xvi. Informal

Insurance

xvii. Other

235

Network Questions

28. Name the Builders with whom you have had contracts:

Name Years of

Contract

No of

Const-

ructions

Annual

Financial

Turnover

Type of

Contact

Frequency

of Contact

Purpose

of

Contact

Type of

Relation-

ship

Quality

of

Relation

Type of contact: 1=phone; 2=phone n meeting; 3=meeting

Purpose of Contact: 1=Information; 2=Work related; 3=Job related; 4=Financial

exchange; 5=Advice; 6=Friendly conversation

Type of Relationship: 1=Family member; 2=relative; 3=fellow villager; 4=fellow worker;

5=friend; 6=Superior or Boss; 7=Any other

Quality of Relation: 1=Intimate; 2=Cordial; 3=Work related only; 4=Not cordial;

5=Antagonistic

29. Name the Supervisors/Site-in-charge/Engineers under whom you worked

Name Designation Duration

in Years

Type

of

Contact

Frequency

of Contact

Purpose

of

Contact

Type of

Relationship

Quality

of

Relation







5=Antagonistic

236

30. Name the workers working under you

Name Skill Wage

+

Comm.

Duration

in Years

Type of

Contact

Frequency

of Contact

Purpose of

Contact

Type of

Relationship

Quality

of

Relation







5=Antagonistic

31. Name the contractors you know.

Name Duration

in Years

Worked

with/knowledge

Type of

Contact

Frequency

of

Meeting

Purpose of

Meeting/Contact

Type of

Relationship

Quality

of

Relation







5=Antagonistic

237

32. Name friends in Goa who help/support you

Name Duration Type of

Contact

Frequency

of Meeting

Kind of

Support

Type of

Relationship

Quality

of

Relation







5=Antagonistic

33. Name family/friends from native place (outside Goa) who help/support you

Name Duration Type of

Contact

Frequency of

Meeting

Purpose of

Meeting

Relationship







5=Antagonistic

238

34. Who gave information about work available in Goa:

Name Type of Relationship* Quality of

Relationship**

Remarks

* 1=Family member; 2=relative; 3=friend; 4=contractor; 5=skilled worker

6=villager; 7=other

** 1=Intimate; 2=Cordial; 3=Work related only; 4=Not cordial; 5=Antagonistic

35. Was there any person known to you working in Goa before you came.


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


36. How did you first come to Goa: (alone/ with other persons)


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


37. Through whom did you get this job ?


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


239

38. Who supervised the training of your job?


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


39. Who allocates you work:


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


40. To whom do you send money?


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


240

41. From whom do you borrow money when in need?:


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


42. To whom do you lend money?:


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


43. How many persons have you brought from outside Goa to work in Goa?

Name Type of

Relationship*

Quality of

Relationship**

Purpose*** Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


*** 1=for construction work; 2=for any other employment; 3=dependent family

members

241

44. Who are your friends in Goa: (among construction workers + local people)


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


45. Number of persons residing in the house:

Name Occupation*** Type of

Relationship*

Quality of

Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=other


*** 1=Unskilled; 2=Supervisor; 3=Mason; 4=Plasterer; 5=Painter; 6=Carpenter;

7=Electrician; 8=Wireman; 9=Plumber; 10=Tile Fitter; 11=Welder; 12=Other

(specify)

46. Who keeps you informed about labour demand in construction projects?


Relationship**

Remarks

* 1=Current Builder; 2=Previous Builder; 3=Contractor; 4=Local Friend; 5=Relative;

6=Fellow villagers from native State; 7=None (Newspapers/Personal efforts)


242

47. Who helped him in his quest for upward occupational mobility (casual to self-

employed)?


Relationship**

Remarks


6=villager; 7=Builder


Open-ended Questions

48. What is the process of negotiations with the builders to win over contracts?

49. How does the contractor assess the demand for labour required?

50. How does the contractor fix the wages for his labourers?

51. Whom does the contractor recruit as his labour? Why?

52. What is the process of recruiting labour?

53. How does the contractor organize his work at construction sites?

54. How does he manage after the completion of work at a construction site?

243

55. How did he acquire and develop the skills for upward occupational mobility

(casual to self-employed)?

56. How did he acquire the financial resources for upward occupational mobility

(casual to self-employed)?

57. How many years did it take for him to shift from a casual wage labourer to a self-

employed employer?

58. What were the challenges he faced in the process?

General Remarks:

244

Appendix 15: In-depth Interview Guide for Migrants or Family members of

Migrant Construction Workers from Malda Working in Goa



Village: Block: District:

Name: Age: Sex:

Name of Migrant Worker/s in Goa:

Relation to Migrant Worker in Goa:

Religion: 1=Hindu; 2=Muslim; 3=Christian; 4=Buddhist; 5=Other

Caste:

Social Category: 1=Upper Caste; 2=Middle Castes; 3=Backward Caste; 4=Scheduled

Caste; 5=Scheduled Tribe; 6=Low caste Muslim; 7=Other Muslim; 8=Christian; 9=Other

For Migrants/Families of Migrant Workers in Goa

1. When did you/your family member go to Goa?

2. How long have you/your family member been working in Goa?

3. What were the reasons that led you/your family member to migrate to Goa?

4. Who helped you/your family member to migrate to Goa?

5. Why you/your family member chose Goa as the destination for migration?

6. Do you/ your family member send remittances?

If yes, then, how much and how often?

7. How is the remittance received being spent?

8. What are the labour market characteristics in your region, such as employment

opportunities, unemployment, wage rate, and so on.

9. Explain the sequence of events in your/your family members' working history.

10. In what ways do you relate/communicate with your family members in Goa.

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Date:

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For Return/Former Migrants in Goa

1. What was the sequence of events that led you to leave Goa or return back home?

2. What type of employment are you engaged in Malda or other places after you moved

out of Goa?

Concluding Remarks

1. Is there anything more you would like to add?

Thank you for your time.

Documents

SOCIAL NETWORKS IN THE CONSTRUCTION LABOUR MARKET: