Sổ Tay Hóa Học Trung Học

TRNG THPT SN NG S 3 T KHOA HC T NHIN

B MN HA HC ........... Z Y .................

NG C THIN

S TAY HA HC

TRUNG HC

Sn ng, Ngy 01 thng 08 nm 2007

MC LC

TRANG

Phn I: HA HC I CNG

Chng 1: CC KHI NIM C BN 1

Chng 2: CU TO NGUYN T

V NH LUT TUN HON

I. Cu to nguyn t: 6

1. Ht nhn 6 2. Phn ng ht nhn 6 3. Cu to v electron ca nguyn t 6

4. Cu hnh electron v s phn b

electron theo obitan 7

5. Nng lng ion ho, i lc vi

electron, m in. 8

II. nh lut tun hon _ Bng HTTH 8

1. nh lut tun hon 8 2. Bng h thng tun hon 8 3. Chu k 9 4. Nhm v phn nhm 9 5. ngha ca bng HTTH 9

Chng 3: LIN KT HA HC

1. Lin kt ion 11

2. Lin kt cng ha tr 11

3. Lin kt cho - nhn (lin kt phi tr) 11

4. Lin kt v lin kt 12 5. Lin kt hiro 12

6. S lai ho cc obitan 13 Chng 4: CC NH LUT V CHT KH

I. nh lut Avgar. 14 1. Ni dung 14

2. H qu 14 II. Phng trnh kh l tng 14

III. Hn hp kh 1. p sut ring ca cht kh trong hn hp 14 2. Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp kh 15 Chng 5: DUNG DCH - S IN LI IN

PHN 16

I. Dung dch 16 1. nh ngha 16

TRANG

2. Qu trnh ho tan 16 3. tan ca cc cht 16 4. Tinh th ngm nc 16 5. Nng dung dch 16 II. S in li 17 1. nh ngha 17 2. S in li ca axit, baz, mui trong

dung dch nc 17 3. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu 18 4. in li 19 5. Quan h gia in li v hng s in li 19 6. Axit baz 19 7. S in li ca nc 21 8. S thu phn ca mui 22 9. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li 22 III. S in phn 23 1. nh ngha 23 2. in phn hp cht nng chy 23 3. in phn dung dch nc 24 4. Cng thc Faray 26 Chng 6: PHN NG OXI HA KH

1. S oxi ho 27 2. nh ngha 27 3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng

oxi ho - kh 27 4. Mt s dng phn ng oxi ho - kh c bit 28

Phn II: HA HC CC HP CHT V C

Chng 1: CC NGUYN T NHM VIIA 30

1. Cu to nguyn t 30 2. Tnh cht vt l 30

3. Tnh cht ho hc 30

5. Trng thi t nhin 31

4. ng dng v iu ch clo 31 6. Hp cht 31 Chng 2: OXI LU HUNH 33

I. Oxi 33 1. Cu to nguyn t 33 2. Tnh cht vt l 33 3. Tnh cht ho hc 33

4. iu ch 33 5. Trng thi t nhin 33 II. Lu hunh 34 1. Cu to nguyn t 34 2. Tnh cht vt l 34 3. Tnh cht ho hc 34 4. Hp cht 34 Chng 3: NIT PHOTPHO 37

I. Nit 37 1. Cu to nguyn t 37 2. Tnh cht vt l 37 3. Tnh cht ho hc 37

4. iu ch v ng dng 37 5. Cc hp cht quan trng ca nit. 37 II. Phot pho 41 1. Cu to nguyn t 41 2. Tnh cht vt l v cc dng th hnh 41

3. Tnh cht ho hc 41 4. iu ch v ng dng 42 5. Hp cht ca photpho 42 6. Phn bn ho hc 43 Chng 4: CACBON SILIC 45

I. Cacbon 45 1. Cu to nguyn t 45 2. Cc dng th hnh v tnh cht vt l 45 3. Tnh cht ho hc 45 4. Cc hp cht quan trng ca cacbon 46 II. Silic 47 1. Cu to nguyn t 47 2. Tnh cht vt l 47 3. Tnh cht ho hc 47 4. ng dng v iu ch 48

5. Cc hp cht quan trng ca silic 48

Chng 5: I CNG V KIM LOI 49

1. V tr v cu to ca kim loi 49

2. Tnh cht vt l 49 3. Tnh cht ho hc 50 4. Dy th in ho ca kim loi 51 5. Hp kim 52 6. n mn kim loi v chng n mn 52

7. iu ch kim loi 54 8. Hp cht ca kim loi 55 Chng 6: CC NGUYN T NHM IA 57

1. Cu to nguyn t 57 2. Tnh cht vt l 57 3. Tnh cht ho hc 57 4. Hp cht 57 5. iu ch 59 6. ng dng ca kim loi kim 59

7. Trng thi t nhin 59 Chng 7: CC NGUYN T NHM IIA 60

1. Cu to nguyn t 60 2. Tnh cht vt l 60

3. Tnh cht ho hc 60

4. iu ch 61 5. Mt s hp cht quan trng 61 6. ng dng 62

7. Trng thi t nhin 62 8. Nc cng 62 Chng 8: NHM ST 64

I. Nhm 64

1. Cu to nguyn t 64

2. Tnh cht vt l 64 3. Tnh cht ho hc 64 4. Hp cht ca Al 65 5. Mt s hp kim quan trng ca nhm 65

6. ng dng ca nhm 66

7. iu ch Al 66 8. Nhn bit ion Al3+ 66 9. Trng thi t nhin ca nhm 66 II. St 67

1. Cu to nguyn t 67 2. Tnh cht vt l 67 3. Tnh cht ho hc 67 4. Hp cht 67 5. Hp kim ca Fe 68 6. Luyn gang 69 7. Luyn thp 69 Chng 9: CC NGUYN T NHM B 71

I. Cc nguyn t nhm IB (Cu, Ag, Au) 71

1. Tnh cht vt l 71 2. Tnh cht ho hc 71 3. Hp cht 71 4. Trng thi t nhin 72 II. Cc nguyn t nhm IIB (Zn, Cd, Hg) 72

1. Tnh cht vt l 72 2. Km 72 3. Thu ngn 73 III. Mt s nguyn t quan trng khc 73

1. Thic v ch (Sn, Pb) 73 2. Crom 74 3. Mangan 75 4. Coban v niken 76

Phn III: HA HC CC HP CHT HU C

Chng 1: I CNG V HA HU C 78

1. Nhng c im chung ca hp cht hu c 78

2. Phn loi cc hp cht hu c 78 3. Thuyt cu to ho hc 79 4. Cc dng cng thc ho hc 79

5. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c 80 6. Hin tng ng phn 81 7. Hin tng ng ng 83

8. Cch gi tn cc hp cht hu c 84 9. Mt s dng phn ng ho hc trong ho hu c 85

10. Cc hiu ng chuyn dch electron 87 Chng 2: HIROCACBON 88

I. Hirocacbon no mch h _Ankan 88 1. ng ng ng phn danh php 88 2. Tnh cht vt l 89 3. Tnh cht ho hc 89

4. iu ch 90 5. ng dng 91

II. Anken (olefin) 91

1. ng ng ng phn danh php 91 2. Tnh cht vt l 92 3. Tnh cht ho hc 92 4. iu ch 93 5. ng dng 93 III. Ankin 93

1. ng ng, ng phn, danh php 93

2. Tnh cht vt l 94 3. Tnh cht ho hc 94

4. iu ch 95 5. ng dng ca ankin 95 IV Ankaien (hay iolefin) 96 1. Cu to 96 2. Tnh cht vt l 96 3 Tnh cht ho hc 96 4. iu ch 96 V. Hirocacbon thm (Aren) 97 1. Benzen C6H6 v ankyl benzen 97 2. Gii thiu mt s hirocacbon thm khc 100 VI. Dn xut halogen 101

1. Dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon no 101

2. Dn xut halogen ca hirocacbon cha no 102 VII. Ngun hirocacbon trong thin nhin 102 1. Kh thin nhin 102 2. Du m 103 3. Than 103 Chng 3: NHNG HP CHT HU C C

NHM CHC 105

I. Ru (ancol) 105

1. Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn 105 2. Tnh cht vt l 106 3. Tnh cht ho hc 106 4. iu ch 106 5. Gii thiu mt s ru n chc 107 6. Ru a chc 107 II. Phenol 108

1. Cu to phn t ca phenol 108

2. Tnh cht vt l 109 3. Tnh cht ho hc 109

4. iu ch phenol 110 5. ng dng ca phenol 110

6. S lc v ru thm 110 III. Amin 110

1. Cng thc cu to 110

2. Tnh cht vt l 111

3. Tnh cht ho hc 111

4. iu ch 112

5. Gii thiu mt s amin 112

IV. Andehit fomic v dy ng ng 112

1. Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn 112 2. Tnh cht vt l 113


4. iu ch 114 5. Mt s anehit thng gp 114

V. Xeton 115

1. Cu to 115

2.Tnh cht vt l 115 3. Tnh cht ho hc 115 4. iu ch 115

VI. Axit axetic v dy ng ng 115

1. Cng thc - cu to - cch gi tn 115 2. Tnh cht vt l ca axit no, n

chc mch h (CnH2n+1 COOH) 117 3. Tnh cht ho hc 117 4. iu ch 118 5. Gii thiu mt s axit 118

VII. Este Cht bo 121

1. Cu to v gi tn 121 2. Tnh cht vt l 122 3. Tnh cht ho hc 122 4. iu ch 123 5. Gii thiu mt s este thng gp 123 6. Lipit _Cht bo 123

7. X phng v cc cht ty ra tng hp125

VIII. Gluxit 126

1. Monosaccarit 127 2. isaccarit 129 3. Polisaccarit 130 IX. Aminoaxit protit 132

1. Aminoaxit 132

2. Protit 134

Chng 3: HP CHT CAO PHN T

V VT LIU POLIME 136

I. nh ngha polime 136

II. Cu trc v phn loi 136

1. Thnh phn ho hc ca mch polime 136

2. Cu to hnh hc ca mch polime 137

III. Tnh cht ca polime 137

1. Tnh cht vt l 137


IV. iu ch polime 137

1. Phn ng trng hp 137

2. Phn ng trng ngng 138

V. ng dng ca polime 138

1. Cht do 138

2. Cao su 139

3. T tng hp 140

Phn Ha Hc i Cng

ng c Thin # " Trng THPT Sn ng s 3 1

Phn I HA HC I CNG

Chng 1 CC KHI NIM C BN

1. Nguyn t: L ht nh nht khng th phn chia v mt ha hc, tham gia to thnh phn t.Nguyn t lun trung ha v in:

Gm: - Ht nhn (do p, n cu to) mang in tch dng, tm nguyn t, c kch thc rt nh so vi kch thc nguyn t song li chim phn ln khi lng nguyn t.

- Cc electron mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t 2. Nguyn t ha hc: l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn. 3. ng v: Nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do

s khi A ca chng khc nhau gi l cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t. 4. Phn t: l ht nh nht ca mt cht, c kh nng tn ti c lp v mang nhng

tnh cht ha hc c trng ca cht . 5. . n cht l cht to thnh t mt nguyn t ho hc. V d: O2, H2, Cl2, ... Mt nguyn t ho hc c th to thnh mt s n cht khc nhau gi l cc dng th

hnh ca nguyn t . V d: - Cacbon tn ti 3 dng th hnh l cacbon v nh hnh, than ch v kim cng. - Oxi tn ti 2 dng th hnh l oxi (O2) v ozon (O3).

6. Hp cht: l cht cu to t nhiu nguyn t ho hc khc nhau. V d: H2O, NaOH, H2SO4,...

7. Nguyn t khi (NTK) l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t. Nguyn t khi ca mt nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t.

Ch : Khc vi nguyn t khi, khi lng nguyn t (KLNT) cng l khi lng ca mt nguyn t nhng biu din bng kg. V d: KLNT ca hiro bng 1.67.10-27kg, ca cacbon bng 1,99.10-26.

8. Phn t khi(PTK): l khi lng ca mt phn t biu din bng n v cacbon (.v.C). Phn t khi bng tng khi lng cc nguyn t cu to nn phn t.

V d: PTK ca H2O = 2 + 16 = 18 .v.C, ca NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 .v.C. Ch : Khi lng phn t cng c biu din bng kg v bng tng khi lng cc

nguyn t to thnh phn t. 9. Mol: l lng cht cha 6,02.1023 ht n v (nguyn t, phn t, ion, electron, ...) - S 6,02.1023 c gi l s Avgar v k hiu l N (N = 6,02.1023). Nh vy: 1 mol nguyn t Na cha N nguyn t Na. 1 mol phn t H2SO4 cha N phn t H2SO4 1 mol ion OH- cha N ion OH-. - Khi lng ca 1 mol cht tnh ra gam c gi l khi lng mol ca cht v k

hiu l M. Khi ni v mol v khi lng mol cn ch r ca loi ht no, nguyn t, phn t, ion,

electron... V d: - Khi lng mol nguyn t oxi (O) bng 16g, nhng khi lng mol phn t oxi (O2)

bng 32g. - Khi lng mol phn t H2SO4 bng 98g, nhng khi lng mol ion SO42- bng 96g. Nh vy khi nim nguyn t gam, phn t gam ch l nhng trng hp c th ca khi

nim khi lng mol.

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


- Cch tnh s mol cht: S mol n ca cht lin h vi khi lng m (tnh ra gam) v khi lng mol M ca cht

bng cng thc:

Mmn = (mol)

+ i vi hn hp cc cht, lc n l tng s mol cc cht, m l tng khi lng hn hp v M tr thnh khi lng mol trung bnh M , (vit tt l khi lng mol trung bnh).

hh

hhhh M

mn = + i vi cht kh, n c tnh bng cng thc:

4,220Vn =

Trong , V0 l th tch ca cht kh hay hn hp kh o ktc (00C, 1atm hay 760 mmHg).

Ch : Nu V cho iu kin t0C v p atm th s mol cht kh c tnh qua phng trnh trng thi:

RTpVn =

Trong : T = t0 + 273, R = 273

4,22 0,082 l hng s kh l tng

10. Phn ng ha hc:L qu trnh bin i cc cht ny thnh cc cht khc c. Trong phn ng ho hc, tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh sau phn ng (nh lut bo ton khi lng).

Cc dng phn ng ho hc c bn: a) Phn ng phn tch: l phn ng trong mt cht b phn tch thnh nhiu cht mi. V d: CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 b) Phn ng kt hp: l phn ng trong hai hay nhiu cht kt hp vi nhau to thnh

mt cht mi. V d. BaO + H2O = Ba(OH)2 c) Phn ng th: l phn ng trong nguyn t ca nguyn t ny ( dng n cht)

thay th nguyn t ca nguyn t khc trong hp cht. V d. Zn + H2SO4 long = ZnSO4 + H2 d) Phn ng trao i: l phn ng trong cc hp cht trao i nguyn t hay nhm

nguyn t vi nhau. V d. BaCl2 + NaSO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl. e) Phn ng oxi ho - kh: l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi ha mt

s nguyn t. V d: Fe0 + Cu+2SO4 -> Fe+2SO4 + Cu0 11. Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng: a) Nng lng lin kt: l nng lng c gii phng khi hnh thnh lin kt ho hc

t cc nguyn t c lp. Nng lng lin kt c tnh bng kJ/mol v k hiu l E1k. V d nng lng lin kt

ca mt s mi lin kt nh sau. H - H Cl - Cl H - Cl

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


E1k = 436 242 432 b) Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng: l nhit to ra hay hp th trong mt phn ng ho hc.

Hiu ng nhit c tnh bng kJ/mol v k hiu l Q. Khi Q >0: phn ng to nhit. Khi Q

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


- Nhit cng cao th tc phn ng cng ln. - Tc phn ng cn ph thuc vo din tch b mt cht tham gia phn ng - Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng nhng bn thn n khng b thay i v s lng

v bn cht ho hc sau phn ng. c) Phn ng thun nghch v trng thi cn bng ho hc Phn ng mt chiu (khng thun nghch) l phn ng ch xy ra mt chiu v c th

xy ra n mc hon ton. V d: 2KClO3 = 2KCl + 3O2 Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng ng thi xy ra theo hai chiu ngc nhau. V d: CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O Trong h thun nghch, khi tc phn ng thun (vt) bng tc phn ng nghch (vn)

th h t ti trng thi cn bng. Ngha l trong h, phn ng thun v phn ng nghch vn xy ra nhng nng cc cht trong h khng thay i. V vy, trng thi cn bng ca h l trng thi cn bng ng. * Nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng L sa t - lie: Khi mt h ang tn ti trng thi cn bng, nu ta thay i mt thuc tnh no ca h th cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu chng li s thay i * Cc yu t nh hng ti trng thi cn bng ho hc ca h: - Nng - Nhit - p sut (cht kh) - Cht xc tc khng lm thay i trng thi cn bng ca mt h m chi lm tng tc phn ng nhm gip h nhanh t ti trng thi cn bng. 13. Hiu sut phn ng:

C phn ng: A + B = C + D Tnh hiu sut phn ng theo sn phm C hoc D:

%100lt

t

qqh =

Trong : qt l lng thc t to thnh C hoc D. qlt l lng tnh theo l thuyt, ngha l lng C hoc D tnh c vi gi thit hiu sut

100%. Ch : Khi tnh hiu sut phn ng phi tnh theo cht sn phm no to thnh t cht u

thiu, v khi kt thc phn ng cht u phn ng ht. C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo cht phn ng A hoc B tu thuc vo cht no

thiu. Cn phn bit gia % cht tham gia phn ng v hiu sut phn ng. V d: Cho 0,5 mol H2 tc dng vi 0,45 mol Cl2, sau phn ng thu c 0.6 mol HCl.

Tnh hiu sut phn ng v % cc cht tham gia phn ng. Gii: Phng trnh phn ng: H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl Theo phng trnh phn ng v theo u bi, Cl2 l cht thiu, nn tnh hiu sut phn

ng theo Cl2:

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


%6,66%1002.45,0

6,0 ==h

Cn % Cl2 tham gia phn ng = %6,66%1002.45,06,0 =

% H2 tham gia phn ng = %60%1002.5,06,0 =

Nh vy % cht thiu tham gia phn ng bng hiu sut phn ng. i vi trng hp c nhiu phn ng xy ra song song, v d phn ng crackinh butan: C4H10 -> CH4 + C3H6 (1)

C4H10 -> C2H6 + C2H4 (2) C4H10 -> H2 + C4H8 (3)

Cn ch phn bit: + Nu ni "hiu sut phn ng crackinh", tc ch ni phn ng (1) v (2) v phn ng (3)

khng phi phn ng crackinh. + Nu ni % butan tham gia phn ng", tc l ni n c 3 phn ng. + Nu ni % butan b crackinh thnh etilen" tc l ch ni phn ng (2).

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Chng 2 CU TO NGUYN T V NH LUT TUN HON

I. Cu to nguyn t: Nguyn t gm ht nhn tch in dng (Z+) tm v c Z electron chuyn ng xung

quanh ht nhn. Bng 1: Cc ht c bn trong nguyn t

c tnh ht V nguyn t Ht nhn Electron Proton Ntron

in tch qn = - 1,602. 10-19C

qn = 1- qn = + 1,602. 10-19C qn = 1+

qn = 0

Khi lng me = 9,1094. 10-31kg mp = 1,6726. 10-27kg mn = 1,6748. 10-27kg 1. Ht nhn: Ht nhn gm:

Proton: in tch 1+, khi lng bng 1 .v.C, k hiu Ntron: Khng mang in tch, khi lng bng 1 .v.C k hiu Nh vy, in tch Z ca ht nhn bng tng s proton. * Khi lng ca ht nhn coi nh bng khi lng ca nguyn t (v khi lng ca

electron nh khng ng k). S khi A: l i lng c gi tr bng tng s proton (k hiu l Z) v s ntron (k hiu

l N): Z + N A. 2. Phn ng ht nhn: L qu trnh lm bin i nhng ht nhn ca nguyn t ny thnh ht nhn ca nhng nguyn t khc.

Trong phn ng ht nhn, tng s proton v tng s khi lun c bo ton. V d: nXHeBe 10

42

94 ++

nXHeBe 10126

42

94 ++

S khi ca X = (9 + 4) 1 = 12 in tch ht nhn ca X = (4 + 2) 0 = 6 Suy ra: X126Vy X l C. Phng trnh phn ng ht nhn.

3. Cu to v electron ca nguyn t: Nguyn t l h trung ho in, tng s electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn bng

s in tch dng Z ca ht nhn. Cc electron trong nguyn t c chia thnh cc lp, phn lp, obitan. a) Cc lp electron. K t pha gn ht nhn tr ra c k hiu: Bng s th t n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bng ch tng ng: K L M N O P Q Nhng electron thuc cng mt lp c nng lng gn bng nhau. Lp electron cng gn

ht nhn c mc nng lng cng thp, v vy lp K c nng lng thp nht. S electron ti a c trong lp th n bng 2n2. C th: Lp : K L M N S electron ti a: 2 8 18 32 b) Cc phn lp electron. Cc electron trong cng mt lp li c chia thnh cc phn

lp.

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Lp th n c n phn lp, cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch : s, p, d, f, k t ht nhn tr ra. Cc electron trong cng phn lp c nng lng bng nhau.

Lp K (n = 1) c 1 phn lp : 1s. Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp : 2s, 2p. Lp M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp :3s, 3p, 3d. Lp N (n = 4) c 4 phn lp : 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f. * Th t mc nng lng ca cc phn lp xp theo chiu tng dn nh sau : 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s

S electron ti a ca cc phn lp nh sau: Phn lp : s p d f. S electron ti a: 2 6 10 14. Vy s obitan trong mt phn lp ln lt l nhng s l: 1, 3, 5, 7. c) Obitan nguyn t: l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c

mt (xc sut tm thy) electron l ln nht (khu vc c mt m my electron ln nht). S v dng obitan ph thuc c im mi phn lp electron. Phn lp s c 1 obitan dng hnh cu. Phn lp p c 3 obitan dng hnh s 8 ni. Phn lp d c 5 obitan, phn lp f c 7 obitan. Obitan d v f c dng phc tp hn. Mi obitan ch cha ti a 2 electron c spin ngc nhau. Mi obitan c k hiu bng

1 vung (cn gi l lng t), trong nu ch c 1 electron ta gi l electron c thn, nu 2 electron ta gi cc electron ghp i. Obitan khng c electron gi l obitan trng.

4. Cu hnh electron v s phn b electron theo obitan a) Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t: * Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt

nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. * Nguyn l Pau li: Trn mt obitan ch c nhiu nht hai e v hai e ny chuyn ng

t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi e (c spin ngc nhau). * Quy tc Hun: Trong mt phn lp, cc e s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s e c

thn l ti a v cc e ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. b) Cu hnh electron nguyn t: biu din s phn b cc e trn cc phn lp thuc cc

lp khc nhau. * Cch vit cu hnh: - Xc nh s e ca nguyn t - Biu din cc e theo th t tng dn cc mc nng lng cc obitan nguyn t (AO)

theo cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b cc e trong nguyn t. - Vit cu hnh e theo th t cc phn lp trong mt lp v theo th t ca cc lp e t

nh ti ln. V d: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z = 26). Vit theo th t cc mc nng lng : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s23d6 Cu hnh ca Fe: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 Trn c s cu hnh electron ca nguyn t, ta d dng vit cu hnh electron ca cation

hoc anion to ra t nguyn t ca nguyn t . V d: Cu hnh electron ca

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 ; Fe3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5. i vi anion th thm vo lp ngoi cng s electron m nguyn t nhn. V d: S(Z = 16) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. S2- : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 Cn hiu rng : electron lp ngoi cng theo cu hnh electron ch khng theo mc nng

lng. 5. Nng lng ion ho, i lc vi electron, m in

a) Nng lng ion ho (I). Nng lng ion ho l nng lng ti thiu cn tch 1e ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. Nguyn t cng d nhng e (tnh kim loi cng mnh) th I c tr s cng nh. n v kJ/mol.

b) i lc vi electron (E). i lc electron l nng lng gii phng hay hp th khi mt nguynt t trung ha trng thi kh nhn 1e tr thnh ion m. Nguyn t c kh nng thu e cng mnh (tnh phi kim cng mnh) th E c tr s cng ln.

c) m in (). m in ca mt nguyn t l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc.

m in c tnh t I v E theo cng thc:

2

EI += Nguyn t c cng ln th nguyn t ca n c kh nng ht cp e lin kt cng mnh. m in thng dng tin on mc phn cc ca lin kt v xt cc hiu ng dch chuyn electron trong phn t.

Nu hai nguyn t c bng nhau th lin kt to thnh s l lin kt cng ho tr thun tu. Nu m in khc nhau nhiu ( > 1,7) lin kt to thnh l lin kt ion. Nu m in khc nhau khng nhiu (0 < < 1,7) s to thnh lin kt cng ho tr c cc. II. nh lut tun hon _ Bng HTTH 1. nh lut tun hon

Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t nhng nguyn t bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. 2. Bng h thng tun hon

Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon: - Cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t - Cc nguyn t c cng s lp e trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt hng - Cc nguyn t c cng s e ha tr (*) trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt ct (*) Electron ha tr l nhng e c kh nng tham gia hnh thnh lin kt ha hc. Chng

thng nm lp ngoi cng hoc c phn lp st lp ngoi cng nu phn lp cha bo ha.

C 2 dng bng thng gp. a. Dng bng di: C 7 chu k (mi chu k l 1 hng), 16 nhm. Cc nhm c chia

thnh 2 loi: Nhm A (gm cc nguyn t s v p) v nhm B (gm nhng nguyn t d v f). Nhng nguyn t nhm B u l kim loi.

b. Dng bng ngn: C 7 chu k (chu k 1, 2, 3 c 1 hng, chu k 4, 5, 6 c 2 hng, chu k 7 ang xy dng mi c 1 hng); 8 nhm. Mi nhm c 2 phn nhm: Phn nhm chnh (gm cc nguyn t s v p - ng vi nhm A trong bng di) v phn nhm ph (gm cc

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


nguyn t d v f - ng vi nhm B trong bng di). Hai h nguyn t f (h lantan v h actini) c xp thnh 2 hng ring. 3. Chu k

Chu k gm nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron. Mi chu k u m u bng kim loi kim, kt thc bng kh him. Trong mt chu k, i t tri sang phi theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn. - S electron lp ngoi cng tng dn. - Lc ht gia ht nhn v electron ho tr lp ngoi cng tng dn, lm bn knh

nguyn t gim dn. Do : + m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn. + Tnh kim loi gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn. + Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit gim dn, tnh axit ca chng tng dn. - Ho tr cao nht i vi oxi tng t I n VII. Ho tr i vi hiro gim t IV (nhm

IV) n I (nhm VII). 4. Nhm v phn nhm

Trong mt phn nhm chnh (nhm A) khi i t trn xung di theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn.

- Bn knh nguyn t tng (do s lp e tng) nn lc ht gia ht nhn v cc electron lp ngoi cng yu dn, tc l kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t tng dn. Do :

+ Tnh kim loi tng dn, tnh phi kim gim dn. + Tnh baz ca cc oxit, hiroxit tng dn, tnh axit ca chng gim dn. - Ho tr cao nht vi oxi (ho tr dng) ca cc nguyn t bng s th t ca nhm

cha nguyn t . 5. ngha ca bng HTTH

a. Quan h gia v tr v cu to: Bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun han c th suy ra cu to nguyn t ca nguyn

t v ngc li (m t bng s sau)

V tr trong bng tun hon

Cu to nguyn t

S th t ca nguyn t S p, s n, s e S th t ca chu k S lp e

S th t ca nhm S e lp ngoi cng (s e ha tr) V d: Xt on v tr ca nguyn t c Z = 25. Cu hnh e: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2. - C 4 lp e chu k 4. ang xy dng e phn lp 3d thuc phn nhm ph (nhm B). Nguyn t ny l kim

loi, khi tham gia phn ng n c th cho i 2e 4s v 5e 3d, c ho tr cao nht 7+. Do , n phn nhm ph nhm VII (nhm VIIB). l Mn.

b. Quan h gia v tr v tnh cht: Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon c th suy ra nhng tnh cht ha hc

c bn ca n: - Tnh kim loi, phi kim - Ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi O, ha tr vi H - Cng thc ca oxit cao nht v hiroxit tng ng - Cng thc ca hp cht kh vi H (nu c) - Oxit hay hiroxit c tnh axit hay baz V d: S 16, nhm VIA, chu k 3. Suy ra: - S l phi kim

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


- Ha tr cao nht vi O l 6, cng thc oxit l SO3 - Ha tr vi H l 2, cng thc ca kh l H2S - SO3 l oxit axit cn H2SO4 l axit mnh c. So snh tnh cht ca nguyn t ny vi cc nguyn t khc ln cn Da vo quy lut bin i cc tnh cht trong bng tun han theo chu k v theo cc

nhm, chng ta c th so snh c tnh cht ca mt nguyn t so vi cc nguyn t ln cn.

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Chng 3 LIN KT HA HC

Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn vng.

Lin kt ha hc c chia thnh hai loi c bn: lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr 1. Lin kt ion

Lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du.

Lin kt ion c hnh thnh gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh.( > 1,7). Khi nguyn t c m in ln (cc phi kim in hnh) thu e ca nguyn t c m in nh (cc kim loi in hnh) to thnh cc ion ngc du. Cc ion ny ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in to thnh phn t.

V d : 2.e 2Na + Cl2 = 2Na+ + 2Cl- = 2NaCl c im ca lin kt ion Khng bo ho, khng nh hng, do hp cht ion to

thnh nhng mng li ion (dng tih th) c tnh bn vng, thng c nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao, thng tan nhiu trong nc. Khi nng chy hoc khi tan trong nc chng to thnh nhng dung dch dn in, cn trng thi rn chng khng dn in. 2. Lin kt cng ha tr

Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp e chung.

* c im: Lin kt cng ho tr c to thnh do cc nguyn t c m in bng nhau hoc

khc nhau khng nhiu gp chung vi nhau cc e ho tr to thnh cc cp e lin kt chuyn ng trong cng 1 obitan (xung quanh c 2 ht nhn) gi l obitan phn t. Da vo v tr ca cc cp e lin kt trong phn t, ngi ta chia thnh :

a. Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc To thnh t 2 nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t. V d : H : H, Cl : Cl. .( = 0)

hoc gia cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau m.

Phn Ha Hc


i Cng V d qu trnh hnh thnh ion NH4+ (t NH3 v H+) c bn cht lin kt cho - nhn.: H + H N H

H Sau khi lin kt cho - nhn hnh thnh th 4 lin kt N - H hon ton nh nhau. Do , ta

c th vit CTCT ca NH+4 nh sau: H + H N H

H iu kin to thnh lin kt cho - nhn gia 2 nguyn t A B l: nguyn t A c

8e lp ngoi, trong c cp e t do(cha tham gia lin kt) v nguyn t B phi c obitan trng. 4. Lin kt v lin kt

V bn cht chng l nhng lin kt cng ho tr. a) Lin kt : c hnh thnh do s xen ph 2 obitan (ca 2e tham gia lin kt) dc

theo trc lin kt. Tu theo loi obitan tham gia lin kt l obitan s hay p ta c cc loi lin kt kiu s-s, s-p, p-p:

Obitan lin kt c tnh i xng trc, vi trc i xng l trc ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.

Nu gia 2 nguyn t ch hnh thnh mt mi lin kt n th l lin kt . Khi , do tnh i xng ca obitan lin kt , hai nguyn t c th quay quanh trc lin kt.

b) Lin kt : c hnh thnh do s xen ph gia cc obitan p hai bn trc lin kt. Khi gia 2 nguyn t hnh thnh lin kt bi th c 1 lin kt (bn), cn li l lin kt (km bn).

Lin kt khng c tnh i xng trc nn 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt khng c kh nng quay t do quanh trc lin kt. l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ng phn cis-trans ca cc hp cht hu c c ni i. 5. Lin kt hiro

Lin kt hiro l mi lin kt ph (hay mi lin kt th 2) ca nguyn t H vi nguyn t c m in ln (nh F, O, N). Tc l nguyn t hiro linh ng b ht bi cp e cha lin kt ca nguyn t c m in ln hn.

Lin kt hiro c k hiu bng 3 du chm ( ) v khng tnh ho tr cng nh s oxi ho.

Lin kt hiro c hnh thnh gia cc phn t cng loi. V d: Gia cc phn t H2O, HF, ru, axit OH OH ; H F H F

H H hoc gia cc phn t khc loi. V d: Gia cc phn t ru hay axit vi H2O: OH O H OH

H R H hoc trong mt phn t (lin kt hiro ni phn t). V d : CH2 CH2

OH OH Do c lin kt hiro to thnh trong dung dch nn:

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


+ Tnh axit ca HF gim i nhiu (so vi HBr, HCl). + Nhit si v tan trong nc ca ru v axit hu c tng ln r rt so vi cc hp

cht c khi lng phn t tng ng. 6. S lai ho cc obitan

gii thch hin tng a ho tr ca mt nguyn t (nh ca Fe, Cl, C) v cu trc phn t ca mt s hp cht (c bit l cc phc cht), ta khng th cn c vo s e c thn hoc s e lp ngoi cng m phi dng khi nim mi gi l "s lai ho obitan".

Cc kiu lai ho thng gp: a) Lai ho sp3: l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p to thnh 4 obitan lai

ho q nh hng t tm n 4 nh ca t din u, cc trc i xng ca chng to vi nhau nhng gc bng 109o28'. Kiu lai ho sp3 c gp trong cc nguyn t O, N, C nm trong phn t H2O, NH3, NH+4, CH4,

b) Lai ho sp2: l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 2obitan p to thnh 3 obitan lai ho q nh hng t tm n 3 nh ca tam gic u. Lai ho sp2 c gp trong cc phn t BCl3, C2H4, c) Lai ho sp: l kiu lai ho gia 1 obitan s v 1 obitan p to ra 2 obitan lai ho q nh hng thng hng vi nhau. Lai ho sp c gp trong cc phn t BCl2, C2H2,

Ngoi cc dng lai ha trn, cc obitan cn c kh nng to thnh nhiu kiu lai ha khc, nh: lai ha vung phng dsp2, lai ha bt din d2sp3,

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Chng 4 CC NH LUT V CHT KH

I. nh lut Avgar. 1. Ni dung: cng mt iu kin (nhit v p sut) nhng th tch bng nhau ca mi cht kh u cha s phn t kh bng nhau. 2. H qu:

a) Th tch mol phn t. cng iu kin (T, P), 1 mol ca mi cht kh u chim th tch bng nhau.

c bit, iu kin tiu chun (T = 273K, P = 1atm = 760 mmHg) 1 mol kh bt k chim th tch 22,4 l. Th tch ny c gi l th tch mol ktc.

Cng thc lin h gia s mol kh (n) v th tch (Vo) ktc l.

4,220Vn = hay V0 = n. 22,4

Khi n = 1 mol Vo = 22,4 Khi lng mol: M = 22,4.D D l khi lng ring ca cht kh o ktc, tnh bng g/l. b) T khi hi ca cht kh: T khi ca kh A so vi kh B (k hiu l dA/B) l t s khi lng ca 1 th tch kh A so

vi khi lng ca mt th tch tng ng kh B, khi o cng T v P. dA/B =

B

A

mm

mA, mB l khi lng ca cng th tch kh A v kh B. Vi n mol kh th:

mA = n. MA; mB = n. MB dA/B =

B

A

mm =

B

A

MnMn.. =

B

A

MM

-> MA = dA/B . MB II. Phng trnh kh l tng

Phng trnh const

TVP

TVP === .....

1

11

0

00 Cng thc ny thng c s dng tnh Vo (th tch ktc), t tnh ra s mol kh

n:

4,220Vn =

Phng trnh trn cn vit di dng: TnPT

TVPPV

2734,22... 0

0

00 == hay PV = nRT vi R = 110 ...082,0273

4,22. KmolatmlitP

Ta li bit, s mol kh n = a / M (a l s gam kh). Do PV = Ma RT

III. Hn hp kh 1. p sut ring ca cht kh trong hn hp

Gi s trong hn hp c 3 kh A, B, C. Cc phn t kh gy ra p sut tng ng l PA, PB, PC. Ngi ta gi PA, PB v PC l p sut ring ca cc cht kh A, B v C.

Vy p sut ring ca mt cht kh trong hn hp l p sut c c nu mt mnh kh chim ton b th tch hn hp nhit cho.

p sut chung: P = PA + PB +PC

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


PA, PB v PC t l vi s mol ca cc kh A, B, C trong hn hp. 2. Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp kh ( M ) l khi lng ca mt th tch hn hp kh mt iu kin xc nh:

V d: M ca khng kh bng 29 gam. Cch tnh M : + M = dhh/A. MA + Khi lng mol trung bnh M ca hn hp 3 kh.:

M = CBA

CCBBAA

CBA

CBA

nnnMnMnMn

nnnmmm

++++=++

++ ... Nu thay n = V/22,4 vo phng trnh trn ta c:

M = CBA

CCBBAA

VVVMVMVMV

++++ ...

VA, VB, VC, l th tch cc kh A, B, C (o cng iu kin) trc khi trn to thnh hn hp.

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Chng 5 DUNG DCH - S IN LI IN PHN

1. ay nhiu cht m t l thnh phn ca chng c th

tha

n b cc phn t hoc ion cht tan. Thng gp dung mi O.

2. qu trnh.

t tan nguyn ch

oc b dung dch l lng cht tan d s kt tinh khi dung dch.

3. nh bng lng cht tan bo ho trong mt lng dung mi xc nh

i

hay tan nhiu.

hc t khng tan. 4.

dung mi gi l qu tr u trnh hirat ho.

rat).

dng tinh th rong tinh th gi l nc kt tinh.

.10H O, CaSO .2H O. 5.

ng nht nh du

Nng phn trm c biu th bng s gam cht tan c trong 100 g dung dch.

I. Dung dch nh ngha Dung dch l h ng th gm hai hy i trong mt gii hn kh rng. Dung dch gm: cc cht tan v dung mi. Dung mi l mi trng ph

lng v quan trng nht l H2Qu trnh ho tan Khi ho tan mt cht thng xy ra 2 Ph hu cu trc ca cc cht tan. Tng tc ca dung mi vi cc tiu phn cht tan (qu trnh solvat ha). Ngoi ra cn xy ra hin tng ion ho hoc lin hp phn t cht tan (lin kt hiro). Ngc vi qu trnh ho tan l qu trnh kt tinh. Trong dung dch, khi tc ho tan

bng tc kt tinh (cht tan trong dung dch trng thi cn bng vi cht), ta c dung dch bo ho. Lc cht tan khng tan thm c na. mi nhit xc nh, dung dch bo ha cha mt lng cht tan xc nh ng vi

tan ca cht . Tuy nhin i vi mt s cht ngi ta c th iu ch c dung dch qu bo ha c cha mt lng cht tan ln hn so vi dung dch bo ha. V d, ha tan mui natriaxetat vo nc n bo ha nhit cao ri h t t nhit dung dch xung, phn cht tan cn d cha th kt tinh (hin tng chm kt tinh), khi ta c dung dch qu bo ha. Trng thi qu bo ha l trng thi km bn, ch cn mt va chm nh hmt tinh th cht tan vo tan ca cc cht tan c xc u kin cho trc. Nu trong 100 g H2O ho tan c: >10 g cht tan: cht d tan

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


b) Nng mol (CM): Nng mol c biu th bng s mol cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch. K hiu l M.

CM = dd

ct

dd

ct

VMm

litVmoln 1.

)()( =

c) Quan h gia C% v CM: C% =

DCM Mct.10

CM = %.10 C

MDct

V d : Tnh nng mol ca dung dch axit H2SO4 20%, c D = 1,143 g/ml Gii : Theo cng thc trn ta c : CM = M34.22098

143,1.10 = II. S in li 1. nh ngha

S in li l qu trnh phn li cht tan thnh cc ion (ion dng v ion m) di tc dng ca cc phn t dung mi (thng l nc) hoc khi nng chy.

Ion dng gi l cation, ion m gi l anion. Cht in li l nhng cht tan trong nc v phn li ra ion, to thnh dung dch dn

in. V d: Cc cht mui axit, baz. Cht khng in li l cht khi tan trong nc to thnh dung dch khng dn in. V d: Dung dch ng, dung dch ru, Nu cht tan cu to t cc tinh th ion (nh NaCl, KOH,) th qu trnh in li l qu

trnh in li l qu trnh tch cc ion khi mng li tinh th ri sau ion kt hp vi cc phn t nc to thnh ion hirat.

Nu cht tan gm cc phn t phn cc (nh HCl, HBr, HNO3,) th u tin xy ra s ion ho phn t v sau l s hirat ho cc ion.

Phn t dung mi phn cc cng mnh th kh nng gy ra hin tng in li i vi cht tan cng mnh.

Trong mt s trng hp qu trnh in li lin quan vi kh nng to lin kt hiro ca phn t dung mi (nh s in li ca axit). 2. S in li ca axit, baz, mui trong dung dch nc

a) S in li ca axit Axit in li ra cation oxoni H3O+ (H+) v anion gc axit. HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl- n gin, ngi ta ch vit HCl = H+ + Cl- Nu axit nhiu ln axit th s in li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ HCO3- CO2- + H+ b) S in li ca baz Baz in li ra anion OH v cation kim loi hoc amoni. NaOH = Na+ + OH- NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Nu baz nhiu ln baz th s in li xy ra theo nhiu nc, nc sau yu hn nc trc. Fe(OH)3 Fe(OH)2+ + OH-

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Fe(OH) Fe(OH)2+ + OH- Fe(OH) Fe3+ + OH- c) S in li ca mui Mui in li ra cation kim loi hay amoni v anion gc axit, cc mui trung ho thng

ch in li 1 nc. K2SO4 = 2K+ + SO42- Mui axit, mui baz in li nhiu nc : NaH2PO4 = Na+ + H2PO4-

H2PO4- HPO4- + H+ HPO4- PO43- + H+ Mui baz : CaOHCl = CaOH+ + Cl- CaOH+ = Ca2+ + OH- d) S in li ca hiroxit lng tnh Hiroxit lng tnh c th in li theo 2 chiu ra c ion H+ v OH. 2H+ + ZnO22- Zn(OH)2 Zn2+ + 2OH- H+ + AlO2- + H2O Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH-

3. Cht in li mnh v cht in li yu a) Cht in li mnh Cht in li mnh l nhng cht trong dung dch nc in li hon ton thnh ion. Qu

trnh in li l qu trnh mt chiu, trong phng trnh in li dng du = (hoc du ). V d: KCl = K+ + Cl- Nhng cht in li mnh l nhng cht m tinh th ion hoc phn t c lin kt phn cc

mnh. l: Hu ht cc mui tan. Cc axit mnh: HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, Cc baz mnh: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, b) Cht in li yu Cht in li yu l nhng cht trong dung dch nc ch c mt phn nh s phn t in

li thnh ion, cn phn ln tn ti di dng phn t. Qu trnh in li l thun nghch, trong phng trnh in li dng du

V d: CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- Nhng cht in li yu thng gp l: Cc axit yu: CH3COOH, H2CO3, H2S, Cc baz yu: NH3, Mi cht in li yu c c trng bng hng s in li (Kl) - l hng s cn bng

ca qu trnh in li. V d: CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ Kl = ][

]].[[

3

3

COOHCHHCOOCH +

Trong : [CH3COO], [H+] v [CH3COOH] l nng cc ion v phn t trong dung dch lc cn bng. Kl l hng s, khng ph thuc nng . Cht in li cng yu th Kl cng nh.

Vi cht in li nhiu nc, mi nc c mt hng s Kl ring. H2CO3 c 2 hng s in li:

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ K1 = ][]].[[

32

3

COHHHCO +

HCO3- CO2- + H+ K2 = ][

]].[[

3

23

+

HCOHCO

4. in li in li ca cht in li l t s gia s phn t phn li thnh ion Np v tng s phn

t cht in li tan vo nc Nt.

t

p

NN=

V d: C 100 phn t cht tan trong nc c 25 phn t in li th in li bng: 25,0%25

10025 ===

T s ny cng chnh l t s nng mol cht tan phn li (Cp) v nng mol cht tan vo trong dung dch (Ct).

t

p

CC=

Gi tr ca bin i trong khong 0 n 1(hay t 0% ti 100%) 0 1 Khi = 1: cht tan phn li hon ton thnh ion. Khi = 0: cht tan hon ton khng phn

li (cht khng in li). in li ph thuc cc yu t : bn cht ca cht tan, dung mi, nhit v nng

dung dch. 5. Quan h gia in li v hng s in li

Gi s c cht in li yu MA vi nng ban u Co, in li ca n l , ta c: MA M+ + A- Nng lc cn bng: 0)1( C 0C 0C Hng s in li:

== 1)1(. 0

2

0

00 CCCCK l

Da vo biu thc ny, nu bit ng vi nng dung dch Co, ta tnh c Kl v ngc li.

V d: Trong dung dch axit HA 0,1M c = 0,01. Tnh hng s in li ca axit (k hiu l Ka).

Gii: Trong dung dch, axit HA phn li: HA H+ + A- lmol

HAAHKa /1001,01

1,0.)01,0(][

]].[[ 52 + === 6. Axit - baz

a) nh ngha Theo quan nim c: - Axit l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion H+ (chnh xc l H3O+). - Baz l nhng cht khi tan trong nc in li ra ion OH. i vi axit, v d HCl, s in li thng c biu din bng phng trnh: HCl = H+ + Cl-

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Nhng thc ra axit khng t phn li m nhng proton cho nc theo phng trnh. HCl + H2O = H3O+ + Cl- V H2O trong H3O+ khng tham gia phn ng nn thng ch ghi l H+ i vi baz, ngoi nhng cht trong phn t c sn nhm OH (nh NaOH,

Ba(OH)2) Cn c nhng baz trong phn t khng c nhm OH (nh NH3) nhng nhn proton ca nc to ra OH H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH- Do nu ln bn cht ca axit v baz, vai tr ca nc (dung mi), Bronxtet a

ra nh ngha mi v axit - baz nh sau: Axit l nhng cht c kh nng cho proton. Baz l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton. b) Phn ng axit - baz Tc dng ca dung dch axit v dung dch baz. Cho dung dch H2SO4 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, phn ng ho hc xy ra to nhit

lm dung dch nng ln. Phng trnh phn t: 2NaOH + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2H2O Phng trnh ion:

2Na+ + 2OH- + 2H+ + SO42- = 2Na+ + SO42- + 2H2O 2OH- + 2H+ = 2H2O

Hoc l: H3O+ + OH- = 2H2O H2SO4 cho proton (chuyn qua ion H3O+) v NaOH nhn proton (trc tip l ion OH). Phn ng ca axit vi baz gi l phn ng trung ho v lun to nhit. Tc dng ca dung dch axit v baz khng tan. dung dch HNO3 vo Al(OH)3 , cht ny tan dn. Phn ng ho hc xy ra. Phng trnh phn t: 3HNO3 + Al(OH)3 = Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O Phng trnh ion: 3H+ + 3NO3- + Al(OH)3 = Al3+ + 3NO3- + 3H2O 3H+ + Al(OH)3 = Al3++ 3H2O Hoc l: 3H3O+ + Al(OH)3 = Al3++ 6H2O HNO3 cho proton, Al(OH)3 nhn proton. Tc dng ca dung dch axit v oxit baz khng tan. dung dch axit HCl vo CuO, un nng, phn ng ho hc xy ra, CuO tan dn: Phng trnh phn t: 2HCl + CuO = CuCl2 + H2O Phng trnh ion 2H+ + 2Cl- + CuO = Cu2+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O 2H+ + CuO = Cu2+ + 2H2O Hoc l 2H3O+ + CuO = Cu2+ + 3H2O HCl cho proton, CuO nhn proton, n ng vai tr nh mt baz.

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Kt lun: Vy bn cht ca phn ng axit baz chnh l s cho v nhn proton. c) Hiroxit lng tnh C mt s hiroxit khng tan (nh Zn(OH)2, Al(OH)3,) tc dng c c vi dung dch

axit v c vi dung dch baz c gi l nhng hiroxit lng tnh. V d: Zn(OH)2 tc ng c vi H2SO4 v NaOH. H2SO4 + Zn(OH)2 = ZnSO4 + 2H2O 2H+ + SO42- + Zn(OH)2 = Zn2+ + SO42- + 2H2O 2H+ + Zn(OH)2 = Zn2+ + 2H2O Hoc l: 2H3O+ + Zn(OH)2 = Zn2+ + 4H2O Km hiroxit nhn proton, n l mt baz. H2ZnO2 Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O H2ZnO2 + 2Na+ + 2OH- = 2Na+ + ZnO22- + 2H2O H2ZnO2 + 2OH- = ZnO22- + 2H2O Km hiroxit cho proton, n l mt axit. Vy: Hiroxit lng tnh l hiroxit va c kh nng cho va c kh nng nhn proton,

ngha l va l axit, va l baz. 7. S in li ca nc

a) Nc l cht in li yu H2O H+ + OH- Tch s nng ion H+ v OH trong nc nguyn cht v trong dung dch nc mi

nhit l mt hng s OHK 2 200C th = [H+].[OH-] = 10-14 OHK 2Mi trng trung tnh : [H+] = [OH] = 107 mol/l Mi trng axit: [H+] > [OH] [H+] > 107 mol/l. Mi trng baz: [H+] < [OH] [H+] < 107 mol/l b) Ch s hiro ca dung dch - pH Khi biu din nng ion H+ (hay H3O+) ca dung dch di dng: [H+] = 10-a (mol/l) th h s a c gi l pH ca dung dch V d: [H+] = 105 mol/l th pH = 5, Cch xc nh pH: V mt ton hc th pH = lg[H+] Nh vy: Mi trng trung tnh: pH = 7 Mi trng axit: pH < 7 Mi trng baz: pH > 7 pH cng nh th dung dch c axit cng ln (axit cng mnh); pH cng ln th dung

dch c baz cng ln (baz cng mnh). V d 1: Dung dch HCl 0,02M, c [H+] = 0,02M. Do pH = lg2.102 = 1,7. V d 2: Dung dch NaOH 0,01M, c [OH] = 0,01 = 102 mol/l. Do :

[H+] = 12214

101010

= , pH = - lg10-12 = 12 c) Cht ch th mu axit - baz

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Cht ch th mu axit - baz l cht c mu thay i theo nng ion H+ ca dung dch. Mi cht ch th chuyn mu trong mt khong pH xc nh.

Bng 2: Mt s cht ch th mu axit - baz thng dng

Cht ch th mu Mu trong cc mi trng Axit Trung tnh Baz

Metyl da cam pH < 3,1 Da cam

3,1 < pH < 4,4 Vng

pH > 4,4

Qu pH < 5 Tm

5 < pH < 8 Xanh

pH > 8

Phenolphtalein Khng mu pH < 8 Hng nht

8 < pH < 9,8 Hng

pH > 9,8 8. S thu phn ca mui

Khng phi dung dch ca tt c cc mui trung ho u c mi trng trung tnh (pH = 7) m c th l mi trng axit hoc baz. Nguyn nhn l do: Mt s mui khi ha tan vo nc tc dng vi nc lm thay i mi trng dung dch. V d nh: nhng mui ca axit yu - baz mnh (nh CH3COOHNa), ca axit mnh - baz yu (nh NH4Cl) khi ho tan trong nc tc dng vi nc to ra axit yu, baz yu, v vy nhng mui ny khng tn ti trong nc. N b thu phn, gy ra s thay i tnh cht ca mi trng.

a) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu -baz mnh V d: CH3COONa, Na2CO3, K2S, CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-

Trong dung dch d ion OH, do vy pH > 7 (mi trng baz). Vy: mui ca axit yu - baz mnh khi thu phn cho mi trng baz. b) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit mnh - baz yu V d: NH4Cl, ZnCl2, Al2(SO4)3, NH4Cl + H2O NH3 + H3O+ + Cl- Trong dung dch d ion H3O+ hay (H+), do vy pH < 7 (mi trung axit). Vy mui ca axit mnh - baz yu khi thu phn cho mi trng axit. c) S thu phn ca mui to thnh t axit yu - baz yu V d: Al2S3, Fe2(CO3)3, Al2S3 + 6HOH 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S Fe2(CO3)2 + 6HOH 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

9. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li

Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch in li ch xy ra khi c s to thnh hoc cht kt ta, hoc cht d bay hi, hoc cht t in li (in li yu).

a) Phn ng to thnh cht kt ta Trn dung dch BaCl2 vi dung dch Na2SO4 thy c kt ta trng to thnh. xy ra

phn ng. Phng trnh phn t: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl Phng trnh ion: Ba2+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + SO42- = BaSO4 + 2Na+ + 2Cl-

Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4

b) Phn ng to thnh cht bay hi Cho axit HCl tc dng vi Na2CO3 thy c kh bay ra. xy ra phn ng. Phng trnh phn t:

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


2HCl + Na2CO3 = 2NaCl + CO2 + H2O Phng trnh ion 2H+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + CO32- = 2Na+ + 2Cl- + CO2 + H2O 2H+ + CO32- = CO2 + H2O c) Phn ng to thnh cht t in li - Cho axit H2SO4 vo mui axetat. Phn ng xy ra to thnh axit CH3COOH t in li Phng trnh phn t: H2SO4 + 2CH COONa = 2CH3COOH + Na2SO4 3Phng trnh ion 2H+ + SO42- + 2CH3COO- + 2Na+ = 2CH3COOH + 2Na+ + SO42- 2H+ + 2CH3COO- = 2CH3COOH Hoc cho axit HNO3 tc dng vi Ba(OH)2. Phn ng trung ho xy ra to thnh cht t

in li l nc. Phng trnh phn t: 2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 = Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O Phng trnh ion 2H+ + 2NO3- + Ba2+ + 2OH- = Ba2+ + 2NO3- + 2H2O H+ + 2OH- = 2H2O Ch : Khi biu din phn ng trao i trong dung dch in li, ngi ta thng vit

phng trnh phn ng di cc dng: phng trnh phn t v phng trnh ion. phng trnh ion, nhng cht kt ta, bay hi, in li yu (t in li) c vit di dng phn t, cc cht in li mnh vit di dng ion (do chng in li ra). Cui cng thu gn phng trnh ion bng cch lc b nhng thnh phn ging nhau 2 v ca phng trnh. III. S in phn

1. nh ngha in phn l s thc hin cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn b mt in cc nh dng in

mt chiu bn ngoi Qu trnh in phn c biu din bng s in phn. V d: S in phn NaCl nng chy. NaCl Na+ + Cl- 0t

0t

0t

Catot (-) anot(+) 2Na+ + 2e -> 2Na 2Cl- - 2e -> Cl2 catt: xy ra qu trnh kh. 2Na+ + 2e -> 2Na ant: xy ra qu trnh oxi ho. 2Cl- - 2e -> Cl2 Phng trnh in phn NaCl nng chy: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2

2. in phn hp cht nng chy trng thi nng chy, cc tinh th cht in phn b ph v thnh cc ion chuyn ng

hn lon. Khi c dng in mt chiu chy qua, ion dng chy v catt v b kh , ion m chy v ant v b oxi ho .

V d: in phn KOH nng chy. KOH K+ + OH-

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Catot (-) anot(+) 2K+ + 2e -> 2K 2OH- - 2e -> 1/2O2 + H2O

h phn

n ng ph gia sn phm i phn (O , Cl ) v in cc (ant) thng lm bng than ch.

n Al (c pha thm criolit 3NaF.AlF3) 1000oC Al2O3 2Al3+ + 3O2-

6Al 3O2- - 6e -> 3/2O ng tr phn

2Al + 3/2O2 Phn ng p

hp in phn hp cht nng chy c dng iu ch cc kim lo

g chy. i clorua nng chy.

3 nng chy. 3. dch nc

ph thuc vo so snh tnh oxi ho - kh m trong bnh in phn.

cng mnh v cng d b kh catt (tr

rong dy th in ho (tr ion H+), tro ng d b kh.

2+, Na+, ). Nhng ion ny thc t khng bao gi b kh khi in phn tro

oc phn t no c tnh kh mnh th cng d b oxi ho. C th p dng kin

dng lm ant. Tr trng hp ant tr (kh

oxi nh NO3-, SO42-, Thc t cc anion n ch.

i h:

P ng trnh in 2KOH dpnc 2K + 1/2O2 + H2O in phn nng chy xy ra nhit cao nn c th xy ra phn 2 2 ... V d: in ph 2O3 nng chy

0t

Catot (-) anot(+) 2Al3+ + 6e -> 2Ph nh in Al2O3 dpnc

h: 2C + O2 0t 2CO

(Than ch lm ant b mt dn, nn sau mt thi gian phi b sung vo in cc). ng dng: Phng pi hot ng mnh: iu ch kim loi kim: in phn mui clorua hoc hiroxit nn iu ch kim loi kim th: in phn mu iu ch Al: in phn Al2Oin phn dung a) Nguyn tc: Khi in phn dung dch, tham gia cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh in cc ngoi cc ion

ca cht in phn cn c th c cc ion H+ v OH ca nc v bn thn kim loi lm in cc. Khi qu trnh oxi ho - kh thc t xy ra

nh hay yu ca cc cht b) Th t kh catt Kim loi cng yu th cation ca n c tnh oxi ho trng hp ion H+). C th p dng quy tc sau: D kh nht l cc cation kim loi ng sau Al tng ion kim loi cng ci dy c Tip n l ion H+ ca dung dch Kh kh nht l cc ion kim loi mnh, k t Al, v pha u dy th in ho. (Al3+, Mg2+, Cang dung dch. c) Th t oxi ho ant Ni chung ion hh nghim sau: D b oxi ho nht l bn thn cc kim loi ng b n mn lm bng Pt, hay than ch (C). Sau n cc ion gc axit khng c oxi: I, Br, Cl, Ri n ion OH ca nc hoc ca kim tan trong dung dch. Kh b oxi ho nht l cc anion gc axit cy khng b oxi ho khi in phn dung dd) Mt s v d p dng quy tc trn V d 1: n phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc than c

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


CuCl Cu2+ + 2Cl- 2 HOH H+ + OH-

u 2Cl- - 2e -> Cl2 phn:

iken -

Catot (-) anot(+) Cu2+ + 2e -> CPhng trnh in CuCl2 dpdd Cu + Cl2 V d 2: in phn dung dch NiCl2 vi in cc bng n NiCl Ni2+ + 2Cl2 HOH H+ + OH-

n Ni t ant sang catt nh dng in. Ph

42-

Catot (-) anot(+) (Ni) Ni2+, H+ Cl-, OH-, Ni Ni2+ + 2e -> Ni Ni 2e -> Ni2+ Thc cht qu trnh in phn l s vn chuyng php c ng dng tinh ch kim loi. V d 3: in phn dung dch Na2SO4 vi in cc Pt: Na SO 2Na+ + SO2 4 HOH

H+ + OH-

2OH- 2e -> 1/2O2 + H2O n ph

ch: Na

Catot (-) anot(+) Na+, H+ SO42-, OH- 2H+ + 2e -> H2Phng trnh i n: H2O dp H2 + 1/2O2 V d 4: in phn dung dch NaCl vi ant bng than NaCl + + Cl- HOH H+ + OH-

2Cl- 2e -> Cln:

tc in li, do khu vc ny giu ion OH to thnh (cng vi Na+) dung dch Na

o dung dch v mt phn khuch tn ng v aven:

cch dng mng ng o dung dch.

Catot (-) anot(+) Na+, H+ Cl-, OH- 2H+ + 2e -> H2 2 Phng trnh in ph 2NaCl + 2H2O mndpdd , 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 Trong qu trnh in phn, dung dch khu vc xung quanh catt, ion H+ b mt dn.,

H2O tip OH. ant, ion Cl b oxi ho thnh Cl2. Mt phn ho tan v sang catt, tc d i NaOH to thnh nc J Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O V vy mun thu c NaOH phi trnh phn ng to nc Javen bng n bao bc ly khu vc ant ngn kh Cl2 khuch tn vV d 5: in phn dung dch KNO3 vi ant bng Cu. KNO K+ + NO3-3 HOH H+ + OH-

Catot (-) anot(+) K+, H+ NO3-, OH-, Cu

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


2H+ + 2e -> H2 Cu 2e -> Cu2+

Khi in phn, khu vc catt, ion H+ mt dn, nng OH tng dn, dung dch c tn vo dung dch.

)2 (mu xanh) in ph

g nng tng dn.

ng sau Al trong dy th in ho.

iroxit kim loi kim im loi khi hn hp dung dch.

4. Cng thc Faray

h kim tng dn. ant ion Cu2+ tanTrong dung dch xy ra phn ng. Cu2+ + 2OH- -> Cu(OHPhng trnh n: Cu + H2O dp Cu(OH)2 + H2 Bn thn KNO3 khng b bin i nhnng dng ca in phn dung dch: iu ch kim loi Tinh ch kim loi. M v c kim loi bng in. iu ch mt s ho cht thng dng: H2, Cl2, O2,, h Tch ring mt s k

FnFnm .. == tIAQA .

ro : g khi in phn (gam)

cht . g).

ulng.mol-1)

T ng m l khi lng cht c gii phn A l khi lng mol ca cht . n l s e trao i khi to thnh mt nguyn t hay phn t Q l in lng phng qua bnh in phn (Culn F l hng s Faray (F = 96500 C l l cng dng in (Ampe) t l thi gian in phn (giy) V d: Tnh khi lng oxi c gii phng ant khi cho dng in 5 ampe qua bnh

i ng dung dch Na2SO4 trong 1 gi 20 pht 25 giy.

A = 16 , n = 2 , t = 4825 giy , I = 5;

n phnGii: p dng cng thc Faray:

gamm 296500

4825.5.2

16 ==

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Chng 6 PHN NG OXI HA KH

1. yn t, ngi ta

t

(d n v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn.

t bng 0.

K a mt s nguyn t c tr s khng i:

ua k loi bng 1) lun bng 2.

g in tch ca ion. V d ca H l +1, ca O l 2 ca S l +6.

u ca s oxi ho t trc gi tr, cn du ca ion t sau gi tr.

a , ion Fe3+ 2.

yn t hoc ion cht tham gia phn ng, do lm thay i s oxi ho ca chng.

V d:

).

Qu trnh kt hp e vo cht oxi ho c gi l s kh cht oxi ho (qu trnh kh)

tch e khi cht kh c gi l s oxi ho cht kh (qu trnh oxi ha):

3. i bng tng s e m cht oxi

ho bo ton.

phn ng, nu cha bit sn phm th phi da vo iu kin cho bi su

thay i. i vi nhng nguyn t ng cn quan tm.

e

hn ng. 6) Cn bng phn khng tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - kh.

S oxi ho thun tin khi xem xt phn ng oxi ho - kh v tnh cht ca cc ngua ra khi nim s oxi ho (cn gi l mc oxi ho hay in tch ho tr). S oxi ho l in tch quy c m nguyn t c c nu gi thuyt rng cp e lin k

o 2 nguyn t gp chung) chuyn hon toS oxi ho c tnh theo quy tc sau : Trong n cht, s oxi ho ca cc nguyn V d: Trong Cl2, s oxi ho ca Cl bng 0. hi tham gia hp cht, s oxi ho c + Kim loi kim lun bng +1. + Kim loi kim th lun bng +2. + Oxi (tr trong peoxit bng 1) lun bng 2. + Hiro (tr trong hir im + Al thng bng +3. Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong phn t trung ho in bng 0. Tng i s s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t trong mt ion phc tp bn

trong ion HSO4-, s oxi ho + 1 + 6 + (2. 4) = 1. Ch : DV d:

3+

Fe S oxi hnh ngha

Phn ng oxi ho - kh l phn ng trong c s trao i e gia cc ngu ca cc

0

2

2

2

20CuClZnClCuZn ++ ++

Cht nhng e gi l cht kh (hay cht b oxi ho Cht thu e gi l cht oxi ho (hay cht b kh).

022 CueCu ++

Qu trnh

20

2+ ZneZn

Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ho - kh Nguyn tc khi cn bng : Tng s e m cht kh cho ph nhn v s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t c Qu trnh cn bng tin hnh theo cc bc: 1) Vit sy lun. 2) Xc nh s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t c s oxi hoc s oxi ho khng thay i th kh3) Vit cc qu trnh cho - nhn4) Cn bng s e cho v nhn. 5) a h s tm c t phng trnh e vo phng trnh p

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


V d: Cho ming Al vo dung dch axit HNO3 long thy bay ra cht kh khng mu, khng mi, khng chy, nh hn khng kh, vit phng trnh phn ng v cn bng.

Gii: Theo u bi, kh bay ra l N2. Phng trnh phn ng (bc 1): Al + HNO3 -> Al(NO3)3 + N2 + H2O Bc 2, 3, 4:

10 30

3+ AleAl

3 205

5.22 NeN ++Bc 5: 10Al + 6HNO3 -> 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + H2O Bc 6: Ngoi 6 HNO3 tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - kh cn 3.10 = 30HNO3 to thnh

mui nitrat (10Al(NO3)3). Vy tng s phn t HNO3 l 36 v to thnh 18H2O. Phng trnh cui cng: 10Al + 36HNO3 -> 10Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 18H2O Dng ion: 10Al + 36H+ + 36NO3- -> 10Al3+ + 30NO3- + 3N2 + 18H2O 10Al + 36H+ + 6NO3- -> 10Al3+ + 3N2 + 18H2O Ch : i vi nhng phn ng to nhiu sn phm trong nguyn t nhiu s oxi

ho khc nhau, ta c th vit gp hoc vit ring tng phn ng i vi tng sn phm, sau nhn cc phn ng ring vi h s t l theo iu kin u bi. Cui cng cng gp cc phn ng li.

V d: Cn bng phn ng: Al + HNO3 -> NO + N2O + ... Bit t l: 1:3: 2 =OHNO nn

Gii Cc phn ng ring ( cn bng theo nguyn tc trn): Al + 4HNO3 -> Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 8Al + 30HNO3 -> 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2 + 15H2O c t l mol trn, ta nhn phng trnh (1) vi 9 ri cng 2 phng trnh li: 17Al + 66HNO3 -> 17Al(NO3)3 + 9NO + 3N2O + 33H2O

4. Mt s dng phn ng oxi ho - kh c bit a. Phn ng oxi ho kh ni phn t Cht oxi ho v cht kh l nhng nguyn t khc nhau nm trong cng mt phn t. V d. OHNONHN 22

0

2

5

4

3 ++

2b. Phn ng t oxi ho - t kh

01

3

25OClKOClK + +

Cht oxi ho v cht kh cng l mt loi nguyn t trong hp cht. V d: Trong phn ng.

2

0Cl + NaOH + H2O OClNaClNa

11 + +2

0Cl va l cht oxi ha ( ) va l cht kh ( ) 10 1 + CleCl 10 1 + CleCl

c) Phn ng c nhiu nguyn t thay i s oxi ho V d: Cn bng phn ng sau theo phng php cn bng e KNO3 + FeS2 -> KNO2 + Fe2O3 + SO3 2

630

2 215++ + SFeeFeS

15 35

2++ + NeN

Phn Ha Hc i Cng


Vy phng trnh cn bng l: 15KNO3 + 2FeS2 -> 15KNO2 + Fe2O3 + 4SO3 d) Phn ng oxi ho - kh c mi trng tham gia mi trng axit thng c ion H+ tham gia to thnh H2O. V d: 2MnO4- + 5SO32- + 6H+ -> 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 3H2O mi trng kim thng c ion OH tham gia to thnh H2O. V d: 2KMnO4 + Na2SO3 + 2KOH -> 2K2MnO4 + Na2SO4 + H2O mi trng trung tnh c th c H2O tham gia. V d: MnO4- + SO32- + H2O -> MnO2 + SO42- + OH-

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Phn II HA HC CC HP CHT V C

Chng 1 CC NGUYN T NHM VIIA

Nhm Halogen 1. Cu to nguyn t

Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca X l ns2np5. D dng thc hin qu trnh : X2 + 2e -> 2X- Th hin tnh oxi ho mnh. S oxi ho: Flo ch c s oxi ho 1, cc halogen khc c cc s oxi ho 1, +1, +3, +5

v +7. T F2 I2: tnh oxi ha gim, tnh kh tng, m in gim.

2. Tnh cht vt l F2, Cl2 l cht kh, Br2 l cht lng, I2 l cht rn. Kh flo mu lc nht, kh clo mu vng

lc, cht lng brom mu nu, tinh th iot mu tm en. Cc halogen u rt c. F2 khng tan trong nc v n phn hy nc rt mnh; Cc halogen khc tan tng i

t trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c nh: C6H6, CCl4,. 3. Tnh cht ho hc Tnh cht ha hc c trng ca cc halogen l tnh oxi ha mnh

a. Phn ng vi hiro: Xy ra vi mc khc nhau: H2 + F2 -> 2HF phn ng xy ra ngay trong bng ti, k thng, n H2 + Cl2 -> 2Cl phn ng xy ra khi chiu sng hoc c t nng, n H2 + Br2 -> 2HBr phn ng xy ra khi t nng H2 + I2 2HI phn ng xy ra nhit cao, thun nghch b. Phn ng mnh vi kim loi

2Fe + 3Cl2 -> 2FeCl3 Phn ng to thnh hp cht kim loi c s oxi ho cao (nu kim loi c nhiu s oxi

ho nh Fe, Sn) c. Phn ng vi H2O: Khi cho halogen tan vo nc th: Flo phn hu nc:

F2 + H2O -> 2HF + 1/2O2 Clo to thnh hn hp 2 axit: Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO Brom cho phn ng tng t nhng tan km clo. Iot tan rt t. d. Phn ng vi phi kim khc

2P + 3Cl2 -> 2PCl3 2P + 5Cl2 -> 2PCl5

Cl2, Br2, I2 khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi. e. Phn ng vi dung dch kim Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim long v ngui to thnh nc Javen:

+ NaOH + H2O 20

Cl OClNaClNa 11 + + Clo tc dng vi dung dch kim c v nng to thnh mui clorat:

+ NaOH + H2O 20

Cl 0t 351

OClNaClNa+ +

Clo tc dng vi vi ti to thnh clorua vi: + Ca(OH)2 bt m, huyn ph + 2H2O 2

0Cl 2CaOCl

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Nc Javen, clorua vi l nhng cht oxi ho mnh do Cl+ trong phn t gy ra. Chng c dng lm cht ty mu, st trng.

f. Halogen mnh y halogen yu ra khi hp cht: 2Cl2 + NaBr -> 2NaCl + Br2

g. Oxi ha cc hp cht c tnh kh: Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl3 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

4. ng dng v iu ch clo Clo c dng : + Dit trng trong nc sinh hot cc thnh ph + Ty trng vi si, giy + Sn xut nc Javen, clorua vi, axit HCl + Sn xut cc ho cht trong cng nghip dc phm, cng nghip dt Trong phng th nghim, clo c iu ch t axit HCl:

4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2 O 0t16HCl + 2KMnO4 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2 O

Trong cng nghip: clo c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch mui clorua kim loi kim. Khi clo thot ra ant theo phng trnh.

2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2 mndpdd ,5. Trng thi t nhin Trong lp v tri t, clo ng th 11 trong tt c cc nguyn t ha hc v ng th nht trong cc halogen. Clo t nhin tn ti hai dng ng v: (75,77%) v (24,23%). Do hot ng ha hc mnh, clo ch tn ti trong t nhin dng hp cht, ch yu l mui clorua (trong nc bin, m mui, khong vt: cacnalit KCl. MgCl2.6H2O v xinvinit NaCl. KCl).

Cl3517Cl3717

6. Hp cht a. Hiro halogenua_ axit halogenhiric (HX) u l cht kh, tan nhiu trong H2O thnh nhng axit mnh (tr HF l axit yu v gia

cc phn t c to lin kt hiro), in li hon ton trong dung dch: HX + H2O -> H3O+ + X- HCl l cht kh khng mu, mi xc, nng hn khng kh (d = 1,26). Trong khng kh m

n to thnh cc ht nh nh sng m. Nng cho php trong khng kh l: 0,005mg/l. Axit halogenhiric c y cc tnh cht ha hc c trng ca mt axit: + Lm i mu cht ch th: qu tm ha + Tc dng vi baz v oxit baz to thnh mui v nc HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O 2HCl + CuO -> CuCl2 + H2O + Tc dng vi kim loi mnh (trc H trong dy in ha) gii phng H2 2HCl + Zn -> ZnCl2 + H2 + Tc dng vi mui to thnh mui mi v axit mi (mui mi phi t tan hoc axit

mi phi d bay hi): 2HCl + CaCO3 -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O Ring HF c tnh cht c bit: n c th tc dng c vi SiO2 (thy tinh) 4HF + SiO2 -> SF4 + 2H2O 2HF + SF4 -> H2[SF6] Do vy ngi ta khng ng dung dch HF trong cc l thy tinh m ng trong cc

l bng cht do.

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


- Ngoi tnh axit, cc HX do c cha X-1 nn chng cn th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc cht oxi ha mnh. T HF -> HI tnh kh tng dn V d:

16HCl + 2KMnO4 -> 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O Phn ln cc mui clorua tan nhiu trong H2O, tr mt s t tan nh AgCl, PbCl2,

Hg2Cl2, Cu2Cl2,Tnh tan ca cc mui bromua v ioua tng t mui clorua. - iu ch cc HX: + Tng hp trc tip: H2 + X2 -> 2HX + Dng phng php trao i ion: NaClrn + H2SO4 c HCl + NaHSO4 0t Cch nhn bit ion Cl (Br, I): Bng phn ng to mui clorua (bromua) kt ta vi

Ag+ (AgNO3) AgNO3 + NaCl -> NaNO3 + AgCl

Trng AgBr kt ta mu vng, AgI kt ta mu vng m

b. Axit hipoclor (HClO) L axit yu, km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch. Axit HClO v mui ca n l hipoclorit (nh NaClO) u c tnh oxi ho mnh v c

cha Cl+ : Cl+ + 2e -> Cl-1

c. Axit cloric (HClO3) L axit kh mnh, tan nhiu trong H2O, ch tn ti trong dung dch nng di 50%. Axit HClO3 v mui clorat (KClO3) c tnh oxi ho mnh.

156

+ + CleCl - Mui clorat l nguyn liu iu ch Oxi trong phng th nghim KClO3 KCl + 3/2O2 02 ,tMnOd. Axit pecloric (HClO4) L cht lng khng mu, bc khi trong khng kh, l axit mnh nht trong cc axit, tan

nhiu trong H2O, HClO4 c tnh oxi ho mnh. Axit pecloric c iu ch bng phn ng: 2KClO4 + H2SO4 2HClO4 + K2SO4 T HClO -> HClO4 tnh bn, tnh axit tng v kh nng oxi ha gim.

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Chng 2 OXI LU HUNH

I. Oxi 1. Cu to nguyn t

Oxi (Z = 8) c cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p4 1s2 2s2 2p4 C 6 e lp ngoi cng, d dng thu 2e bo ho lp ngoi cng. L cht oxi ho

mnh: O2 + 4e -> 2O-2

iu kin bnh thng, oxi tn ti dng phn t 2 nguyn t : O2 Dng th hnh khc ca oxi l ozon: O3 Oxi c 3 ng v tn ti trong t nhin:

(99,76%);17 (0,037%);18 (0,2%) O168 O8 O82. Tnh cht vt l

Oxi l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hi nng hn khng kh (d = 1,1), ho lng 183oC, ho rn 219oC, tan t trong nc, duy tr s chy s sng. Oxi lng v rn c mu xanh da tri.

Ozon l cht kh mi xc, mu xanh da tri. 3. Tnh cht ho hc: Oxi l cht oxi ha mnh, th hin qua:

Tc dng vi kim loi: Oxi phn ng trc tip vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au v Pt) to thnh oxit

Fe + O2 -> Fe3O4 i vi phi kim (tr halogen) oxi tc dng trc tip khi t nng (ring P trng tc dng

vi O2 to thng) S + O2 SO2 0tC + O2 CO2 0t

Ozon c tnh oxi ho mnh hn O2, do n khng bn, b phn hu thnh oxi t do. O3 -> O2 + O

iu ny th hin phn ng O3 y c iot khi dung dch KI (O2 khng c phn ng ny).

2KI + O3 + H2O -> I2 + O2 + 2KOH 4. iu ch

Trong phng th nghim: nhit phn cc mui giu oxi. V d: 2

01

3

25 0OClKOClK t + +

hay 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 0t

Trong cng nghip: ho lng khng kh nhit rt thp (200oC), sau chng phn on ly O2 ( 183oC) 5. Trng thi t nhin:

Oxi l nguyn t ph bin nht trn tri t, chim khong 20% th tch khng kh, khong 50% khi lng v tri t, khong 60% khi lng c th ngi, 89% khi lng nc.

Mi ngi mt ngy cn 20 30m3 oxi th.

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


II. Lu hunh 1. Cu to nguyn t

Lu hunh (S) cng nhm VIA vi oxi, c cu hnh e : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4. Lp e ngoi cng cng c 6e, d dng thc hin qu trnh.

S + 2e -> S-2 th hin tnh oxi ho nhng yu hn oxi. trng thi rn, mi phn t lu hunh gm 8 nguyn t (S8) khp kn thnh vng: S S S S S S S S

2. Tnh cht vt l Lu hunh l cht rn mu vng nht, khng tan trong H2O, tan trong mt s dung mi

hu c nh: CCl4, C6H6, rudn nhit, dn in rt km. Lu hunh nng chy 112,8oC n tr nn sm v c li, gi l S do. Srn -> S lng, vng - > S qunh, nht, nu -> S si ->S hi -> S bt vng 1190C 1870C 4450C lm lnh

3. Tnh cht ho hc Lu hunh va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh, thng gp cc mc oxi ha sau: S-2, S+4,

S+6. to thng, S hot ng km so vi oxi. to cao, S phn ng c vi nhiu phi kim

v kim loi. S + O2 SO2 (S0 -> S+4) 0tS + Fe FeS (S0 -> S-2) 0tS + H2 H2S (S0 -> S-2) 0t

Ho tan trong axit oxi ho: S + 2HNO3 H2SO4 + 2NO (S0 -> S+6) 0t S + 2H2SO4 c 2H2O + 3SO2 (S0 -> S+4) 0t

* 90% lng S dng sn xut H2SO4, 10% cn li dng lu ha cao su, sn xut dim, cht do ebonit,. 4. Hp cht

a) Hiro sunfua (H2S2) L cht kh khng mu, mi trng thi, c, nng hn khng kh (d = 1,17), t tan trong

H2O. H2S ha lng -600C v ha rn - 860C. Dung dch H2S l axit sunfuhiric. C tnh kh mnh, chy trong O2:

H2S + 3/2O2 SO2 + H2O 0t 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O 0t

Khi gp cht oxi ho mnh nh Cl2, S-2 c th b oxi ho n S+6: H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O 8HCl + H2SO4 0t

H2S l axit yu. Khi c mt oxi v nc, H2S c th phn ng vi mt s kim loi nh: Ag, Cu: 2H2S + 4Ag + O2 2Ag2S + 2H2O V vy mt s vt bng bc, ng trong

khng kh m b ha en.

Mui sunfua trung tnh (v d ZnS) hu ht t tan trong H2O. Ch c sunfua kim loi kim, kim th tan nhiu.

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


ng mui ch, kt ta PbS mu en s xut hi

2 v axit sunfur H2SO kh g i hc ng kh (d = 2,2), ha lng -100C,

nhn bit H2S hoc mui sunfua (S2) dn.

Pb(NO3)2 + Na2S -> PbS + 2NaNO3 b) Lu hunh ioxit SO

4+

n3

SO2 l cht kh mu, m , nng hn kh( S )

c, tc dng vi H2O: SO2 + H2O H2SO3 HSO3- + H+

t kh v l mt oxit axit.

l sunfit (v d Na2SO3). rung gian, nn H2SO3 v mui sunfit va c tnh oxi ho va c

tn

ng, SO3 l cht lng khng mu, d bay hi, nhit nng chy l 16,80C tan v hn trong H O v trong axit H SO v

3 + H2O -> H2SO4 H = - 88KJ/mol

o nh u n

D t axit thng thng:

nh mui v nc

2O

O4 l -> FeSO4 + H2 i (mui mi phi t tan hoc axit

mCO -> CaSO4 + CO + H2O

g (tr Au v Pt). i cng mnh kh S+6 ca H SO c v hp cht c s oxi ho cng thp (SO2, S,

H2S). V d

O

- SO2 va l cht oxi ha va l ch SO2 + 1/2O2 0t SO3 SO2 + 2H2S 0t 3S + 2H2O SO2 + NaOH -> NaHSO3 SO2 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO3 + H2O H2SO3 l axit yu (K1 = 2.10-2), khng bn ch tn ti trong dung dch long. Mui ca

axit sunfurMc oxi ho +4 l mc th kh. S+4 2e -> S+6: tnh kh S+4 + 4e -> S0: tnh oxi ha c) Lu hunh trioxit SO3 v axit sunfuric (H2SO4) iu kin th

, nhit si l 44,70C. SO3 rt ho nc, 2 2 4 to nhiu nhit.

SO SO3 khng c ng dng thc t, n l sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh sn xut axit

H2SO4. H2SO4 l cht lng snh, tan v hn trong nc, H2SO4 c ht m rt mnh v ti hit. ung dch H2SO4 long c y cc tnh cht ha hc ca m + Lm i mu cht ch th: qu tm ha + Tc dng vi baz v oxit baz to th H2SO4 + 2NaOH -> Na2SO4 + 2H2O

H2SO4 + CuO -> CuSO4 + H + Tc dng vi kim loi mnh (trc H trong dy in ha) gii phng H2

Fe + H2S + Tc dng vi mui to thnh mui mi v axit mi phi d bay hi): H2SO4 + Ca 3 Dung dch H2SO4 m c l cht oxi ho mnh, ho tan c hu ht cc kim loi khi

un nn

2

Kim lo 2 4

: 3H2SO4 , nng + 4Na -> 2Na2SO4 + H2S + 2H23H2SO4 , nng + 2Mg -> 2MgSO4 + S + 3H2O 2H2SO4 , nng + Cu -> CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O Ch : Fe v Al b th ng ho trong H2SO4 c ngui, do c th dng thng

bng nhm hoc st ng axit sunfuric c ngui.

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Ngoi nhng tnh , H2SO4 cn c t cht trn nh cht c bit l tnh ho nc. N c kh n c c u mui hoc ca cc hp cht:

SO4. 5H2O CuSO4

+ 2H2O an l : BaSO4,

PbSO4hn ng to thnh mui sunfat kt ta:

ng) ch c iu ch t lu hunh v t qung

pirit Fe : 2O3 + 4SO2

SO

uan trng c gi tr trong thc t l: ng nghip sn xut xi mng, c tng, lm bt

b

CuSun iot (cht ch th l h tinh bt).

2Na2S2O3 + I2 -> 2NaI + Na2S4O6 hiosunfat cn dng trong k thut in nh

ng chim n a nhi kt tinh Cu SOH 42 Xanh trngHoc: C12H22O11 trng SOH 42 C en Mt phn C tham gia phn ng: C + 2H2SO4 -> CO2 + 2SO2 Phn ln cc mui sunfat tan nhiu trong nc. Ch c 1 s mui khng t

, Ag2SO4 v CaSO4 t tan. Cch nhn bit ion SO42-. Bng p

Ba2+ + SO42- -> BaSO4 (tr

iu axit H2SO4. Axit sunfuric ch yuS2 theo cc phn ng 2FeS2 + 11O2 0t Fe SO2 + 1/2O2 3 SO3 + H2O -> H2SO4

0t d) Cc mui sunfat: Cc mui sunfat qCaSO4 (thch cao) c dng trong c ch xng gy. MgSO4 dng lm thuc nhun trng. Na2SO4 dng trong cng nghip thu tinh.

O4 dng m in, thuc tr nm Na2S2O3 (natri thiosunfat) dng trong php ch

T

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Chng 3 NIT - PHOTPHO

I. 1. u to nguyn t

c cu hnh electron

2s 2p

, do N c s oxi ho dng trong hp ch c, nit c s oxi ho m.

nhin l hn hp ca hai ng v v vi t l 272 : 1. Nit ch

t l v ho rn

nhit th rt tr, khng phn ng vi cc nguyn t khc. khi c cht xc tc, nit phn ng vi nhiu nguyn t kim loi

va) T ro

c tc, p s t cao, N2 tc dng vi H2. Phn ng pht nhit:

Nit C Nit 1s2 2 3

Do c 3 e c thn nn nit c kh nng to ra ba lin kt cng ho tr vi nguyn t khc.

m in ca N l 3, ch nh hn ca F v Oht vi 2 nguyn t ny. Cn trong cc hp cht k

S oxi ho ca N : 3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 v +5. Nit tn ti bn dng phn t N2 (N N).

14 15 Nguyn t nit t N7 N7im 0,01% khi lng v Tri t. Dng tn ti t do l nhng phn t hai nguyn t.

2. Tnh cht vNit l cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, khng chy, ho lng 195,8oC

209,9oC. Nit nh hn khng kh (d = 1,2506g/lt ktc), ho tan rt t trong nc.

3. Tnh cht ho hc V c lin kt ba nn phn t N2 rt bn, ch nhit rt cao mi phn li thnh nguyn

t. Do vy ng, nit nhit cao, c bit l phi kim.

c dng vi hiu 400oC, c bt Fe x

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 b) T xi c dng vi o 3000oC hoc c tia la in, N2 tc dng vi O2. Phn ng thu nhit:

N2 + O2 2NO hp ngay vi O2 ca khng kh to ra NO2 mu nu:

/2O2

nhit thng, NO ho NO + 1 NO2 c) Tc dng vi kim loi: Al + 1/2N2 0t AlN (nhm nitrua)

v ng dng hn on v thu N2

-1i amoni. V d:

4H2O c dng sn xu m, to mi trng lnh.

5. a) Amoniac

Nit khng phn ng trc tip vi halogen, lu hunh. 4. iu ch

a) Trong cng nghip : Ho lng khng kh, sau chng ct p96oC. b) Trong phng th nghim: Nhit phn 1 s mu NH4NO2 0t N2 + 2H2O (NH4)2Cr2O7 0t N2 +Cr2O3 +

t amoniac, axit nitric, phn Nit ch yu Cc hp cht quan trng ca nit.

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Cng thc cu to: N H H

H Phn t NH3 tn ti trong khng gian di dng t din, gc lin kt l 107,80 (ba lin kt

to

3 l phn t phn cc, N cn 1 cp electron t do lm cho NH3 to c lin k

h nc c th ho tan 700 th tch NH3 kh). NH3 ho lng 33,4oC, ho rn

+ T1,8.103

thnh mui amoni: Cl -> NH4Cl

NH3 (kh) v HCl (kh) th to thnh m khi trng - l nh

c kh nng kt ta nhiu kim loi m hiroxit ca chng khng tan:

c bit: NH c th to phc vi mt s ion kim loi nh Ag+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Hg2+, Cd

ca cc kim loi trn thy k a v to phc:

-> [Zn(NH ) ]2+ + 2OH-

ngn g:

kh l 2NH3 + 3Cl2 kk N2 + 6HCl

oxit

+ B 3 c t phn thnh N2, H2 khong 6000C 8000C:

thnh bi 3 obitan lai ho sp3 ca N) Lin kt gia N v 3H l lin kt cng ho tr c cc, cp e dng chung lch v pha N.

Phn t NHt hiro. Tnh cht vt l: NH3 l cht kh khng mu, mi khai v xc, nh hn khng kh, tan nhiu trong H2O (

20oC, mt th tc 77,8oC. Tnh cht ho hc

nh baz: NH3 l mt baz v c kh nng nhn proton. NH3 + HOH -> NH4+ + OH- Kbaz =

* NH3 tc dng vi axit to NH3 + H

Dng ion: NH3 + H+ -> NH4+

Nu thc hin phn ng giang tinh th rt nh NH4Cl. * Dung dch NH3 lm xanh qu tm, lm hng phenolphtalein * Dung dch NH3

V d nh: 3NH3 + 3HOH + AlCl3 -> 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3 + 3

2+, V vy, khi cho dung dch NH3 tc dng t t vi dung dch mui

t ta (hiroxit hoc mui baz) sau kt ta t n2NH3 + 2HOH + ZnCl2 -> 2NH4Cl + Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 3 4

+ Tnh kh: NH3 chy trong oxi cho la mu vn 2NH3 + 3/2O2 kk 0t N2 + 3H2O NH3 chy trong Cl2 to i trng NH4C

0t v NH3 k + HClk = NH4Clrn NH3 kh c mt s kim loi: 2NH3 + 3CuO 0t 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O

n thn NH h b nhit 2NH3 N2 + 3H2

+ C i d b p

3, (NH4)2CO3 l bt n, 60 C phn hu, c dng trong cng ngh thc ph .

c mui amon nhit hn: NH4Cl NH3 + HCl 0t(NH4)2CO3 0t 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O

NH4HCO om

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


+ M t b n 2 cch:

NO3 N2 + 1/2O2 + 2H2O

i a trn

ui amoni nitra hit phn theo NH4NO3 2O + 2H2O 0t

> C0200 NH4N iu ch:

u ch NH3 d phn ng. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Q (ta nhit)

Mun phn ng t hiu sut cao cn tin hnh p sut cao (300 1000 atm), nhit v c bt st lm xc tc.

H2 ly t kh t nhin, kh l cc hoc t sn phm ca phn ng gia cacbon v H2

3, cc mui amoni (NH4Cl, NH4NO3), iu ch xa

Nit to v

hu, hi c v ngt. N2O khng tc dng vi oxi. 500oC u th .

a phi (400oC 5000C) v Kh N2 ly t khng kh. Kh O. ng dng: NH3 dng iu ch axit HNOb) Cc oxit ca nit

i oxi 5 loi oxit: N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2 v N2O5.

S oxi ho: +1, +2, +3, +4, v +5. Ch c NO v NO2 iu ch trc tip c bng cc phn ng ha hc. N2O : kh khng mu, mi d c

b phn h nh N2 v O2 N2O N2 + 1/2O2

N trong khng kh phn ng vi oxi to thnh NO2 mu nu. O: kh khng mu, NO + 1/2O2 NO2

NO : kh u, rt ime ho theo cn bng. 22 NO2 mu n c, b

N2O4 iu kin thng, tn ti hn hp NO v N O . T l s mol NO : N2O4 ph thuc

vNO vi H2O cho hn hp hai axit:

+ H O -> HNO + HNO2 v

Khi trat v mui nitrit.

Cc oxi ho khi tc dng vi cht kh mnh:

V nh nh Cl2, Br2, O3, KMNO4 rozyl clorua )

+ O

xit yu, km bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch long. Khi c hoc nng d b phn hu.

HN tnh oxi ho va c tnh kh:

3)

2 2 4 2o nhit . Trn 100oC ch c NO2

2 l oxit axit hn hp. Khi tc dng 2NO2 2 3

3HNO2 -> HNO3 + 2NO + H2O tc dng vi kim c hn hp gm mui ni 2NO2 + 2NaOH -> NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O oxit NO v NO2 th hin tnh NO2 + SO2 -> NO + SO3 NO + H2S -> 1/2N2 + S + H2O

th hin tnh kh khi gp cht oxi ho mNO + 1/2Cl2 -> NOCl (nit2NO2 + O3 -> N2O5 2

c) Axit nitr HNO2 L a

3HNO2 -> HNO3 + 2NO + H2O O2 v mui nitrit va cN+3 + 1e -> N+2 (NO) N+5 -2e -> N+5 (HNO

d) Axit nitric HNO3

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Cng thc cu to:

NOH

O

O

Trong phn t HNO3 c mt lin kt cho - nhn v ho tr ca N l IV (4 cp e dng

ch ca N l +5 (v hnh thc N c ho tr V).

ch HNO3 c c m mu.

nng, lm vng da, ph hng vi, giy.

* T n li hon ton. O3 -> H+ + NO3-

N+

NO3 c, nng: Oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt), sn phm kh l NO2 m

+ 2H2O

cng mnh th N+5 (trong HN h v s oxi ho cng thp (tnh oxi ha cng mnh)

V d

mol HNO3 + 3mol HCl g Au v Pt.

Axi hi kim nh C, Si, P, S:

NO + 3/2CO2 + H2O

n khng. n xut 2:

2 2NO + 3H2O

O2 + H2O -> 2HNO3

bn iu ch mui nitrat, phn bn, cht n, nhin liu tn la, c amin.

ung), cn s oxi ho Tnh cht vt l: Axit nitric nguyn cht l cht lng khng mu, si 86oC, ho rn 41oC. HNO3 d b phn hu ngoi nh sng thnh NO2, O2 v H2O nn dung du vng (v c ln NO2) v phi c bo qun trong cc bnh tiHNO3 c d gy bng Tnh cht ho hc:

nh axit: L axit mnh, ph HNHay HNO3 + H2O -> H3O+ + NO3-

* Tnh oxi ho: Do cha N+5 (l mc oxi ha cao nht ca N) HNO3 l cht oxi ho manh. N tc dng vi hu ht cc kim loi (tr vng v platin) v khi N+5 c th b kh thnh

4, N+2, N+1, No v N-3 tu thuc vo nng axit, nhit v hot ng ca kim loi. i vi axit H

u nu. 4H NO3 ,n + Mg -> Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO + 2H2O 2 4H NO3 ,n + Cu -> Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2

HNO3 c, ngui: th ng vi Fe v Al i vi axit HNO3 long: Oxi ho hu c ht cc kim loi (tr Au, Pt), sn phm kh l

NO, N2O, N2 hoc NH3 (NH4NO3). Khi axit cng long, cht khO3) b k

: 30HNO3 + 8Al -> 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15H2O

* Hn hp dung dch m c ca HNO3 v HCl c t l mol: 1i l nc cng thy hay cng toan, ho tan c c HNO3 + 3HCl + Au -> AuCl3 + NO + 2H2O

t HNO3 cng oxi ho c nhiu p 2HNO3 + S -> H2SO4 + 2NO 2HNO3 + 3/2C -> 2

iu ch axit HNO3: * Trong phng th nghim KNO3 + H2SO4 -> KHSO4 + HNO3 thu HNO3, ngi ta chng ct dung dch trong ch* Trong cng nghip, s HNO3 t NH3 v O

NH3 + 5/2O2 kk 850 PtC ,0NO + 1/2O2 -> NO2 2NO2 + 1/2

ng dng: HNO3 l nguyn liu cc hp cht nitro, e) Mui nitrat

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Tnh tan: Tt c cc mui nitrat u d tan trong H2O, l nhng cht in li mnh. Cu(NO3)2 -> Cu2+ + 2NO3-

Kh nng b nhit phn: Tt c cc mui nitrat u khng bn nhit cao. Tu thuc ion

phi gii phng O2) ui n i h (ng trc Mg trong dy Bktp): -> Mui

NiK

O2 + O2 Cu(NO3) CuO + 2NO2 + 1/2O2

i nitr i + NO2 + O2

AgNO Ag + NO2 + 1/2O

huc n c khi). Thnh phn thuc n en : 75 . Khi hn hp n, xy ra phn ng.

on NO - : g hn hp Cu trong mi trng axit

(v3

- + 3Cu + 8H+ -> 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O ch c mu xanh, c kh khng mu bay ra, ri ho nu trong

II1. n t

n t P c 3 electron phn lp 3p ) nn 1e phn lp 3s c th nhy ln 3d lm cho

P

v photpho .

nh sng. thng hoa. Gp

hnh P trng.

h oxi ho l -3, +3 v +5

So vi nit ot c bit l P trng. Tc dng vi oxi: Photpho chy trong khng kh to ra iphotpho pentaoxit P2O5.

kim loi c trong mui, cc nitrat b phn hu to thnh nhng loi hp cht khc nhau (nhng u

* Nhit phn m itrat ca kim lo mntrit + O2 KNO3 NO2 + 1/2O2 0t * Nhit phn mui nitrat ca kim loi trung bnh (T Mg Cu): -> Oxit + N

2 0t * Nhit phn mu at ca kim loi yu (sau Cu): -> kim lo

3 0t 2 ng dng ca mui nitrat: dng lm phn bn, thuc n, cung cp oxi trong phng th

nghim,... Kali nitrat dng ch to thuc n en (t% KNO3, 10% S, 15% C KNO3 + S + C -> K2S + SO2 + CO2 Nhn bit i 3

nhn bit ion NO3- (HNO3, mui nitrat) c th dn d H2SO4)

2NO Ta thy Cu tan, dung d

khng kh.

. Phot pho Cu to nguyPhotpho c in tch ht nhn +15 Cu hnh e: 1s22s22p63s23p3 Photpho phn nhm chnh nhm V, chu k 3. Nguy

v phn lp 3d cn trng (cha c electronc 5e c thn v nh vy c th c ho tr V (khc N)

2. Tnh cht vt l v cc dng th hnh n cht photpho c th tn ti di nhiu dng th hnh khc nhau. Hai dng th hnh

quan trng l photpho trng Photpho trng: l cht rn mu trng hoc hi vng, rt c. 280oC, photpho trng

chuyn thnh photpho . Photpho trng t bc chy trong khng kh, pht sng trong bng ti (ln tinh). Ngi ta

bo qun n bng cch ngm trong nc, trnh Photpho : l cht rn c mu , khng c. nhit cao, P

lnh, hi P ngng t tP kh bn, kh nng chy, khng tan trong bt k dung mi no.

3. Tnh cht ho hc: t, P c sLp ngoi cng ca nguyn t P c 5e. Trong cc hp c

. Photpho th hin c hai tnh cht: tnh kh v tnh oxi ha: , photpho h ng hn,

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


4P + 5O2 0t 2P2O5 P trng b oxi ho chm trong khng kh thnh P2O3, khi phn ng khng pht nhit

m T Tc dng hy trong clo v n trong flo.

: P c th gy n khi tc dng vi nhng mui c tnh oxi ho mnh nh KNO , K

ng oxi ho).

PH3 c. Tr hy trong khng kh:

n iphotphin P2H4 th t bc chy hin tng "ma tri")

4. n tn ti dng hp cht nh cc qung photphorit

Ca

v keo dnh. tng c st cn trn thm bt thu tinh mn vo c 2 loi thuc tr

P dn otphoric:g nghip, ngi ta iu ch P bng cch nung hn hp canxiphotphat, SiO2

(ct) v 10 6CaSiO3 + 10CO + P4

5.

t rn, mu trng, rt ho nc, tc dng mnh lit vi nc to thnh axit photphoric:

O lm kh nhiu cht.

n hn mc +5. Do vy H PO v P O kh b kh v khng c tnh oxi ho nh HN

g dch in li theo 3 nc: trung bnh n u v rt yu cc nc th hai, th ba.

pht quang. c dng vi axit nitric: 3P + 5HNO , + 2H O -> 3H3PO4 + 5NO 3 n 2

vi halogen: P bc c 2P + 3Cl2 -> 2PCl3

Tc dng vi mui 3

5KClO3 + 6P -> 5KCl + 3P2O5ClO3,

Tc d vi hiro v kim loi (P th hin tnh 2P + 3Ca -> Ca P (canxi photphua) 3 2Cc mui photphua d b thy phn to thnh PH3 (photphin)

l cht kh, rt n 150oC b bc c 2PH3 + 4O2 kk 0t P2O5 + 3H2O

PH sinh ra do s thi ra xc ng thc vt, nu c l3pht ra nh sng xanh ( l iu ch v ng dng P kh hot ng, trong t nhin3(PO4)2, apatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2. P c dng ch to dim: Thuc gn u que dim gm mt cht oxi ho nh

KClO3, KNO3.., mt cht d chy nh S v keo dnh. Thuc qut bn cnh hp dim l bt P

n. g sn xut axit ph P -> P2O5-> H3PO4

Trong cn than:

0t2Ca (PO ) + 6SiO +3 4 2 2 C Hp cht ca photpho a) iphotpho pentaoxit P2O5 P2O5 l ch

P O + 3HOH -> 2H3PO4 2 5

Chnh v vy ngi ta dng P2 5 b) Axit photphoric H3PO4. H3PO4 l cht rn, khng mu, nng chy 42,5oC, tan v hn trong nc. Trong P2O5 v H3PO4, photpho c s oxi ho +5. Khc vi nit, photpho c m in

nh nn b 3 4 2 5O3.

H3PO4 l axit trung bnh nc 1, yu v rt yu nc 2 v nc 3; trong dunc th nht, yH PO - + H+ H PO 3 4 2 4

H PO - HPO 2- + H+ 2 4 4HPO42- PO43- + H+

Dung dch axit H3PO4 c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit: lm qu tm, tc dng vi baz, oxit baz to thnh mui axit hoc mui trung ho nh NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, Na3PO4.

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


H3PO4 c th tc dng vi nhng kim loi ng trc H trong dy Bktp cho H2 thot ra.

ng dng dy mui photphat: :

O4

.

ui axit ca kim loi Na, K v amoni u tan trong nc. Vi c iro photphat l tan c, ngoi ra u khng tan hoc tan t tro

d)

SO -> 3CaSO + 2H POo tan vo H2O) hay t P (ho

ng lm phn bn phi l nhng hp cht tan c trong dung dch th c hi, khng gy n

phn m, phn ln v phn kali.

n m quan trng:

l") t. Trong t ure b bin i dn thnh amoni

caH ) CO

m gn vi, kh

O , Ca(NO ) ,thng bn cho cc vng t chua mn.

photphat vi olomit). S thch cao, c iu ch theo

ph4)2

Su hotphat, c iu ch theo phn ng:

V d: 3Zn + 2H3PO4 -> Zn3(PO4)2 + 2H2

c) Mui photphat vi 3 mc in li ca axit H3PO4 c

Mui photphat trung hoNa3PO4, Zn3(PO4)2, (NH4)3P

Mui ihiro photphat NaH2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2,... Mui hiro photphat: Na2HPO4, CaHPO4, Cc mui trung ho v mc kim loi khc ch mui ihng H2O.

iu ch v ng dng Trong cng nghip, iu ch H3PO4 t qung Ca3(PO4)2 v axit H2SO4:

Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2 4 4 3 4 Trong phng th nghim, H3PO4 c iu ch t P2O5 (h

tan bng HNO3 c). Axit photphoric ch yu c dng sn xut phn bn.

6. Phn bn ho hc Phn bn ho hc l nhng ho cht c cha nguyn t dinh dng, dng bn cho cy

trng nhm nng cao nng sut. Nhng ho cht dm trong t r cy hp th c. Ngoi ra, hp cht phi khng him mi trng. C ba loi phn bn ho hc c bn:a) Phn m l phn cha nguyn t nit. Cy ch hp th m di dng ion NO3- v ion

NH4+. Cc loi ph Mui amoni: NH4Cl (25% N), (NH4)2SO4 (21% N), NH4NO3 (35% N, thng c gi

l "m hai Ure: CO(NH2)2 (46% N) giu nit nhcbonat. CO(NH2)2 + 2H2O -> (N 4 2 3 Cc mui amoni v ure b kim phn hu, do khng nn bo qun phn ng bn cho cc loi t kim. Mui nitrat: NaN 3 3 2b) Phn ln l phn cha nguyn t photpho. Cy hp th ln di dng ion PO43-. Cc

loi phn ln chnh. Phn ln t nhin: Qung photphat Ca3(PO4)2 thch hp vi t chua ; phn nung chy

(nung qungupephotphat n: Hn hp canxi ihiro photphat v

n ng: Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 -> 2CaSO4 + Ca(H2POpe photphat kp: l mui canxi ihiro p Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 -> 3CaSO4 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H3PO4 -> 3Ca(H2PO4)2

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


Amophot: cha c m v ln, c iu ch bng cch cho NH3 tc dng vi axit photphoric thu c hn hp trong mono v iamophot NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4

c) Phn kali: cha nguyn t kali, cy hp th kali di dng ion K+. Phn kali ch yu l KC

phn cha mt s lng rt nh cc nguyn t nh ng, km, mo

nc ta c mt s nh my ln sn xut supephotphat (Lm Thao - Ph Th), sn xut ph m (H Bc) v c mt s a phng sn xut phn ln nung chy

l ly t qung mui cacnalit (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O), sinvinit (KCl.NaCl). Ngoi ra ngi ta cng dng KNO3.K2SO4.

d) Phn vi lng: l loi lipen, mangan, coban, bo, iot Ch cn bn mt lng rt nh cc nguyn t ny cng

lm cho cy pht trin tt. n

Ha hc cc hp cht v c


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