N.Murugesan

Fr. Director General

Central Power Research Institute

Date: 04.12.15

Smart Generation:

Resources and Potential

1.Introduction

2. Drivers for Smart grid worldwide

3.Trends and Requirements for

Electricity Generation

4.Volatile Renewable Energy Sources:

Wind and Sun.

5.Cogeneration of Heat and Power

Applying Renewable Energy Sources

6.Electric Energy Storage Systems .

7.Requirements for Controllable Power

Plants

8.Conclusions

1.Efficient transmission and distribution of

electricity is a fundamental requirement for

sustainable development and prosperity

throughout the world.

The main challenges that need to be solved are:

a) the decreasing availability of fossil and nuclear

primary energy sources (PES)

b) Accordingly, their rapidly increasing prices

c) the increasing impact of greenhouse emissions

on the environment

Introduction

The reserve expectations for primary energy and the annual world

demand

The global annual carbon emissions by fuel types

European objectives by 2020

Consequently, the European Union has set

ambitious objectives for the year

2020 to: 20:20:20

• Lower energy consumption by 20 % by

enhanced efficiency of energy use

• Reduce CO2 emissions by 20 % and

• Ensure that 20 % of the primary energy is

generated by renewable energy

resources (RES).

Potential of RES and CHP for Europe

2006, the European Commission published the ‘‘Strategic Energy

Technology Plan’’ (SET plan)

pp – power plant, 1– large hydro pp, 2– wind farm on-shore, 3– small hydro pp, 4–concentrated solar

thermal pp, 5 – biofuel pp, 6- wind farm off- shore, 7– low emission fossil pp , 8 – high voltage DC

transmission, 9– control center, 10 – micro- grid, 11 – wave pp, 12 – photovoltaic plants, 13 –

underground power transmission,14 – solar heating, 15 – hydrogen filling station, 16 – small electric

batteries,17 – thermal storage,18 – electricity storage,19 – cogeneration of heat and power, 20 – fuel cells

Power supply of the future—the vision

Energy mix in 2010 and the development targets for 2030 in Germany

Web Definition

A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to

consumers using digital technology to save energy,

reduce cost and increase reliability.

Computer

A smart grid includes an intelligent molines for less power

loss, as well as the capability of integrating alternative

sources of electricity such as solar and wind.

Smart grid definition

“Smart Grid is defined

as a broad range of

solutions and

deployment of

Technologies that

optimize the energy

value chain. ”

“ It is evolving ”

Smart grid definition- Finally

Why Smart Grid?

1.Rising costs of capital, raw materials, and

labour

2.Aging infrastructure and workforce

3.Continuing national security concerns

4.Need for and viability of energy efficiency

caused by the expansion of the global

economy

5.Rising energy costs with viable options

6.Increasing awareness of environmental

issues, including global warming

Why Smart Grid?

7.Regulatory pressures

8.Social pressures

9.Calls for energy efficiency

10.Growing demand for energy

11.Rising consumer expectations

12.Rapid innovations in Technology

Why Smart Grid?

13. The fundamental architecture of these

networks has been developed in most

countries to meet the needs of large,

predominantly carbon-based generation

technologies.

14. Now the networks will have to integrate

decentralized and renewable power generation

(on-shore/off-shore wind, photovoltaic,

combined heat & power), also with many small

suppliers, as well as supplying power to an

increasing number of electric vehicles.

15. More flexible transport of power is needed in

response to new energy markets and energy

trading, and to the trend towards location of

bulk generation far from load.

Future network

The solutions must be scalable, increase capacity for power

transfers, reduce energy losses, heighten efficiency and security of

supply and be backwardly compatible to include the installed base.

The world’s annual electricity generation amounted to about

20,250 TWh in the year 2012 and is expected to increase to

25,500 TWh by 2020 .

By 2010, the worldwide contributions of various PESs applied

for electricity generation were :

• 67 % fossil PES (35.5 % coal, 24.5 % natural gas, 7 % oil)

• 19 % RES (16 % hydroelectric, *1.2 % biomass, *1.1 %

wind, *0.4 % solar and *0.3% geothermal)

• 14 % nuclear power.

The high amount of burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide

CO2 into the atmosphere in such volumes that its re-absorption

by plants and trees is not possible.

Trends and Requirements for Electricity Generation

Methods of electricity generation

CO2 emissions and efficiency of fossil PES and RES

Network of RES to cover the global and regional electricity

demands—the Desertec map (Source Desertec Foundation )

Wind Power Plants

The advanced variable speed principles of wind power plants a) doubly fed

induction generator, b) Synchronous generator with frequency conversion

Pinst - installedwind power

Electricity generation by solar power

plants: a) PV b) CSP

Market shares of materials for photovoltaic cells

Dependency of the power generation on the

array direction

Benefits Disadvantages

1.Environment friendly renewable

generation regarding emissions,

noise and cleanness

2.Available during the daily

demand peak

3.Generation near to the

consumers

4.Easy to install, roofs may serve

for installations, flexible in size

configuration

5.Little maintenance over 20–30

years lifetime

1.Low efficiency volatility of

electricity generation,

2.Only available when there is

daylight

3.Mechanical sensitive

4.Toxic chemical elements are

used for manufacturing,

danger of fire

5.High capital expenses

Benefits and disadvantages of PV

Most commonly applied CSP principles:

a ) reflector trough,

b ) solar power tower

Scheme of a reflector trough based CSP plant

with thermal storage

Reflector trough plant Shams 1,

Abu Dhabi ,Oil temperature 390 C

260 000 reflectors, 768 troughs

Square 2.5 km

Installed power: 100 MW

No thermal storage,

Solar power tower plant Gemasolar,

Spain Altitude solar tower 140 m

2 650 heliostats, each 10 x 10 m

Square: 0.18 km

Installed power: 20 MW

Thermal storage, liquid salt 565 C, 15 h

Pinst - installed power capacity

CHP technologies based on RES—overview

Cogeneration of Heat and Power Applying Renewable

Energy Sources

Geothermal Power Plants

The International Geothermal Association has reported that

10,715 MW of geothermal power plants were operated

worldwide in 24 countries by 2010.

The USA is leading the world in geothermal electricity

production with 3,086 MW of installed capacity from 77 power

plants followed by Indonesia with 1,904 MW of capacity.

Geothermal energy covers about 27 % of the electricity

demand in

Indonesia .

Newly erected geothermal power capacity in the period 2005–2010

The fuel cell

principle of a PEM fuel cell

Overview of the fuel cell categories

PEM FC for CHP at a swimming hall (Source EnBW,

project Edison)

Electric Energy Storage Systems

Electric Energy Storage Systems (EESS) are usually classified by two

criteria:

The rated power and time of discharge which corresponds with the

energy storage capacity.

According to these criteria three use cases of EESS may be defined:

Power Quality, Power Bridging and Energy Management.

The requested power is needed for short time intervals (in the

range of seconds and minutes) and may be rated from a few kW to

a few MW. Typical EESS for this use case may be based on the

technologies of:

• high power fly wheels,

• superconducting magnetic energy storage,

• high power super capacitors,

• several types of batteries.

Power Bridging

It is mostly used to provide an uninterrupted supply if the main

power fails. For example, this use case is applied in hospitals,

computer and telecommunication centers.

In principle, the DC power supply of the control and protection

facilities in substations belongs to the power bridging concept.

This use case may be also applied to compensate the fast

fluctuations of the wind or solar power generation.

Usually, the discharge and the availability times are in the order

of minutes. The rated power may gain tenths of MW. Typical

EESS technologies for Power Bridging are:

• high energy super capacitors,

• several types of batteries..

The EESS technologies suitable for energy management

tasks include:

• Pumped—storage hydro-electric power plants (PSHPP),

• compressed air energy storage (CAES),

• high energy batteries of various technologies,

• indirect principles like

– ‘‘power to gas’’ and

– a combination of thermal storage/electric heating to ensure

a more flexible contribution of CHP plants for energy

management.

Energy Management

Schematic constellation of a

pumped-storage power plant

Electric Energy Storage Systems

Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants (PSHPP)

provide the largest-capacity form of electric energy

storage.

The world largest PSHPPs are currently operated in the

USA—Bath County with 3 GW

In China—Huizhou and Gungdong—each with 2.4 GW

installed power .

The energy efficiency of the PSHPPs varies in practice

between 70 and 80 % depending on the age, the

technology and the geographical conditions.

Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants (PSHPP)

In the framework of the Smart Grid concept, the role of pump

storage plants is significantly increasing.

PSHPPs present the only economic means for the long term and

bulk storage of electric energy, and they are currently the only type

of electric storage in use that is large and dynamic enough to meet

the challenges of large scale volatile power in-feeds.

PSHPPs are able to store an excess of volatile

renewable energy and to provide energy in periods of energy and

power deficits.

Consequently, the PSHPPs cover more than 99 % of the bulk energy

storage worldwide. The global installed power capacity is about 140

GW, and approximately 74 GW of new installations are under

construction until 2020

Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants (PSHPP)

Smart grid definition

Efficient transmission and distribution

of electricity is a fundamental

requirement

for sustainable development and

prosperity throughout the world.

However, the

world will have to face great challenges

in this area in the 21st century.

Smart grid definition

Efficient transmission and distribution

of electricity is a fundamental

requirement

for sustainable development and

prosperity throughout the world.

However, the

world will have to face great challenges

in this area in the 21st century.

Prof M.S.Thacker, Director, CSIR & Head Planning

Committee recommended setting up of Power Research

Institute (PRI) in Bangalore,Switchgear Testing &

Development Station (STDS) in Bhopal -1956.

1960 - Bangalore Unit with comprehensive facility

1960 - Bhopal Unit for Switchgear Testing &

Development

1992 - Regional Testing Laboratory, Ghaziabad

1993 - Ultra High Voltage Research Laboratory

(UHVRL), Hyd

1993 - Thermal Research Centre (TRC), Nagpur

2006 - Regional Testing Laboratory, Kolkata

2007 - Regional Testing Laboratory, Guwahati

Establishment of CPRI

13. Switch Gear Testing & Development

Station, Bhopal

14. Ultra High Voltage Research

Laboratory, Hyderabad

15. Thermal Research Centre, Nagpur

16. Regional Testing Laboratory, Noida

17. Regional Testing Laboratory, Kolkata

18. Regional Testing Laboratory,

Guwahati

Units of CPRI

• Contribution to enhanced reliability of

Power System components

• Testing and evaluation of power equipment

upto 1200kV rating as per National / International

standards

• Aided the growth of electrical industry by design

validation of equipment and failure analysis

• Standardization - The Scientists & Engineers are

also involved in the ugradation of National /

International Standards ( almost half

chairmanships are from CPRI)

Contribution to Indian Power Sector

Central Power Research Institute

R&D Credentials

Contd….

Over 2000 Research Papers presented and

published in National & Intl fora

Over 45 awards received for best Research

Paper Presentations, Best Young Engineer

award etc

India Power Awards 2011 bagged by CPRI for

excellence in Testing and Certification of

Power equipment

CPRI also conferred Best Research

Laboratory by NAFEN Engineers Foundation

6th Enertia Awards 2012 was received by

CPRI for being “A World class National

Institution of Excellence in India”

CPRI Performance (Last 5 years)

Sl.

No

Performance

Parameters

Perfor-

mance

2008-09

Perfor-

mance

2009-10

Perfor-

mance

2010-11

Perform

ance

2011-12

Performa

nce

2012-13

1. Revenue Earnings

(Rs. in Crores)

73.10 96.00 139.71 135.24 147.91

2 Research Papers

59

29

(88)

59

48

(107)

24

116

(140)

68

149

(217)

102

173

(279)

International /

National

3. Research projects

(Completed)

14 12 15 15 18

4. Seminar/Conference/

Workshop/Training

Programmes

organized by CPRI

19 12 47 83 81

5. Filings of Patents 2 05 03 12 7

6 Number of personnel

deployed

684 684 657 613 579

Establishment projects Under XII Plan proposals”

Major Components: A. Establishment of New Transmission Tower and Seismic Test

Facility @ Rs.130 Cr

B. Relocation and Augmentation of Thermal Research Centre

Nagpur and expansion of Nagpur Unit @ Rs.48 Cr

C. Augmentation of existing testing regional lab at Kolkata &

Guwahati and establishment of New Regional Test center @

Rs.54.42 Cr.

D. Establishment of 40 kA continuous current Temperature raise

test Facility ( Rs 15 Cr)

E. Setting up of test facility for LV,MV& Power cables at Northern

Region @ Rs.21.60Cr.

F. Setting up of test facility for LV,MV&Power Cables at western

region @Rs.115.30Cr

G. Setting up of Advanced Research facilities like Superconductive

technology,Nano,Super grid lab etc. @ Rs.48.00 Cr

H. Infrastructure improvement for business development and

protection @ Rs.43.00 Cr

Project Outlay: 475.32

Crore

Duration :5 Years

Central Power Research Institute