Slide # 1

Motivation & EmotionMotivation & Emotion

Slide # 2

Instinct TheoryInstinct Theory William James Humans are

motivated by a variety of instincts

Instincts: inherited tendencies that are not subject to reason

Slide # 3

Instincts Instincts Present at BirthPresent at Birth

Sucking reflex Facial expressions

like smiling Hunger, thirst,

warmth Helping,

aggression, mate selection

Slide # 4

Freud and Freud and Instinct TheoryInstinct Theory

Freud believed that instincts motivate human behavior

Motivation is caused by sexual and aggressive instincts

Slide # 5

Today’s ViewsToday’s Views Few psychologists

today subscribe to instinct theory

Instinct theory leaves out the roles that learning and culture play

Slide # 6

Evolutionary TheoriesEvolutionary Theories Motivation is a

product of evolution Survey of 10,000

men and women in 33 countries on six continents

What males want What females want

Slide # 7

Drive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction TheoryBy the 1950s, drive reduction theory

had replaced instinct theory Clark Hull: biological needs demand

satisfaction (food, water, sleep)Need: state of deprivationDrive: state of bodily tension caused by

a need

Slide # 8

Drive Reduction (cont.)Drive Reduction (cont.)Homeostasis = balanceBody temperature, blood sugar, and

oxygen levelsHabits

Slide # 9

Primary vs. Primary vs. Secondary DrivesSecondary DrivesPrimary (physiological, innate): hunger,

thirst, sexual desire.Secondary (psychological, result of

experience): wealth, success, social approval

Relation between primary and secondary drives

Slide # 10

Harry HarlowHarry Harlow Challenged drive

reduction theory Claimed that Hull

overlooked important factors