SKULL / CRANIUM

MANDIBLECLAVICLE

SCAPULAHUMERUS

RADIUSULNA

STERNUM

RIB CAGE

SPINE

METACARPALS

PHALANGES

CARPALS

ILIUM

FEMUR PATELLA

FIBULATIBIA

TARSALSMETATARSALS

PHALANGES

SKELETON

ALL THE YELLOW BONES ARE CALLED ‘FLAT BONES

THESE BONES HELP TO PROTECT OUR VITAL ORGANS. SUCH AS;

BRAIN

HEART AND LUNGS

INTESTINES

ALL THE BLUE BONES ARE CALLED ‘IRREGULAR BONES’

THIS IS BECAUSE THEY ARE A STRANGE SHAPE

ALL THE RED BONES ARE CALLED ‘SHORT BONES’

THEY ALLOW US TO DO FINE MOVEMENTS

ALL THE GREEN BONES ARE CALLED ‘LONG BONES’

BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION OCCURS HERE

BONE TYPES AND BONE TYPES AND FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

THE MAIN FUNCTIONS

PROTECTION

BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION

SHAPE AND SUPPORT

MOVEMENT

A SYNOVIAL JOINT IS A FREELY MOVABLE JOINT SUCH AS THE KNEE, SHOULDER, HIP AND ELBOW

CARTILAGECARTILAGE covers the head of bones forming a joint. It reduces friction and protects the bone by acting as a buffer

LIGAMENTSLIGAMENTS are tough bands of fibrous tissue. They hold bones together at the joint. They limit movement and prevent dislocation

SYNOVIAL SYNOVIAL MEMBRANEMEMBRANE

This secretes the Synovial fluid

SYNOVIAL FLUIDSYNOVIAL FLUID

This is found within the joint and it acts like oil by lubricating the ends of the bone. It prevents friction

TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE TYPES OF FREELY MOVABLE JOINTSJOINTS

BALL AND BALL AND SOCKETSOCKET

HIP OR SHOULDERHIP OR SHOULDERALL ALL DIRECTIONS/ROTATION, DIRECTIONS/ROTATION, FLEXION, EXTENSION FLEXION, EXTENSION ABDUCTION, ADDUCTIONABDUCTION, ADDUCTION

JOINTJOINT MOVEMENTMOVEMENTBODY PARTBODY PART

HINGEHINGE

PIVOTPIVOT

CONDYLOIDCONDYLOID

GLIDINGGLIDING

SADDLESADDLE

KNEE OR ELBOWKNEE OR ELBOW

SPINE/NECK JOINTSPINE/NECK JOINT

WRISTWRIST

TARSALS / CARPALSTARSALS / CARPALS

THUMBTHUMB

FLEXION / EXTENSIONFLEXION / EXTENSION

ROTATIONROTATION

FLEXION, EXTENSION, FLEXION, EXTENSION, ADDUCTION, ADDUCTION, ABDUCTION, ROTATIONABDUCTION, ROTATION

A LITTLE IN ALL A LITTLE IN ALL DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONS

LEFT/RIGHT LEFT/RIGHT FORWARDS/BACKWARDFORWARDS/BACKWARDSS

Types of movement

FLEXIONFLEXIONWHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN A JOINT DECREASES. E.G. WHEN THE ANGLE BETWEEN A JOINT DECREASES. E.G. BENDING KNEE / ELBOW.BENDING KNEE / ELBOW.

EXTENSIONEXTENSIONWHEN THE ANGLE AT A JOINT INCREASES, E.G. WHEN THE ANGLE AT A JOINT INCREASES, E.G. STRAIGHTENING THE ARM OR LEG.STRAIGHTENING THE ARM OR LEG.

ADDUCTIONADDUCTIONMOVING TOWARDS AN IMAGINARY CENTRE LINE OF THE MOVING TOWARDS AN IMAGINARY CENTRE LINE OF THE BODY. E.G. RAISING ARM SIDEWAYSBODY. E.G. RAISING ARM SIDEWAYS

ABDUCTIONABDUCTIONMOVING AWAY FROM THE CENTRE LINE. E.G. BRINGING ARM MOVING AWAY FROM THE CENTRE LINE. E.G. BRINGING ARM BACK DOWN.BACK DOWN.

CERVICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAE7 OF THESE MAKE UP THE NECK

THORACIC THORACIC VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAE12 OF THESE AND THE RIBS ATTACH TO THEM

LUMBAR LUMBAR VERTEBRAEVERTEBRAETHERE ARE 5 OF THESE

SACCRUMSACCRUMTHIS IS TRIANGULAR SHAPED

COCCYXCOCCYX DOES NOTHING NOW BUT USED TO BE THE TAIL

PURPOSES OF THE PURPOSES OF THE SPINESPINE

MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

SHAPESHAPE

SUPPORTSUPPORT

PROTECT SPINAL CORDPROTECT SPINAL CORD

MUSCLES OF THE BODY

MUSCLES OF MUSCLES OF THE HUMAN THE HUMAN

BODYBODYPECTORALPECTORALSS

BICEPSBICEPS

ABDOMINALSABDOMINALS

QUADRICEPQUADRICEPSS

GASTROCNEMIUGASTROCNEMIUSS

(BACK OF LEG)(BACK OF LEG)

DELTOIDSDELTOIDS

TRAPEZIUTRAPEZIUSS

TRICEPSTRICEPS

GLUTEALGLUTEALSS

LATISSIMUSLATISSIMUS

DORSIDORSIHAMSTRINGHAMSTRINGSS

Muscle types and actions

TYPES OF TYPES OF MUSCLESMUSCLES

THERE ARE THREE TYPES

VOLUNTARYVOLUNTARY CARDIACCARDIACINVOLUNTARYINVOLUNTARY

VOLUNTARY VOLUNTARY MUSCLESMUSCLES

ARE ONES THAT WE CAN ARE ONES THAT WE CAN CONTROL SUCH AS CONTROL SUCH AS BICEPS AND TRICEPS BICEPS AND TRICEPS WHEN DOING A PRESS WHEN DOING A PRESS UP OR QUADS AND UP OR QUADS AND HAMSTRINGS DURING A HAMSTRINGS DURING A SQUAT. THEY ARE SQUAT. THEY ARE ATTACHED TO BONES ATTACHED TO BONES AND ARE ALSO CALLED AND ARE ALSO CALLED STRIPED OR SKELETALSTRIPED OR SKELETAL

INVOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY MUSCLESMUSCLES

ARE THE ONES WE HAVE ARE THE ONES WE HAVE NO CONTROL OVER. THESE NO CONTROL OVER. THESE INCLUDE THE MUSCLES IN INCLUDE THE MUSCLES IN OUR ARTERIES THAT HELP OUR ARTERIES THAT HELP PUSH THE BLOOD AND PUSH THE BLOOD AND MUSCLES IN THE MUSCLES IN THE STOMACH, INTESTINE AND STOMACH, INTESTINE AND GUT WHICH PUSH THE GUT WHICH PUSH THE FOOD ALONG. THEY ARE FOOD ALONG. THEY ARE ALSO CALLED ALSO CALLED SMOOTH SMOOTH MUSCLESMUSCLES

CARDIAC MUSCLECARDIAC MUSCLE

THESE FORM THE THESE FORM THE WALLS OF THE HEART WALLS OF THE HEART AND WORK AND WORK AUTOMATICALLY AUTOMATICALLY THROUGHOUT LIFE. THROUGHOUT LIFE. THEY HAVE THEIR THEY HAVE THEIR OWN BLOOD SUPPLYOWN BLOOD SUPPLY

MUSCLE INFORMATION

FAST TWITCH FIBRES THEY CONTRACT VERY QUICKLY AND ARE VERY THEY CONTRACT VERY QUICKLY AND ARE VERY POWERFUL. BUT THEY TIRE VERY QUICKLY. SPORTS POWERFUL. BUT THEY TIRE VERY QUICKLY. SPORTS THAT NEED A SHORT SHARP POWERFUL BURST OF THAT NEED A SHORT SHARP POWERFUL BURST OF ENERGY NEED LOTS OF FAST TWITCH FIBRES. E.G.ENERGY NEED LOTS OF FAST TWITCH FIBRES. E.G.100 METRES, SHOT.100 METRES, SHOT.

SLOW TWITCH FIBRES THEY CONTRACT MUCH SLOWER AND WITH LESS THEY CONTRACT MUCH SLOWER AND WITH LESS POWER, BUT THEY CAN GO ON FOR ALONG TIME. POWER, BUT THEY CAN GO ON FOR ALONG TIME. SPORTS PEOPLE THAT NEED ENDURANCE REQUIRE SPORTS PEOPLE THAT NEED ENDURANCE REQUIRE SLOW TWITCH FIBRES IN ABUNDANCE E.G.SLOW TWITCH FIBRES IN ABUNDANCE E.G.LONG DISTANCE OR LONG DISTANCE OR

MARATHON RUNNERSMARATHON RUNNERS

MUSCLES ARE ATTACHED TO TWO DIFFERENT BONES BY TENDONS. ONLY ONE OF THESE BONES WILL MOVE WHEN THE MUSCLE CONTRACTS

AGONISTS OR PRIME MOVERS

THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT CONTRACT (SHORTEN) WHEN A JOINT MOVES.

ANTAGONIST THESE ARE THE MUSCLES THAT RELAX (LENGTHEN) WHEN A LIMB MOVES..

SYNERGISTS THESE MUSCLES HOLD THE STATIONARY BONE THESE MUSCLES HOLD THE STATIONARY BONE STILL, E.G. THE MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE STILL, E.G. THE MUSCLES THAT HOLD THE SHOULDER WHEN YOU BEND YOUR ELBOWSHOULDER WHEN YOU BEND YOUR ELBOW

MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS AND AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLESMUSCLE MUSCLE CONTRACTIONSCONTRACTIONS

ISOTONIC CONTRACTIONS

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTIONS

THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE CHANGES LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. A BICEP

CURL.

THIS IS WHEN THE MUSCLE STAYS AT THE SAME LENGTH DURING THE EXERCISE. E.G. PUSHING AGAINST AN IMMOVABLE OBJECT

AFFECTS OF USING MUSCLES

MUSCLE FATIGUEMUSCLE FATIGUE MUSCLE MUSCLE ATROPHYATROPHY

CRAMPCRAMP

THIS IS WHEN YOU USE THIS IS WHEN YOU USE YOUR MUSCLES TOO YOUR MUSCLES TOO MUCH AND THEY DO NOT MUCH AND THEY DO NOT GET ENOUGH OXYGEN. GET ENOUGH OXYGEN. THEY BECOME TIRED THEY BECOME TIRED AND FATIGUEDAND FATIGUED

THIS IS WHEN YOU THIS IS WHEN YOU DON’T USE YOUR DON’T USE YOUR MUSCLES ENOUGH. MUSCLES ENOUGH. THEY GET SMALLERTHEY GET SMALLER

A SUDDEN A SUDDEN CONTRACTION OF A CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE THAT WON’T MUSCLE THAT WON’T RELAXRELAX

Skeleton and muscle exam tipsSKELETON AND MUSCLE EXAM TIPSSKELETON AND MUSCLE EXAM TIPS

WHEN DESCRIBING WHERE A MUSCLE OR A BONE IS, ALWAYS;

STATE WHERE ON THE BODY THEY STATE WHERE ON THE BODY THEY ARE USING TERMS SUCH AS ARE USING TERMS SUCH AS FRONT, FRONT, SIDE,SIDE, BACK, TOP.BACK, TOP. ALSO SAY WHAT ALSO SAY WHAT THEY THEY LIE BETWEEN.LIE BETWEEN.

FOR EXAMPLE;FOR EXAMPLE;

‘‘THE BICEP IS ON THE THE BICEP IS ON THE FRONTFRONT OF THE OF THE UPPER ARMUPPER ARM BETWEEN BETWEEN THE THE SHOULDERSHOULDER AND THE AND THE ELBOW.ELBOW.’’

OR; ‘OR; ‘THE FEMUR IS IN THE THE FEMUR IS IN THE UPPER LEGUPPER LEG BETWEENBETWEEN THE THE HIP HIP AND THE AND THE KNEEKNEE.’.’

TENDONS LINK MUSCLES TENDONS LINK MUSCLES TO BONETO BONE

LIGAMENTS LINK BONE LIGAMENTS LINK BONE TO BONETO BONE

REMEMBER YOUR REMEMBER YOUR ACHILLES TENDONACHILLES TENDON

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

POSTURE

• THIS IS THE WAY THAT WE HOLD OUR BODY• GOOD POSTURE MEANS A STRAIGHT SPINE

AND A HEALTHIER BODY.• IT CAN BE HELPED BY SITTING AND WALKING

WITH A STRAIGHT SPINE, BY EXERCISING, LIFTING THINGS PROPERLY AND WEARING THE CORRECT CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR