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1
WP4 Act.3.
Local strategy and action plan of City of
Skopje
June, 2014.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
2
RE-SEEties: Towards resource efficient urban
communities in SEE
LOCAL STRATEGY AND
ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
Prepared by: Mining Institute Skopje
Deliverable report under WP4/Activity 4.3
Final Version
Date: (30 June 2014)
WP Leader: CNR-IMAA
Contributing partners: City of Nitra, CRES, REGEA
Energiaklub, MACEF, HEMPS, ZRS Bistra Ptuj, City of Skopje LP-BP18
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
3
Scope of work
The scope of work from the contract no. 08-514/9 is creation of Local Strategy and Action Plan for efficient use of resources in the City of Skopje, harmonized with the activities of the existing SEAP in the framework of the RE-SEEties project.
According to the needs from the RE-SEEties project and the request
from the City of Skopje, the Local Strategy and Action Plan of City of
Skopje was created and delivered on English.
4
Contents
List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 6
List of Figures ......................................................................................................... 7
1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 10
1.1. About the RE-SEEties Project ................................................................................... 10
1.2. Local Strategy and Action Plan ................................................................................ 11
1.3. Energy policy of the City of Skopje .......................................................................... 11
2. The national and local framework ................................................................. 13
2.1. National goals and strategies .................................................................................. 13
2.2. Local energy and waste management strategies and policies ................................ 14
2.3. Weakness and mapped improvements in existing SEAP......................................... 15
3. The city case study ........................................................................................ 17
3.1. General information about the city/municipality ................................................... 17
3.2. Mission and objectives ............................................................................................ 19
3.3. Key stakeholders...................................................................................................... 20
4. Application of the common RE-SEEties methodology to the local case study ...................................................................................................................... 24
4.1. Building the data input at city level ......................................................................... 24
4.2. Applying the toolkit ................................................................................................. 26
4.3. Getting results ......................................................................................................... 27
5. Technological measures for improvements of local infrastructure............ 29
5.1. Energy efficiency measures ..................................................................................... 55
5.1.1. Buildings .......................................................................................................... 55
5.1.2. Transport ......................................................................................................... 63
5.1.3. Lighting ............................................................................................................ 68
5.2. Utilization of renewable energy sources ................................................................. 71
5.3. Waste management ................................................................................................ 75
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
5
5.3.1. Waste prevention, ........................................................................................... 75
5.3.2. Integrated waste management systems, ........................................................ 77
5.3.3. Waste to energy .............................................................................................. 77
6. Measures for changing behavior of consumers on local level ................... 78
6.1. Energy efficiency...................................................................................................... 78
6.2. Renewable energy sources ...................................................................................... 94
6.3. Waste prevention and management....................................................................... 98
7. Expected results/effects of taken measures .............................................. 100
8. Financing mechanisms for implementation of measures and endorsement process ................................................................................................................ 106
8.1. EU funding ............................................................................................................. 108
8.2. Regional development banks and specialized funds ............................................. 111
8.3. National funding .................................................................................................... 113
9. Policy recommendations ............................................................................. 119
9.1. Guidelines for waste valorization .......................................................................... 119
9.2. Guidelines for energy efficiency ............................................................................ 122
9.3. Guidelines for sustainable exploration of renewable resources ........................... 124
10. Conclusion - SWOT ...................................................................................... 126
11. Monitoring and control of the action plan implementation ....................... 128
12. References .................................................................................................... 130
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
6
List of Tables Table 3-1 Relevant Stakeholders ............................................................................................. 21
Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011 ............................................... 25
Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government
buildings .................................................................................................................................. 36
Table 5-4 Energy consumption parameters for buildings of public enterprises in Skopje ..... 37
Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 40
Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type .............. 45
Table 5-7 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje .......... 50
Table 5-8 Waste Parameters ................................................................................................... 53
Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings ................................................................................. 55
Table 5-10 Measures for Residental sector ............................................................................. 57
Table 5-11 Measures for Commercial and Service sector ....................................................... 59
Table 5-12 Measures for Transport ......................................................................................... 63
Table 5-13 Measures for Lighting ............................................................................................ 68
Table 5-14 Measures for Utilization of renewable energy sources ........................................ 71
Table 5-15 Measures for waste ............................................................................................... 75
Table 6-1 Measures for Energy efficiency ............................................................................... 78
Table 6-2 Measures for Renewable energy sources ............................................................... 94
Table 6-3 Measures for waste ................................................................................................. 98
Table 7-1 Evaluation results .................................................................................................. 102
Table 8-1 An overview of possible funding ........................................................................... 106
Table 10-1 SWOT Analysis ..................................................................................................... 126
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
7
List of Figures
Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the
City of Skopje ........................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City
of Skopje .................................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government
buildings .................................................................................................................................. 35
Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
................................................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises
of the City of Skopje ................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises
of the City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually) ........................................................... 38
Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje ........... 39
Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje .................. 39
Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential
buildings sector in the City of Skopje ...................................................................................... 41
Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 5-13 Structure of electricity consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ........ 43
Figure 5-14 Structure of heat consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors ................ 43
Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of
Skopje ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for
2007 and 2008 ......................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 5-17 Number of newly procured buses by years ......................................................... 47
Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 2008 47
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
8
Figure 5-19 Number of transported passengers per kilometre travelled ............................... 48
Figure 5-20 Number of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje for the period 2003-2008 .. 48
Figure 5-21 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 ............................. 49
Figure 5-22 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 by ownership ...... 49
Figure 5-23 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje ...... 50
Figure 5-24 Share of fuel consumption in the transport sector in the City of Skopje by
subsectors ................................................................................................................................ 51
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
9
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
10
1. Introduction
1.1. About the RE-SEEties Project
Resource efficiency is a top priority in the SEE policy-making agenda,
especially in light of excessive consumption of energy due to users /
inhabitants established behavior, often uncontrolled waste production as well
as lack of efficient coordination measures and awareness regarding how to
use resources in a more conscious manner. The need to consider in resource
management major externalities such as climate change and macroeconomic
developments, e.g. the move from dependency on imported primary energy
sources, is reflected in the flagship initiative Resource efficient Europe of the
Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. To boost
resource efficiency, city leaderships have a major role to play at local and
regional levels. The project therefore places municipality actors in SEE in
focus and investigates what city leaderships can do within their scope of
competence and responsibilities.
The project specifically tackles two major elements linked to resource
efficiency, i.e. energy and waste, in an integrated manner. This way it sheds
light on the challenges of energy consumption and waste production and
disposal (e.g. current unsustainable tendencies), but also the interrelations
and opportunities thereof (e.g. awareness raising among consumers to boost
energy saving, waste valorization, efficient landfill utilization, more coordinated
and efficient exploitation of RES, etc.).
RE-SEEties long-term vision is to turn SEE cities into resource efficient urban
communities, in compliance with the requirements of the relevant EU policies
and legislation. The main objective is to improve the integrated policy-making
and strategic planning competences of SEE municipalities in the field of
energy efficiency (EE), RES and waste valorization, for the purpose of
changing consumption patterns and supporting changing demands with
innovative policy-making solutions, tools and incentives. The project
intensively builds on the existing methodologies (e.g. LCA) of the SEAP
elaboration process.
ERDF and IPA PPs are from 8 SEE cities (Covenant of Mayors signatories
and aspirants) and regions that are directly in charge of designing and
implementing strategy building, and have the necessary policy- and decision-
making competences related to the project topic. By involving a large number
and variety of SEE actors linked to EE, RES and waste valorization, the
consortium represents a critical mass of stakeholders interested in making a
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
11
difference in terms of improving policy-making and strategic planning
competences of SEE municipalities in the field of resource efficiency.
1.2. Local Strategy and Action Plan
This document is intended to refresh the Sustainable Energy Action Plan
(SEAP) of City of Skopje which is in accordance with the guidelines of the
Covenant of Mayors. The need to refresh the Sustainable Energy Action Plan
can be seen in several of the measures that are already implemented and the
changes that are done to other measures according to the experience with
their implementation in the past two years.
Also, some of the specific objectives from the previous Sustainable Energy
Action Plan are changed. With that in mind, this Local Strategy and Action
Plan broadens the influence that the previous version had in the area of waste
(not included in the Sustainable Energy Action Plan), as well as the wider
application of the renewable energy sources (included in the Sustainable
Energy Action Plan in some of the sectors). The renewable energy sources
now are separated from the sectors in new chapter.
The Local Strategy and action plan gives wide view on all elements that has
effect on the environment and not only in energy point of view. It will be the
first step in future decision and policy making on the region around Skopje.
1.3. Energy policy of the City of Skopje
The energy policy is focused on the adoption of an Energy Efficiency Action
Plan and Programme on the local level, as analogues to the National Energy
Efficiency Strategy, in accordance with the Energy Law. As the basis for this
process, in 2009 the City developed an energy efficiency study, comprising
the latest energy consumption data for buildings operated by the City.
The Policy lays down that the City of Skopje, as the official competent body
for issuing construction and reconstruction permits for energy generation
facilities, shall cooperate closely with the Energy Regulatory Commission of
the Republic of Macedonia on issues related to energy generation, distribution
and supply.
With the aim of promoting the further implementation of energy and
environmental policies, in 2006 Skopje became a member of the European
Association of local authorities inventing their energy future Energy Cities is
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
12
a network of cities and municipalities for a sustainable local energy policy.
This network focuses on contributing towards the development of city
partnerships, exchange of experiences and technologies in the area of energy
management, development of local renewable energy sources, and reduction
of pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The City of Skopje has carried out
several activities aimed at fulfilling the obligation of membership to the
Association.
On 4 May 2010 the Mayor of Skopje, Mr. Koce Trajanovski, signed the
Covenant of Mayors, which emphasizes the significance of reducing CO2
emissions by 2020, as a goal for local authorities and citizens in cities
worldwide.
These activities give an insight into the main focuses of the citys
Development Programme. Other focus points of the energy and waste policy
include the plan for building a natural gas supply network in the city; adoption,
development and upgrading of the energy efficiency policy through the
activities of the citys EE Information Office; and reviewing the possibilities for
construction of a tramway system and Waste Management programme. On
the other hand, planned projects referring to the environmental policy also
include future projects, such as promoting and creating new traffic solutions,
monitoring pollution in the city, collecting and disseminating information on
environmental pollution and pollution prevention measures, including an
initiative for the drafting of a national strategy for reducing air pollution from
greenhouse gases.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
13
2. The national and local framework
2.1. National goals and strategies
There are several national strategies that should be considered for the topic of
this Case Study profile and the Local Strategy and Action plan of the City of
Skopje:
1. Energy Law Official gazette of RM No.16/2011
2. Strategy for energy development of Macedonia until 2030
3. Energy efficiency strategy of Macedonia until 2020
4. Strategy for using renewable energy sources in Macedonia until 2020
5. Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia (2008-
2020)
6. National Waste Management Plan (2009-2015)
7. Waste Management Law ("Official Gazette of RM" No.68/04, 107/07,
102/08, 143/08 and 123/12)
The Energy Efficiency Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia, as the most
important along with the Energy Law for the commercial and public buildings
and for setting of the goals, describes in detail the measures and instruments
necessary to realize the energy policy of Macedonia, and specifies the
required investments and commitments to be made by the Government. The
EE Strategy further estimates the energy saving potential, which can be
realized under current economic circumstances.
The projections and simulations of the possible measures and instruments are
in accordance with the realization requirements of the energy policy principles
laid out in Strategy for energy sector development.
The present document is designed to assist the Government of Macedonia,
particularly the Ministry of Economy to meet a requirement under Article 125
of the Energy Law to prepare Implementation Plans for the energy efficiency
programs and measures contained in the Energy Efficiency Strategy and, by
extension, the NEEAP.
This way it will be possible to achieve a 14.35% objective of energy savings
by 2020, comparing to the average consumption in the 5 year period (2002-
2006), through continued promotion of energy efficiency, monitoring and
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
14
verification. This is an important task for Macedonia in the way to sustainable
development of the countrys economy, and to fulfill commitments in the way
of EU accession.
According to the Energy Sector Development Strategy, without integration of
energy efficiency, the energy consumption in the Republic of Macedonia will
reach the level of 2703 ktoe by the year 2020. The two scenarios of energy
efficiency penetration can bring to either 3.14 % (under limited integration of
energy efficiency), or 8.8 % (strong intervention of energy efficiency scenario)
less energy consumption compared to business as usual - BAU).
2.2. Local energy and waste management strategies and
policies
1. Sustainable Energy Action Plan of the City of Skopje (SEAP) 2011
The required energy parameters were collected for the stated energy
consumption sectors and subsectors in the City of Skopje for the year 2008,
and detailed energy analyses of the sectors were conducted on the basis of
those parameters. The analysis of the buildings sector showed that 81.45% of
total energy is used in residential buildings, 15.28% in the commercial and
service sector whereas buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje
accounted for 3.27% of total consumption. In the transport sector, 88% of fuel
is used by private and commercial vehicles, 10% by the public transport, and
2% by vehicles owned and used by the City of Skopje. For the purposes of the
public lighting system, 51,155 MWh of electricity were used in 2008.
According to the results of the energy analyses for the buildings, transport and
public lighting sectors, energy efficiency measures were identified, the
implementation of which would result in the reduction of CO2 emissions in the
City of Skopje by 23% in 2020, compared to the baseline year 2008.The total
emissions reduction potential of all identified measures is approx. 640824t
CO2 or more than 23% reduction, which, in part, is 2% more reduction than
the planned target of 21% reduction compared to year 2008.Therefore, not all
analyzed measures have to be implemented in order to achieve the target;
instead, a certain number of measures may be selected on the basis of ease
of implementation (from the aspect of time, organization and financing).
In the Citys Action plan for public buildings energy efficiency 2012 2013 is
foreseen renovation of roofs, installation of high energy efficient windows and
new lightning system in 21 public schools and 8 cultural institutions. In the
past 2 years in 10 public schools a few energy efficient measures have been
implemented like roof isolation, installation of windows, faade isolation or
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
15
new lightning system. Activities aimed to make the public schools and culture
institutions energy efficient buildings will continue in the next 2 years.
Taking advantage of HABITAT II funds together with incentives from
municipalities in the City of Skopje it has been possible to start the
reconstruction of private buildings based on energy efficiency requirements.
Thanks to that it has become more and more popular among citizens to
require that kind of funds to improve and reconstruct their flats turning them
into energy efficient ones.
2. Study on energy efficiency of buildings owned by the City of Skopje
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the energy consumptions in
the buildings owned by the City of Skopje. The Council of the City of Skopje in
November 2012 adopted the Program for energy efficiency in which the
promotion of renewable energy sources was also included.
3. Waste Management Plan for the City of Skopje (2010-2015)
The Waste Management Plan proposes practical and financially viable
solutions to solve the main problems affecting municipal waste management,
taking into account local characteristics, advantages and opportunities.
4. Program for Waste Management for the City of Skopje 2013
The City of Skopje through the Program for Waste Management for the City of
Skopje defines the types of waste and the way they need to be managed,
identifying also measures and activities for the realization and funding of the
Program.
2.3. Weakness and mapped improvements in existing SEAP
The main reasons for setting up an improvement of the existing SEAP of City
of Skopje dealt mainly with, the need to take into account more sectors as well
as new legislations etc. The main barriers and weaknesses that were met
during the preparation of the previous SEAP still exist (ex. lack of data) and
will be and in the chapter 10. Conclusion SWOT.
The first SEAP of City of Skopje was created in 2011. The main reason for
creating the Local Strategy and Action plan was to refresh the previous SEAP
with updated data on the energy consumption and waste production.
Moreover, part of the planned measures have been already implemented
whereas other measures still needs to be implemented according to the new
environmental situation in the City of Skopje.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
16
The previous version of the SEAP was created according to the guidelines
provided by the Covenant of Mayors. The sectors that were analyzed were
Buildings sector, Transport sector and Public lighting. After several public
discussions and considerations, conclusion was made that the sectors should
be broadened by waste and electro mobility.
The biggest problem concerning the implementation of the measures foreseen
in the previous SEAP was the residential buildings. In the period spanning
from the previous SEAP until now, a new legislation has been introduced was
created and the process can be more easily accomplished (certified energy
auditors were trained, the reconstruction of buildings must include energy
efficiency measures etc.).
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
17
3. The city case study
3.1. General information about the city/municipality
Skopje is the capital of the Republic of Macedonia covers 1818 square
kilometers, 23 kilometers in length, 9 kilometers in width and located at an
average altitude of 245 meters. The coordinates of the capital of the Republic
of Macedonia are: North latitude 42 00' and East longitude 21 26. Skopje is
surrounded by mountains and water like Jakupica-Karadzica, Osoj, Zheden
and Skopska Crna Gora. Beside the main river Vardar, in and around Skopje
are flowing the rivers Treska, Lepenec, Pchinja, Kadina reka, Markova reka as
well as Patishka reka.
The climate is modified continental with certain Mediterranean influences with
hot, dry summers and cold winters.
The average temperature in Skopje, Macedonia is 12.2 C (54 F).
The range of average monthly temperatures is 22 C.
From demographic point of view, The City of Skopje has positive population
trend. The City's population is continuously increasing, mainly because of the
migration from the province of the country, but also because of the rate of
population growth. It has to be underlined that in Skopje (as in the whole
country) the birth rate has decreasing trend during last years, but still the
number of new births is highest in the Metropolitan area. In comparison, in
1948 Skopje had a population of 151290 growing to 448229 in 1991.
Population (census 2002): Skopje - 506,926 populations (total)
The Skopje region is at major crossroads of the Republic of Macedonia, with
the most favorable traffic infrastructure. The availability of the resources from
the entire Skopje region to the City of Skopje especially applies to the
population, most of who naturally migrates, on daily basis, within the capital of
the Republic of Macedonia and it represents the largest migration area in the
country. That is why the data on the resources of the City of Skopje and the
population have been presented on the level of Skopje region.
The Skopje region is the home to the largest share of the industrial,
commercial and service capacities in the Republic of Macedonia and that is
why it forms a major share of the Gross Value Added of the country. In 2007,
the Skopje region formed 48.5% of the Gross Value Added. In some activities,
the Skopje region contributes nearly two thirds of the total value of the
countrys GVA. Civil engineering (61.0%), trade, catering and transport
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
18
(63.9%), financial services and real estate (61.3%), and there is a high share
of other service activities (51.3%) and the imputed banking services (49.8%).
GDP per capita in the Skopje region is the highest in the country. In 2007 it
equaled MKD 289,622/4.709 EUR. During the period, the GDP per capita in
the Skopje region is growing faster than the GDP per capita in the country, so
in 2007 it was two thirds higher than the GDP per capita on the level of the
Republic of Macedonia.
Number of business entities in the City of Skopje:
Type of legal entity Number of business entities
Joint-stock companies (JSC) 278
Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) 6,301
Limited Liability Companies (LLC) 17,162
OTHER 4,764
Public Commercial Companies (PCC) 2
Limited Partnership 2
SUBSIDIARY 41
ECONOMIC INTEREST ASSOCIATION 23
Trade Company (TC) 1,465
Total 30,038
The bodies of the City of Skopje are Council and Mayor of the City of Skopje.
The City of Skopje is financed from its own sources of revenue, tax revenues,
revenues from the Budget of the Republic of Macedonia and the budgets of
funds, revenues from loans in accordance with the law and other revenues as
determined by law.
In the City of Skopje there are 16 Departments. To achieve a goal to provide to its citizens to live in ecologically and energy efficient friendly City, Skopje had started first with reorganization of its structure by establishing a Unit for energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. Tasks of the Unit is to create measures and implement activities that will encourage the authorities and citizens to save electricity, use renewable energy sources, use public transport, build energy efficient private and public buildings, use of energy efficient lighting. For successful realization of activities the Unit works closely with Spatial Planning and Organization Department, Nature and Environment Protection Department, Traffic Department and Communal
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
19
Affairs Department in the Citys administration, Department for NGO and international cooperation.
3.2. Mission and objectives
The residential sector is the second largest energy end-user in Macedonia,
with a 29% share in the total final energy consumption, based on the 2006
data. Furthermore, the households are the largest electricity consumers
among the sectors.
The reduction of the significant energy consumption in the residential sector
requires the taking of the following steps:
Implementation of the Directive on energy performance of buildings;
Proposal for an extended role of the public sector in demonstrating new
methods and technologies;
Change of the minimum energy performance requirements during large
renovations;
Energy performance objective of buildings to render passive" houses;
Consideration of the prospect to implement mandatory requirements
regarding the installation of technologies for passive heating and
cooling;
Introduction of energy efficiency aspects from the Construction
Products Directive, where relevant.
Concrete measures to be applied in the residential sector in the City of Skopje
are as follows:
Individual thermal central heating distribution in Skopje - BEG;
Integration of energy efficiency in the social housing;
Implementation of energy code and labeling of buildings;
High-performance wood-burning stoves;
EE promotion campaign;
Central heating boilers;
Solar heaters for the supply of warm water in households;
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
20
EE-related building modernization.
3.3. Key stakeholders
In the context of public participation, a stakeholder can be defined as any
person, or group, who has an interest in the project or could be potentially
affected by its delivery or outputs.
Potential stakeholders are chosen by different type of organization and/or
professional background.
Municipalities
The local strategies and action plans are mainly for the Skopje area. That is
why as key stakeholders are identified the City of Skopje and its municipalities
on the territory of Skopje region. But other municipalities are not excluded.
The process of creation of local strategies can be reproduced and other
municipalities are welcomed and invited.
Municipal bodies and organizations
This target stakeholder group is consisted of organizations, associations and
bodies of several/all of the municipalities. Example of that kind of association
is ZELS which is representing all of the municipalities in Macedonia, so the
results can be disseminated and replicated on large scale.
Public Enterprises
The public enterprises are directly controlled by the city or the municipalities.
The work of the public enterprises is addressed in the documents (strategy
and action plan) that will be produced by the project. Also, significant part of
the data that is needed for creation of the documents will be provided by these
organizations. Because of the topic of the documents, energy and waste,
mainly that type of public enterprises are targeted as key stakeholders.
Private Enterprises
The type of private enterprises that are targeted as key stakeholders for the
results of the RE-SEEties project and the local strategies and action plans are
energy and waste related companies, like energy utility companies, local
transportation companies etc.
Agencies and other governmental bodies
All of the ministries and agencies concerning energy and waste are important
stakeholders and key actors for the local strategy and action plan. These
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
21
kinds of stakeholders are essential for successful creation and adaptation of
the mentioned documents.
Financial institutions
The financial institutions are essential for the (financial) sustainability of the
local strategies and action plans. The identified stakeholders include banks,
loan companies, as well as other facilities that are available in Macedonia and
the wider region, in correlation with the implementation and sustainability of
the local strategic documents.
Education and knowledge providers
Taking into account the specific topic of the documents (energy and waste),
the educational institutions and other knowledge providers must be taken into
account in the identified stakeholder. Their professional opinion will be
seriously taken into account in the creation of the strategic documents.
NGOs, associations and other focal groups
This target group includes non-governmental institutions, associations and focal groups that are important for this purpose and are willing to participate on the process.
Table 3-1 Relevant Stakeholders
Municipalities City of Skopje
Aerodrom
Kisela Voda
Butel
Cair
Centar
Gazi Baba
Gjorce Petrov
Karpos
Saraj
Municipal bodies and organizations ZELS
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
22
MOMEE
Centre for development of Skopje planning
region
Public Enterprises Communal Hygiene Skopje
Public Transport Company JSP Skopje
PE Water Supply and Sanitation
PE Parks and Greenery
Landfill Drisla (PE for waste disposal)
PE Streets and Roads
Private Enterprises ADKOM Association of providers of utility
services
Makekspres Prevoz Skopje
Sloboda Prevoz
EVN Makedonija
Pakomak
Duropack AD Skopje
Osram
Rehau
Knauf Insulation
Viro energy
Agencies and other governmental
bodies
Ministry of Economy
Ministry of Environment and Physical
Planning
Ministry of Transport and Communication
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
23
Energy Agency
Spatial Planning Agency
Waste Management Agency
Financial institutions Komercijalna Banka
Stopanska Banka
NLB Tutunska Banka
Uni Banka
Pro Credit Bank
Halkbank
Macedonian Bank for Development
Promotion
Finance in Motion
GGF Green for Growth Fund
GIZ
Education and knowledge providers University Sv. Kiril and Metodij
University Sv kliment Ohridski
University Goce Delcev
Other institutions KOR Sustainable development coalition
Regional Business Centre
Economic Chamber of Macedonia
Macedonian Chambers of Commerce
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
24
4. Application of the common RE-SEEties methodology to
the local case study
4.1. Building the data input at city level
The base year for calculation in this document is 2008.
The energy data for the City of Skopje was gathered mainly from the State
Statistical Office. All necessary data was not represented in the statistical
documents. Other national and local strategic documents were used to
determine the missing data. Main source for data was the Sustainable Energy
Action Plan of City of Skopje, but the data presented in that documents were
from 2008. Other data was gathered from relevant institutions like Toplifikacija
AD Skopje; EVN Macedonia; ELEM Energetika; State Statistical Office; PE
Makedonski Shumi; Municipalities in the City of Skopje. The data presented
here was mainly gathered in the process of creation of the Sustainable Energy
Action Plan for the City of Skopje and the process of data collection from
Work Package 3 from the RE-SEEties project and its methodology.
In the process of the strategy development, MACEF and City of Skopje
organized debate in order to define the base year. City of Skopje has SEAP,
and the main justification for new local strategy was to refresh the current
SEAP. That is why, it was decided that it is best to keep the base year and the
CO2 inventory defined in the previous version of the Action Plan.
The collected data were divided into three categories according to reliability:
Fully reliable data data obtained by collecting calculations for
buildings in the individual categories (e.g. at least 90% of total data
for the category covered) or the data is collected from at least two
sources and overlap with an accuracy of at least 90%;
Reliable data data extrapolated from a representative sample of
collected calculations (e.g. at least 70% of total data for the whole
category covered);
Estimated data (in the absence of relevant data, data are estimated
on the basis of previous experiences and/or extrapolated from
existing data).
The main gap and problem during the data collection was the division of the
energy consumption for different sectors. The data couldnt be divided
separately for heating, cooling, lighting, cooking etc. and is given in the tables
as one category.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
25
The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous
Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the
collected data has referent year of 2012.
The main data input was from the following sources:
State Statistical Office
Annual Reports of the local public enterprise Komunalna Higiena
Waste Management Plan of the City of Skopje 2010-2015
The data that was collected is resent and reliable. However, the main gap and
problem that was encountered was the lack of key data. There is no statistical
information for most of the required data for the purpose of the forecast and it
need to be assumed.
Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011
In order to determine the effect from the previous SEAP, as well as the
changes from the base year of the Local Strategy and Action Plan, this
chapter will provide comparison between 2008 and 2011.
2011 is chosen because of the full statistical coverage that was at disposal.
The data for 2011 is taken from the Programme for Energy Efficiency (2012-
2015) of City of Skopje, while the data for 2008 was taken from the previous
SEAP and the Local Strategy and Action Plan.
From the table can be seen that the heat energy in the secondary schools is
significantly lowered, while the rest of the data is similar, or slightly increased
from 2008 to 2011. That is natural as the number of dwellings, registered
vehicles, enterprises etc. is increased
Table 4-1 Comparison between the base year 2008 and 2011
Sector: Buildings
Buildings owned by City of Skopje
MWh MWh MWh MWh
Indicator * - 2008** H* - 2008** * -
2011*** H* -
2011***
Schools 2087 17422 2088 11691
Culture 853 2498 862 2827
Administration 372 778 372 778
Public Enterprises 3962 6997 3891 6667
TOTAL 7274 27695 7213 21963
Households 1275724 1216437 1336025 1444351
Commercial 242754 412682
TOTAL BUILDINGS 1525752 1656814 1343238 1466314
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
26
Sector: Mobility
Car pool owned by City of Skopje
Diesel Consumption (l) 1516095 1804762
Gasoline consumption (l) 209724 248810
Public transport
No. passengers 63199000 66060000
Diesel Consumption (l) 10178823 12117857
Natural gas consumption (mn3) 307894 308000
Private and commercial vehicles
Registered vehicles 135193 144508
Gasoline consumption (t) 38117 38117
Diesel Consumption (t) 32196 32197
LPG consumption(t) 775 776
Sector: Public lighting
Electricity consumption (kWh) 51000 51000
* - Electricity; H-Heat Energy
** 2008 - According to SEAP of City of Skopje, 2011 ***2011 - According to Programme for energy efficiency of City of Skopje, 2012
4.2. Applying the toolkit
In every phase in the creation of the local strategy and action plan, the RE-
SEEties methodologies were used.
As preparation for the development of the strategy, every city that participated
in the RE-SEEties created Case Study, using the defined methodology for this
document. The aim of the case study was to determine the needs of the city
and to become basis for further development of the strategy.
The Case Study went through extensive quality control that included Peer
Review and utilization of indicators.
In the peer review, the participant was relevant stakeholders, knowledge
providers and professional organizations that provided remarks and
comments. Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties
used common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process.
The result of these activities was ASG Report with Recommendation. The
recommendations were implemented. The finalized document is incorporated
in this strategy and it is basis for further development of it.
For the data presented in this document, the previous SEAP was used, but
updated for the results from the data collection process and the deliverable
under WP3 from the RE-SEEties project Resource Consumption Forecast
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
27
Report City of Skopje. The methodology and templates for data collection
from this work package were used.
This strategic document also used the Feasibility Study for Renewable energy
sources potential that was produced during the implementation of the RE-
SEEties project and with the methodology created there.
The RE-SEEties project developed methodology for the creation of the Local
Strategy and Action Plan which was used in this document.
In order to finalize the Local Strategy and Action Plan, the stakeholders took
active participation in the development of the strategy. City of Skopje and
MACEF organized 6 stakeholder meetings that supported the development of
the strategy in every step from the beginning.
Also the Assessment and Support Group (ASG) from RE-SEEties used
common key issues and indicators to support the quality control process
similar to the Case Study. The result of these activities was ASG Report with
Recommendation. The recommendations were implemented in the finalization
of the strategy.
For several chapters of this document, the Step-By-Step Methodology with
Initial Criteria for assessment was used, in the policy recommendation, the
state-of-art technologies etc.
4.3. Getting results
The potential for reduction of the CO2 emission if all measures are
implemented is 601 ktCO2. The estimated energy savings is 1024191MWh.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
transport sector in City of Skopje is 342934 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
121 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
buildings sector in City of Skopje is 211610 MWh. These measures will have
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
108 ktCO2. There are several horizontal measures that effect the energy
consumption and CO2 emission. Some of these measures in this analysis are
considered in other sectors (e.g. raising awareness).
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
lighting sector in City of Skopje is 288828 MWh. These measures will have
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
28
estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of
259 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy effect from the proposed measures in the Local
Energy Production from RES in City of Skopje is 9608 MWh electrical energy
and 50119 MWh of heat energy. These measures will have estimated effect
on the environment through reduction of the CO2 emission of 42 ktCO2.
The total estimated energy savings from the proposed measures in the
Citizens involvement in City of Skopje is 121092 MWh. These measures will
have estimated effect on the environment through reduction of the CO2
emission of 71 ktCO2. As mentioned before, these measures are mostly
horizontal measures.
The total energy saving can be estimated to 1024191 MWh and the total
reduction of CO2 emission is 601 ktCO2.
The implementation of measures will also have significant effect in the
improvement of the living and working conditions, creation of green jobs, on
the economy etc.
Most of the measures have long period of implementation. The
implementation of the measures is from 2011 until 2020. The implementation
period of the individual measures is given in the next chapter.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
29
5. Technological measures for improvements of local
infrastructure
Before discussing on the introduction of the measures, a brief overview of the
energy consumption and waste statistic in the different sectors is provided in
this chapter.
Building Sector
For the purposes of this analysis, the buildings sector was divided into the
following subsectors:
Buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje;
Residential buildings;
Public and commercial buildings;
The relevant data used in this analysis were gathered from the following
sources:
Toplifikacija AD Skopje / BEG;
EVN Macedonia;
ELEM Energetika;
State Statistical Office;
PE Makedonski Shumi;
Municipalities in the City of Skopje.
On the basis of collected data, the following data shall be presented for the
individual subsectors:
General information about the subsector;
Total subsector area (m2);
Subsector buildings number;
Total subsector electricity consumption (kWh);
Specific subsector electricity consumption (kWh/m2);
Consumption of heat from the district heating systems (MWh);
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
30
Specific consumption of heat from the district heating system of each
enterprise (kWh/m2);
Total firewood consumption;
Specific firewood consumption;
Total light fuel oil consumption (l);
Specific light fuel oil consumption;
Total heavy fuel oil (mazut) consumption (t);
Specific heavy fuel oil (mazut) consumption (t);
Total heat consumption (MWh);
Specific heat consumption (kWh/m2).
The collected data were divided into three categories according to reliability:
Fully reliable data data obtained by collecting calculations for
buildings in the individual categories (e.g. at least 90% of total data for
the category covered) or where data are collected from at least two
sources and overlap with an accuracy of at least 90%;
Reliable data data extrapolated from a representative sample of
collected calculations (e.g. at least 70% of total data for the whole
category covered);
Estimated data in absence of relevant data, data are estimated on the
basis of previous experiences and/or extrapolated from existing data.
Categorisation of buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje
The subsector buildings and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje are
divided into two categories:
Buildings owned by the City of Skopje;
Enterprises owned by the City of Skopje;
The buildings category is divided into three subcategories, based on the
building purpose:
Educational institutions;
Cultural institutions;
Administrative buildings of the City of Skopje.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
31
The public enterprises category is divided in:
JUCOP Universal Hall;
Fire Fighting Brigade;
PE City Parking;
Public Transport Enterprise Skopje;
PE Parks and Greenery;
PE Communal Hygiene;
PE Water supply and drainage;
PE Streets and roads.
The process of collecting the required data on buildings and enterprises
owned by the City of Skopje is a very complex and long one. One of the
reasons for the complexity of data collection is the large number of buildings
and enterprises owned by the City of Skopje. Another, not less important
reason, is the lack of systematized data for the City of Skopje, which results in
the lack of certain relevant data, and situations in which data collected from
different sources are often not identical.
Educational buildings owned by the City of Skopje
Pursuant to the categorisation of city buildings in the area of culture,
education and sports, the educational buildings category is divided into three
subcategories:
Elementary schools;
Kindergartens;
Secondary schools.
In Skopje there are a total of 71 elementary schools with a total area of
242,517 m2, 61 kindergartens with a total area of 82,623 m2 and 20 secondary
schools with a total area of 115,790 m2.The total number of educational
buildings is 152, and the total area 440,930 m2.
Total electricity consumption in the educational buildings category for 2008
was 8,525,461 kWh, and the specific consumption 19.34 kWh/m2. The
electricity consumption structure by subcategories is shown in Figure 5-1; the
heat consumption parameters according to the use of energy sources in
heating days are shown in Table 5-1, and the heat consumption structure in
the educational buildings category is shown in Figure 5-2.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
32
Figure 5-1 Structure of electricity consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of
Skopje
Table 5-1Heat consumption parameters in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje
SUBCATEGORY Total heated
area (m2)
Heat consumption
(kWh)
Specific
consumption
(kWh/m2)
KINDERGARTENS 82 623 7 788 874 145
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 242 517 17 422 704 132
SECONDARY SCHOOLS 115 790 11 691 398 101
AVERAGE CONSUMPTION 440 930 36 902 976 122
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
33
Figure 5-2 Structure of heat consumption in the educational buildings category in the City of Skopje
The analysis of the educational buildings category points to the conclusion
that electricity and heat consumption are within the expected limits and typical
for this type of buildings in the Republic of Macedonia. Furthermore, the
subcategories show a uniform electricity and heat consumption. With a
specific electricity consumption of 19.34 kWh/m2 the educational buildings
category is under the average consumption of 41 kWh/m2.The specific heat
consumption of 122 kWh/m2 is within the expected limits. With the aim of
achieving the set 20% reduction in energy consumption, one of the common
measures recommended for all buildings in this category is to install
thermostatic radiator valves with protective caps.
Cultural buildings owned by the City of Skopje
The cultural buildings category comprises museums, libraries, houses of
culture and other cultural institutions owned by the City. The total number of
cultural buildings is 26, and the total area 21 880 m2.
A total of 853 190 kWh of electricity were consumed in cultural buildings in
2008, resulting in a specific consumption of 36.18 kWh/m2.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
34
Figure 5-3 Structure of electricity consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of
Skopje
Table 5-2 Heat consumption parameters in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje
SUBCATEGORY Total heated area
(m2)
Heat consumption
(kWh)
Specific
consumption
(kWh/m2)
LIBRARIES 5738 528812 92.16
OTHER INSTITUTIONS 16142 1969752 122.0
Culture Average 21880 2498564 114.19
Figure 5-4 Structure of heat consumption in the cultural buildings category in the City of Skopje
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
35
The heat and electricity consumption in cultural buildings owned by the City of
Skopje is expected and typical for these buildings category. Consistent
application of energy efficiency measures can reduce electricity and heat
consumption by up to 60% compared to current consumption.
Administration buildings of the City of Skopje and the units of local self-
government
For the purposes of presenting consumption data, the buildings in this
category were divided in two subcategories:
Administration buildings of the City of Skopje;
Administration buildings of the local self-government units
(municipalities).
From the total number of buildings in this category, namely 11, the City of
Skopje has one building with a total area of 5 527 m2 and the units of local
self-government have 10 buildings with a total area of 13 618 m2.The total
electricity consumption in administration building of the City of Skopje and of
the local self-government units in 2008 was 875 763 kWh, resulting in a
specific consumption of 45.74 kWh/m2. Electricity consumption by
subcategories is presented in Figure 5-5.
Figure 5-5 Structure of electricity consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
A total of 372 598 kWh of electricity were consumed in administrative
buildings in 2008, resulting in a specific consumption of 67.41 kWh/m2.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
36
Table 5-3 shows the heat energy consumption parameters in the category
administrative buildings of the City of Skopje and with regard to the local self-
government units.
Table 5-3 Electricity consumption parameters in city council and local self-government buildings
SUBCATEGORY Total heated area
(m2)
Heat consumption (kWh) Specific consumption
(kWh/m2)
CITY OF SKOPJE 5 527 778 613 140.87
MUNICIPALITIES 13 618 1 927 604 141.55
Administration - Average 19 145 2 706 217 141.35
Figure 5-6 Structure of heat consumption in city council and local self-government buildings
The heat and electricity consumption in administrative buildings owned by the
City of Skopje is high, but also expected and typical for this buildings
category. Consistent and systematic application of energy efficiency
measures can reduce electricity and heat consumption by up to 50%
compared to current consumption.
Public enterprises owned by the City of Skopje
The enterprises category comprises 22 enterprises and institutions (Table 5-
4).
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
37
Table 5-4 Energy consumption parameters for buildings of public enterprises in Skopje
Enterprise or institution
name
Total
area
total electricity
consumption
(kWh)
Specific subsector
electricity
consumption
(kWh/m2);
Total heat
consumption
(kWh)
Specific heat
consumption
(kWh/m2).
JUCOP Universal Hall 3500 70802 20 330670 94
Fire fighting Brigade 6934 412590 60 1404127 202
PE City Parking 322 51220 159 26119 81
Public Transport
Enterprise Skopje 13221 2388000 178 3137142 237
PE Parks and
Greenery 1175 27649 24 273473 233
PE Communal
Hygiene 4877 576492 118 826681 169
PE Water supply and
drainage 5303 362026 69 883237 166
PE Streets and roads 675 73285 108 116050 171
The specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public
enterprises of the City of Skopje are shown in Figure 5-7.
Figure 5-7 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the
City of Skopje
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
38
Figure 5-8 Specific electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by public enterprises of the
City of Skopje (for each enterprise individually)
All input data on energy consumption by public enterprises have been
obtained directly from the enterprises. The analysis shows significant
deviations in electricity and heat consumption, which may be due to several
root causes: The most obvious and most plausible one is that the data, either
those on energy consumption or those on buildings surface area, submitted
by the enterprises are not correct. Input data on consumption and buildings
area were used to calculate the specific electricity and heat consumption.
Specific electricity consumption varies from 20 kWh/m2 for PE Universal Hall
to 178 kWh/m2 for JSP Skopje.
Taking into consideration all possible factors that might cause such
differences, from different activities to the specific characteristics of electrical
appliances in the buildings, the conclusion is still that the most probable culprit
are the incorrect input data.
The situation with specific heat consumption is similar to that with electricity
consumption. Specific heat consumption varies from 60 kWh/m2 for the Fire
Fighting Brigade to 237 kWh/m2 for JSP Skopje. In this case also, regardless
of the many other factors affecting consumption, such as building age, poor
construction, heating system inefficiencies etc., the analysis leads to the
conclusion that input data, either on energy consumption or surface area, are
incorrect.
Business premises and residential flats owned by the City of Skopje
The City of Skopje and the municipalities in the city do not own business
premises and residential flats.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
39
Analysis of electricity and heat consumption in buildings owned by the
City of Skopje
The analysis of electricity and heat consumption for 2008 covers the buildings
categories described above in the sector buildings and enterprises owned by
the City of Skopje:
Educational buildings;
Cultural buildings;
Public enterprises;
City administration (city council) and municipality buildings.
Electricity consumption by categories is shown in Figure 5-9, and heat
consumption in Figure 5-10.
Figure 5-9 Specific electricity consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje
Figure 5-10 Specific heat consumption in buildings owned by the City of Skopje
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
40
The energy analysis of buildings owned by the City, based on available data
for 2008, shows that there are great potentials for electricity and heat savings
in all subsectors. It is obvious from analysed data that the greatest amount of
electricity and heat is consumed in buildings operated by public enterprises.
Energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje for 2008
Data on the total number of households in the City of Skopje and total area as
input parameters for the energy consumption analysis are based on statistical
data from the 2002 Population Census, increased by the number of newly-
build residences in the six-year period between 2002 and 2008 published by
the State Statistical Office (publications for the period 2002 to 2008).
The total number of households in the City of Skopje in 2008 is 164 377,
covering a total area of 11 448 261 m2. According to data from the State
Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia, a total of 1 275 724 MWh of
electricity were consumed in the residential buildings sector, resulting in a
specific electricity consumption of 79.70 kWh/m2.
Data on heat consumption from district heating were obtained from
Toplifikacija AD, and data on firewood consumption from PE Makedonski
Shumi.
Table 5-11 shows heat energy parameters by energy source for the
residential buildings sector in the City of Skopje.
Table 5-5 Heat energy parameters by energy source for the residential buildings sector in the City of
Skopje
Energy source Number of
households
Total heated area
(m2)
Heat
consumption
(MWh)
Specific
consumption
(kWh/m2)
District heating 49157 3423628 381 614 781 111.47
Natural gas 0 0 0 0
Oil 21978 1530701 120 544 862 78.75
Firewood 11056 770000 307 230 000 399
Electricity 56965 3967395 363 300 000 91.57
Coal 5235 364565 43 747 808 120
TOTAL 144 391 10 056 289 1 216 437 451
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
41
Figure 5-11 shows the categorisation of households in the City of Skopje
according to heating energy source.
Figure 5-11 Percentage of individual energy sources used for heating in the residential buildings
sector in the City of Skopje
The energy consumption analysis for the residential buildings sector in the
City of Skopje shows great potentials for electricity and heating savings.
Existing residences are highly inefficient and numerous and continuous
energy efficiency measures must be undertaken in order to reduce energy
consumption and resulting CO2 emissions.
Energy consumption analysis for the commercial and service sector
buildings in the City of Skopje for 2008
It was not possible to collect all required data for an energy analysis of the
commercial and service buildings subsector. The commercial and service
buildings subsector comprises 9 058 buildings with a total area of 2 427 544
m2.
During the data collection phase, data were obtained from EVN Macedonia on
the total electricity consumption by households and by the commercial sector
in the City of Skopje. Representatives of EVN Macedonia stated that their
software solutions cannot allocate the respective consumption to each of the
two buildings subsectors. Therefore, electricity consumption in commercial
sector buildings in the city can only be estimated. Previous experiences in this
area show that estimates are not accurate, due to the fact that variations in
consumption between the different building categories in this sector are quite
high. For the purposes of this analysis, a value of 100 kWh/m2 was used as
the specific electricity consumption in the commercial sector in the City of
Skopje.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
42
The same problem applies to collected data on heat consumption. District
heating plants submitted data based on calculated averages. Available data at
the moment are those on total heat consumption in this sector; however, data
on consumption in the individual subsectors are not available. Therefore, the
value for specific heat consumption was estimated to 170 kWh/m2.
Collected data do not represent sufficient basis for a reliable analysis of the
commercial and service sector in the City of Skopje.
Conclusion
The energy analysis of the buildings sector in the City of Skopje shows that
the largest amount of energy is consumed by households, followed by
buildings in the commercial and service sector, and the contribution of
buildings owned by the City of Skopje is the smallest (Figure 5-12). It is
important to emphasise that, due to incomplete data on energy consumption
in the commercial and service sector, consumption in the individual
subsectors is only an estimate
Figure 5-12 Structure of total energy consumption in the buildings sector in the City of Skopje
The individual subsectors contributions to total electricity consumption are
represented in Figure 5-13.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
43
Figure 5-13 Structure of electricity consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors
Figure 5-14 Structure of heat consumption in the buildings sector by subsectors
The main conclusion of the energy analysis in the buildings sector is that
potential energy savings in this sector are very high and that significant
energy savings and environmental impacts can be achieved through
implementation of various energy efficiency measures.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
44
Energy consumption analysis for the transport sector in the City of
Skopje for 2008
For the needs of this energy consumption analysis, the transport sector in the
City of Skopje was divided into three subsectors:
Vehicle fleet owned by the City of Skopje;
Public transport in the City of Skopje;
Private and commercial vehicles.
Relevant data for the transport sector energy consumption analysis were
collected from the following sources:
City of Skopje;
Public Transport Enterprise JSP Skopje;
Public Enterprises Owned by the City of Skopje;
State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia.
Based on collected data, the following parameters were determined for each
individual subsector of the transport sector:
General information about the subsector;
Structure of the vehicle fleet according to vehicle type;
Vehicle classification according to fuel type;
Consumption of the different fuel types by subsectors;
Vehicle fleet owned and operated by the City of Skopje
General information
The vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje comprises passenger cars and
commercial vehicles owned and operated by the City and cars owned by the
City but used by the public enterprises. According to available data, the total
number of passenger cars is 176, and the number of commercial vehicles is
374.Commercial vehicles are primarily used for commercial purposes and
comprise the subcategories combined vehicles, freight and utility vehicles.
Commercial vehicles are used for carrying out various work activities.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
45
Fuel consumption
The table below shows the various fuel types used for the vehicles owned and
operated by the City of Skopje, as well as fuel consumption by fuel type.
Consumption is presented in litres and kilograms, as well as in energy units,
with the aim of facilitating comparison.
Table 5-6 Fuel consumption for the vehicle fleet of the City of Skopje by fuel type
Fuel type Consumption (l) Consumption (MJ)
Diesel 1516095 53,010,262
Petrol 209724 7,424,722
TOTAL 1 725 819 60 434 984
The structure of fuel consumption by fuel type is presented in Figure 5-15.
Figure 5-15 Fuel consumption by fuel type for vehicles owned and operated by the City of Skopje
Public transport in the City of Skopje
Public transport in the City of Skopje is provided mostly by buses. Public
transport is also available by taxi vehicles, but this public transport category
has not been analysed in detail in this chapter, due to its small contribution to
total passenger transport compared to buses.
Bus and taxi passenger transport in Skopje are not interconnected. Bus
transport is available on the territory of the City of Skopje, as well as in
suburban areas around the city. In 2008 a total of 63 199 000 passengers
were transported by public transport in the City of Skopje.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
46
Public transport by bus in the City of Skopje
Public transport by bus is organised on the territory of the City of Skopje and
in some of the citys neighbouring municipalities. The bus network runs
through the main traffic thoroughfares, regardless of city topology, so the
public transport coverage is relatively good. The public transport network
consists of 72 daytime and 7 night-time lines. The bus network operated by
JSP Skopje has 1001 bus stops, 496 of which are located in the city. Bus lines
are managed from the main bus terminal in the citys centre. An average of
241 buses on workdays, 118 on Saturdays, and 86 buses on Sundays and
public holidays circulate on the regular public transport lines. An average of
approx. 63 199 000 passengers are using public transport each year.
The bus fleet in 2008 consisted of 617 vehicles, 357 of which are owned by
the public enterprise JSP Skopje, and the remaining buses are owned by
natural persons who are members of the two associations Sloboda Prevoz
and Makekspres.
The bus fleet of JSP Skopje is renovated and almost all buses are
replaced in 2012.
Public transport fuel consumption by fuel type in the City of Skopje
A total of 10 178 823 litres of diesel fuel and 307 894 mn3 of natural gas were
consumed by public transport in 2008. Consumption of diesel fuel in 2008 was
39.44 l/100 km. The number of transported passengers for 2007 and 2008 is
shown in Figure 5-16, the number of newly procured buses in Figure 5-17,
changes in the number of transported passengers and kilometres travelled in
Figure 5-18, and the number of passengers per kilometre travelled is shown in
Figure 5-19.
The data presented here is from the referent year of the SEAP 2008.
Because the bus fleet is renovated, measures in that direction are not
presented here and the data is just for comparison.
LOCAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN OF CITY OF SKOPJE
47
Figure 5-16 Number of passengers transported by public transport offered by JSP Skopje for 2007
and 2008
Figure 5-17 Number of newly procured buses by years
Figure 5-18 Passengers transported and kilometres travelled by months for 2007 and 2008
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Figure 5-19 Number of transported passengers per kilometre travelled
Private and commercial vehicles
General information
A total of 135 193 vehicles were registered in the City of Skopje in 2008. The
number of registered vehicles increases every year, thus contributing to
increasing traffic loads. The rise in the number of private vehicles in the City of
Skopje is shown in Figure 5-20. The largest percentage of registered motor
vehicles in the city are passenger cars with 86% of the total number of
vehicles, followed by freight vehicles, and then by mopeds and motorcycles.
The structure of registered vehicles in 2008 by vehicle type is shown in Figure
5-21. Most motor vehicles (over 78%) are owned by natural persons. The
structure of registered vehicles by vehicle ownership is shown in Figure 5-22.
Figure 5-20 Number of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje for the period 2003-2008
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Figure 5-21 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008
Figure 5-22 Structure of registered vehicles in the City of Skopje in 2008 by ownership
Fuel consumption for the various vehicle types
Fuel consumption data for private and commercial vehicles were not
available, so an estimate of fuel consumption for these vehicle categories was
made for the purposes of this Action Plan. Consumption was estimated
according to the COPERT III model, a software solution developed by the
European Environmental Agency.
The fuel consumption estimates for private and commercial vehicles in the
City of Skopje is shown in Table 5-7.
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Table 5-7 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje
Fuel type Consumption (t)
Passenger cars
Consumption (t)
Off-road vehicles
Consumption (t)
Mopeds and
motorcycles
Consumption (t)
TOTAL
Petrol 37155.85 695.20 266.04 38117.10
Diesel 17748.56 14448.26 0 32 196.82
LPG 775.88 0 0 775.88
The contribution of individual vehicle categories to total consumption,
expressed as data on energy consumed is shown in Figure 5-23.
Figure 5-23 Fuel consumption of private and commercial vehicles in the City of Skopje
Conclusion
Figures show the total fuel consumption for the transport sector in the City of
Skopje. It is obvious that private and commercial vehicles consume the most
fuel. Consequently, recommended measures for greenhouse gas emissions
reduction in the transport sector are focused on public transport, but also on
raising awareness and education about environmentally sustainable transport.
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Figure 5-24 Share of fuel consumption in the transport sector in the City of Skopje by subsectors
Data on fuel consumption for vehicles owned and operated by the City of
Skopje show that petrol has the largest contribution (approx. 49%), followed
by diesel fuel (approx. 48%).Alternative fuels (natural gas, LPG, bio-fuels)
contribute less than 1% of total consumption, which leads to the conclusion
that there is significant room for improvement in the future. According to
available data, passenger cars are responsible for the largest portion of fuel
consumption in this category, namely approx. 88%.Having this in mind,
special care should be given to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the
passenger car category of the transport sector.
Public transport is an essential part of the transport system of the City of
Skopje, and has significant advantages when compared to the use of
passenger cars, expressed as lower fuel consumption per transported
passenger and smaller environmental impact. Therefore, one of the main
aspects of sustainable transport must be increasing the efficiency of public
transport. One of the main recommendations in this Action Plan aimed at
reaching the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the transport
sector is to continue the on-going activities for improvement of the quality of
public transport.
Waste statistics
The data for waste was collected from various sources. Because the previous
Sustainable Energy Action Plan didnt contain analysis of this sector, the
collected data has referent year of 2012.
The main data input was from the following sources:
State Statistical Office
Annual Reports of the local public enterprise Komunalna Higiena
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Wate Manegemet Plan of the City of Skopje 2010-2015
The general data, like population, was gained from the Census in 2002 and
modified with the specific annual growth of the relevant indicator.
The rest of the data was collected from the State Statistical Office and from
the local PE Komunalna Higiena. This data has referent year of 2012 as
stated and justified in the Chapter 5 Waste Forecasting.
The results of the data collection are shown below.
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Table 5-8 Waste Parameters
Data requested Value Unit Notes
study year 2012 year
amount of MSW generated 128850 t/year Annual Report 2012 PE Komunalna Higiena
population 506926 inhabitants Census 2002
Mixed general waste flows 100% ...to Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT1)
%
...to MBT2 composting
%
...to MBT2 anaerobic digestion
%
...to incineration
%
...to landfill 128850 100.00%
Collection of source-separated materials [t] 241.134 100%
Annual Report 2012 PE Komunalna Higiena
...glass [t] 0 % plastic [t] 76.44 31.70%
metals [t] 0.694 0.29%
paper & cardboard [t] 164 68.01%
organic matter [t] 0 %
other source-separated materials [t] 0 %
Destination of residual fraction from MBT 100% to landfill
100%
to incineration
0%
...to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) production 0%
Planned separate collection performance paper and cardboard 16.4 %
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glass
%
metals 0.694 %
plastic 76.44 %
organic waste
%
hazardous waste
%
WEEE %
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5.1. Energy efficiency measures
5.1.1. Buildings
Public buildings
Table 5-9 Measures for Public buildings
Measure/activity name
Installation of thermometers in every room
of the buildings owned by the City of Skopje.
Implementing body The City of Skopje
Implementation beginning/end (years) 2011
Cost assessment (measure individual or
total assessment) M
1.5 / thermometer, total of 750
Energy saving assessment (ktoe) 2727.7 MWh
CO2-emission-reduction assessment (kt CO2) 0.668
Funding for measure implementation Budget of the City of Skopje
Short description/commentary The installation of walled thermometers in every room
(offices, meeting rooms, etc.) offers insight into the rooms'
temperature and allows for temperature regulation by
properly airing the rooms, and by regulating the
heating/cooling systems.
Besides mounting thermometers to walls, the measure
foresees these initial educational activities:
The thermometer will bear a sign saying: "1 C saves
up to 6% energy."
Upon room thermometer installation, users will be
informed about the aim of the measure and the
ways to its successful implementation.
Preparation and distribution of flyers and the like.
The total investment cost assessment for implementing this
measure in 500 rooms of the City-owned buildings is
estimated at approximately 750 .
Based on international experiences, this measure can render
as much as a 4% reduction of thermal energy consumption in
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buildings owned by the City of Skopje.
The measure may be implemented immediately, since it is
neither financially nor logistically demanding for its
implementers.
Measure/activity name
Installation of thermostat sets in all buildings
owned by the City of Skopje
Implementing body The City of Skopje
Implementation beginning/end (years) 2011- 2020
Cost assessment (measure individual or
total assessment) M
1.07