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SKID RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE

ENHANCEMENT USING DIFFERENT

MACROTEXTURE PARAMETERS

IN CHIP SEAL

THEN KANG JIN

B. ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

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SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate

in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering

(Hons).

_______________________________

(Supervisor’s Signature)

Full Name : INTAN SUHANA BINTI MOHD RAZELAN

Position : SENIOR LECTURER

Date : 16 JUNE 2017

_______________________________

(Co-supervisor’s Signature)

Full Name :

Position :

Date :

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STUDENT’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for

quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has

not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia

Pahang or any other institutions.

_______________________________

(Student’s Signature)

Full Name : THEN KANG JIN

ID Number : AA13192

Date : 16 JUNE 2017

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SKID RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE

ENHANCEMENT USING DIFFERENT

MACROTEXTURE PARAMETERS

IN CHIP SEAL

THEN KANG JIN

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the

Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

JUNE 2017

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Intan

Suhana binti Mohd Razelan for the continuous encouragement, advice, support and

guidance in making this study possible. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research

and writing this thesis.

I would like to thank you my beloved family for encouraging me with their best

wishes. Appreciation also expressed to my fellow friends who always give suggestions

to improve my performance in this study.

Last but not least, thank you to all who are involved directly or indirectly in

ensuring the smoothness of this study. Thank you so much.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION

TITLE PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

ABSTRACT iv

ABSTRAK v

TABLE OF CONTENT vi

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF SYMBOLS xi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1

1.1.1 Skid Resistance 1

1.1.2 Pavement Surface Characteristics 1

1.1.3 Macrotexture 2

1.1.4 Chip Seal 3

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 3

1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 4

1.4 SCOPE OF RESEARCH 5

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH 5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 SKID RESISTANCE 6

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vii

2.2 CHIP SEAL 8

2.3 MACROTEXTURE 10

2.4 BINDER CONTENT 12

2.5 SAND PATCH TEST 12

2.6 BRITISH PENDULUM TEST 14

2.7 SUMMARY 16

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 17

3.1 INTRODUCTION 17

3.1.1 Flow Diagram for Methodology 17

3.1.2 Flow Diagram for Laboratory Work 18

3.2 PREPARATION OF CHIP SEAL ON ASPHALT CONCRETE

PAVEMENT SAMPLES 20

3.2.1 Preparation of Asphalt Concrete Pavement Samples 20

3.2.2 Determination of Aggregate Sizes of Chip Seal 23

3.2.3 Brushing of Binder 23

3.2.4 Spreading of Chip Seal 24

3.3 VOLUMETRIC PATCH METHOD 24

3.3.1 Test Method 24

3.3.2 Material and Apparatus 25

3.4 BRITISH PENDULUM TEST 26

3.4.1 Test Method 26

3.4.2 Machinery and Apparatus 28

3.5 SUMMARY 28

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29

4.1 INTRODUCTION 29

4.2 MEAN TEXTURE DEPTH (MTD) 29

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viii

4.3 BRITISH PENDULUM NUMBER (BPN) 32

4.4 CORRELATION OF MEAN TEXTURE DEPTH (MTD) AND

BRITISH PENDULUM NUMBER (BPN) 35

4.5 SUMMARY 37

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 38

5.1 CONCLUSION 38

5.2 RECOMMENDATION 39

REFERENCES 40

APPENDIX A 45

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

Table 1.1 PIARC Texture Definitions 2

Table 2.1 Factors which affecting pavement friction 7

Table 2.2 Temperature corrections for BPN readings using the Transport

Research Laboratory rubber slider 15

Table 3.1 Calculation of pavement sample for wearing course (AC 14) 22

Table 4.1 Average diameter of 22 asphalt concrete pavement samples 30

Table 4.2 Mean texture depth of 22 asphalt concrete pavement samples 30

Table 4.3 British Pendulum Number (BPN) and average BPN of 22 asphalt

concrete pavement samples 33

Table 4.4 Mean texture depth (MTD) and British Pendulum Number (BPN) of

21 asphalt concrete pavement samples 35

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

Figure 1.1 Difference between microtexture and macrotexture 3

Figure 2.1 Single chip seal & double chip seal 9

Figure 2.2 Example of microtexture and macrotexture 11

Figure 2.3 Sand patch test 14

Figure 3.1 Flow diagram for methodology 18

Figure 3.2 Flow diagram for laboratory work 19

Figure 3.3 Delivering aggregates from store 21

Figure 3.4 Sieve shaker 21

Figure 3.5 Conventional bitumen with grade 80 – 100 23

Figure 3.6 Single chip seals 24

Figure 3.7 Asphalt concrete pavement sample undergoes volumetric patch

method 25

Figure 3.8 The weight of measuring cylinder with sand was measured 26

Figure 3.9 British pendulum tester 28

Figure 4.1 MTD from previous study compare with thesis result 32

Figure 4.2 BPN from previous study compare with thesis result 34

Figure 4.3 Relationship between mean texture depth (MTD) and British

Pendulum Number (BPN) of 21 asphalt concrete pavement

samples 36

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

R

%

g

ml

℃

Correlation coefficient

Percent

Gram

Milliliter

Degree Celsius

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PIARC World Road Association

MTD

MIROS

BPN

JKR

TNZ

ASTM

AC

PCC

Mean Texture Depth

Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research

British Pendulum Number

Public Works of Malaysia

Transit New Zealand

American Society for Testing and Materials

Asphaltic Concrete

Portland Cement Concrete