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Instructors: John Hildebrand (SIO) and Lisa Balance (SWFSC) Office Hours: Friday 10:30-‐11:30 RiDer Hall 200E Guest Lecturers: Simone Baumann-‐Pickering and Ana Sirovic Teaching Assistant: Summer MarPn and Tara WhiDy Class Website: www.cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133
SIO 133 – Marine Mammal Biology
SIO 133 – Marine Mammal Biology
Text: Marine Mammals: EvoluPonary Biology 2nd EdiPon Berta, Sumich and Kovacs Supplemented with pdf readings posted on class www site: www.cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133
SIO 133 – EvaluaPon Criteria
Midterm: 25% Term Paper: 25% Final Exam: 50% Important Dates: Midterm: April 30 Term Paper Outline Due: May 7 Term Paper Due: May 30 Final Exam: June 11, 8-‐11 am
SIO 133 – Term Paper
§ Detailed examinaPon of a topic or species § ~5 pages including citaPons § Beyond level of material covered in class § Uses informaPon from the primary literature
§ ScienPfic Journals or Monographs Marine Mammal Science
SIO 133 – Goals of the Course
§ Understand Marine Mammal diversity, evoluPon, physiology, ecology and behavior
§ Challenges for mammals living in the sea § Thermal regulaPon, diving hydrostaPcs § Marine ecology, foraging § Social systems, communicaPon,
reproducPon § ConservaPon and Management
§ Whaling, fisheries interacPons
Marine Biozones and Light Zones
VerPcal Profiles of Temperature and Nutrients
POLAR TEMPERATE SUBTROPICAL TROPICAL
COLD-CORE WARM-CORE
Global Ocean CirculaPon
Subsurface
Surface
SEA SURFACE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
Based on satellite data for ocean color
Coastal Upwelling in the Northern Hemishpere
Zooplankton Biomass
Benthic Biomass
• Plankton – organisms float in the water no ability to propel themselves.
• phytoplankton (plants) • zooplankton (animals)
• Nekton swimmers and include fish, repPles, mammals, birds and others.
• Benthos organisms live on the boDom (epifauna) or within the boDom sediments (infauna).
• Some organisms change from being pelagic early in life and benthonic later.
Marine Organism Lifestyles
Marine Food Web Availability of food established by: - Primary production and number of trophic levels
Marine Mammals Early Observations Aristotle (384-322 BC) – Historia Animalia describes dolphins, killer whales, baleen whales Konrad Gesner (1516-1565) – Historia Animalium
Contained earliest drawings of marine mammals
Marine Mammal Science Emerged as a discipline in last 20-30 years Expansion of literature
1495-1840 – 3 papers/year 1845-1960 – 28 papers/year 1961-1998 – 646 papers/year 1999-2004 – 856 papers/year
Marine Mammal Science, Journal of Mammalogy, Canadian Journal of Zoology, Journal of Zoology, Fisheries Bulletin, Marine Ecology Progress Series …..
Marine Mammal Science Study of Mammal Mammals Increasing technology Remote sensing
acoustic, satellite time-depth recorders crittercams
Molecular ecology
systematics taxonomy
Physiology
Systematics - Study of biological diversity Taxonomy – Is the practice of classification Phylogeny – evolutionary history of a particular group of animals Why study? Framework for interpreting biological diversity
Systematics & Taxonomy
Taxonomy & Classification Taxonomy – the description, identification, and classification of species Within past 10 years of work on Marine Mammal Taxa: 2 beaked whales described; 1 resurrected New dolphin species described 3 forms (subspecies) of Orcinus orca New balaenopterid species described
Pygmy beaked whale (Mesoplodon peruvianus)
Pygmy Bryde's Whale (Eden's Whale)
Balaenoptera edeni
Omura’s Whale Balaenoptera omurai
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata SubPhylum Vertebrata
+ backbone + dorsal hollow nerve chord + bone/carPlage internal
skeleton
Marine Mammal Systematics
Class Mammalia, 4000 species •Viviparous •Hair •LactaPon via the mammary gland •4 chambered heart •Diphyodont denPPon-‐ 2 sets of teeth •7 cervical vertebrae •3 inner ear ossicles •Respiratory system -‐ diaphragm •Endothermy
Mam
malian O
rders
Platypus & Echidna Marsupials
Scaly Anteaters
Armadillos, Sloths, Anteaters
Dogs, Cats, Bears, Weasels, Pinnipeds, O?ers Shrews
Elephant Shrews
Rabbits, Hares, Pikas Mice, Rats
Gorillas, Monkeys, Baboons, Humans
Tree Shrews
Flying Lemurs
Bats
Aardvarks
Even-‐Toed Ungulates (Deer, Cows, etc.) Whales, Dolphins, Porpoises
Odd-‐Toed Mammals (Horses, Rhinos) Hyraxes
Manatees& Dugongs Elephants
Marine Mammal Taxonomic Groupings
About 126 Species across 3 Orders Order Carnivoria (38 species)
Polar bears, sea otters, seals, sea lions, walruses Order Cetacea (83 species)
Baleen whales, toothed whales Order Sirenia (5 species)
Manatees, dugongs
Adaptation to an aquatic environment
Insulation – blubber or dense fur Countercurrent heat exchange Modified sensors systems - eyes, nose, ears Extensive use of sound Modified limbs for swimming Kidneys for osmoregulation Respiratory system for diving
Order Carnivoria Includes 5 Families of Marine Mammals Mustelidae – Sea otter Ursidae – Polar bear Phocidae – Seals (true seal) Otariidae – Sea lions (eared seals) Odobenidae - Walrus
Family Mustelidae
Enhydra lutris - Sea otter - N. American - Teeth for crushing shells Lontra felina - Marine Otter - S. American - endangered
Family Mustelidae Enhydra lutris
Family Mustelidae Lontra felina
Family Ursidae Ursus maritimus - Polar bear - Evolved from brown bear - Teeth more like seals/sea lions than bears - Eats arctic seals - Threatened w/ climate change due to diminished sea ice
Photo by Ansgar Walk
Ursus maritimus - Polar bear
Polar bear - regions
Durner et al. 2009 Ecological Monographs Vol 79
Diminishing Ice
Durner et al. 2009 Ecological Monographs Vol 79
Tagged Polar Bear 1985-1995
Durner et al. 2009 Ecological Monographs Vol 79
Polar Bear Resource Selection Function
Durner et al. 2009 Ecological Monographs Vol 79
Polar Bear Predicted Change Optimal Habitat
Durner et al. 2009 Ecological Monographs Vol 79
2001-2010 to 2041 - 2050
