Simulation Exercise on Waste Management (National School of Public Policy)

SIMULATION EXERCISE I: WASTE MANGEMENTCONFIDENTIAL

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TO BE RETURNED AT THE END OF THE EXERCISECopy No:

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, LAHORE

11TH MID CAREER MANGEMENT COURSE

SIMULATION EXERCISE 1WASTE MANGEMENT

PARTICIPANT GUIDE

SPONSOR DS: Mr. SALMAN CHOUDHRY


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Confidentiality of DocumentParticipants and Faculty Members of National Institute of Management, Lahore are authorized to use this document. Use of this document-in original or copy of it-by any person, other than the authorized persons, inside or outside National Institute of Management is STRICTLY PROHIBITED. Please DO NOT make PHOTOCOPY of this document.

DisclaimerThis document contains training material designed exclusively to promote discussion amongst the participants of 10th MCMC at NIM Lahore. It is not a prediction of the future, nor does it necessarily reflect the views of the institution.


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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MANGEMENT LAHOREMID CAREER MANGEMNET WING11TH Mid Career Management Course

SIMULATION EXERCISE1. One of the knowledge, learning and application tools used at NIM is Simulation Exercise. This is, by far, the most important training activity of the course. The fundamental difference between a Simulation Exercise and a Case Study is that while the latter dissects a by-gone event, issue or policy, the former analyzes a live event, issue or policy, while harnessing hindsight from the past and insight into the present, and helps derive guiding principles to formulate strategic options and operational plans for the future. An Exercise is meant to provide an opportunity to the participants to demonstrate their ability to apply their skills and knowledge (accumulated in-service, as well as learnt during the course), to near real-life situations. A single option to achieve ends of policy is poor planning. Multiple options are the hallmark of good planning and the important requirement of decision-making. 2. There are three Exercises in the course, spread over several days. These exercises are designed to simulate the process of strategizing implementable plans to achieve aims and objectives of a national policy in line with clearly defined aims, or ends. While policy determines the ends, strategy provides the means to achieve those ends. Strategy is formulated by first looking at the magnitude and the nature of challenge or challenges and then taking stock of the resources and the time-frame in which to deal with them. Resources include tangible and intangible resources, structure, infrastructure; concrete human and financial assets are tangible, while commitment, devotion and professional capacity, leadership, quality of human resources are intangibles. The duration of time-frame will differ in accordance with the span of the challenge at each level.3. As you must have noticed and experienced already, Simulation Exercise is an effective method of learning as the philosophy of training is centered on “learning by doing”. This is, by far, the most important training activity of the Course. The exercise “waste management” focuses on the process of studying, analyzing and synthesizing the process and governance related issues to waste generation and management. The participants will then be applying this analysis and synthesis to the formulation of effective policy and its implementation strategies for national development and overall wellbeing of the masses. For the purposes of this Exercise, the group shall be divided into Research and Analysis Groups (RAGs). Participants will be assigned formal roles of people in positions of executive authority in the state, and of academic quality and experiential excellence in the society. While playing these roles, the RAGs will be required to develop policy implementation solutions that can take into account prospective eventualities demanding change while simultaneously ensuring continuity in policy, where the existing policy warrants extension. Participants will be required to interview either in person or, at least, on phone, those persons, whose roles they play during the Exercise. Knowledge of socio-political, socio-cultural and socio-economic environment is essential as they are inter-related with the present state of waste management in Pakistan. Also knowledge of the stated policies and their implementation mechanisms in the Federal and Provincial Government structures along with resource allocation is essential for this Exercise. Participants’ knowledge about departmental capacity, the role of vested interests, impact of inter-intra departmental factors and the role of donor agencies, whether or not impinging on the waste management are necessary for policy formulation and implementation strategies which should lead to the desired development.


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Generic Aims of Simulation Exercise:4. To offer an opportunity to participants to apply knowledge and skills to understand the process of policy formulation so as to work out Implementation Strategies and develop operational plans for policy execution. Training Objectives of Simulation Exercise:

(1) To sift the essential from the trivial in a given scenario.(2) To prioritize issues according to the degree of importance in a given

environment.(3) To develop leadership skills among the participants.(4) To develop the skills of working as a team and building consensus through

effective negotiation techniques.(5) To employ research methodology to harness primary and secondary resources. (6) To hone presentation skills for effective communication.(7) In doing all above, TO THINK OUT OF THE BOX - INNOVATE.(8) Main emphasis would be on “HOW TO THINK” and not “WHAT TO

THINK”.5. While doing so the Research and Analysis Groups (RAGs) are required to foresee at least one International, National and one Provincial, Local event or a development which could have the potential to destabilize the operational plan and the process of its implementation. Generally, governmental approach towards such issues lacks an operational flexibility, with the result that when confronted with unforeseen hazards, mid-course corrections are not possible. In such an eventuality, the RAGs are required to prepare a contingency plan (Plan B), which will enable the Government to make mid-course corrections and ensure sustainability of the proposed operational plan. All such plans must contain an elastic approach towards various issues. Elasticity and ability to prepare for a probable event in future is the hallmark of a strategic manager. It is essential for working out a solution or solutions, which can cater for unforeseen upsets, which can become “foresee-able”, to a large extent, by playing out a simulated scenario. This is what essentially distinguishes a Simulation Exercise from other training methods.

SIMULATION EXERCISE IWASTE MANGEMENT

6. The economy of Pakistan during the last two decades grew at an average rate of about 6% per annum.1 The urban population has grown at a much higher pace than the average annual growth rate in Pakistan. The urbanization, both rapid and unplanned, has exerted enormous stress on urban infrastructure especially housing, transportation, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management. Although the public sector has invested huge sums of money to strengthen urban infrastructure but the area of waste management has predominantly remained a low priority for investment. With rapid urbanization and little conscious effort on the part of the public sector - waste management is an issue more pronounced in the urban than the rural areas. Municipal waste has two components: solid and liquid. Solid waste can be further categorized into domestic, commercial, industrial, hospital and agricultural waste. The liquid waste consists of domestic waste that has been produced by washing, cooking, waste from toilets etc. and waste water effluents from industrial concerns. Besides, the rain / storm water also needs to be managed.7. Solid Waste Management (SWM) consists of control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of municipal solid waste in a way which is

1 Pak-EPA, (2005) Guidelines for Solid Waste Management, Pak EPA in collaboration with JICA, Ministry of Environment, PEP and UNDP.


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governed by the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, aesthetics and other environmental considerations. The aspects to be considered for effective management of solid waste in Pakistan include the rate of urbanization, pattern/density of urban settlements physical planning and control of development, composition/density of solid waste, temperature and precipitation, regulatory/legal framework, the capacity, adequacy and limitations of public sector to manage collection, storage, transportation and dumping and disposal/treatment of solid waste. The involvement of informal sector in segregation and recycling also merits consideration.

Quantitative8. Pakistan’s urban growth rate is 3.5 per cent. Its urban population has increased from 23.8 million in 1981 to 43 million in 1998, that is, from 28.3 per cent to 32.5 per cent of the total population. In the inter census period, urban localities have increased from 415 to 501. A significant number of Pakistanis (49.7 per cent) live in cities of over one million. Trends indicate that in percentage terms this will increase over time. There has been a doubling of the cities having a population of between 200,000 and 500,000 and a decrease in the number of cities having population between 25,000 and 50,0002. 9. In the urban sector, the annual housing demand is estimated at 300,000 housing units. The formal sector can supply no more than 110,000 housing units. The demand-supply gap, which is almost entirely for low income communities, is met through the development of under-serviced katchi abadis on government land or through the informal subdivision of agricultural land. These subdivisions are also under-serviced. It is estimated that 60 per cent of Pakistan’s urban populations live in katchi abadis or informal settlements3. The rural population of Pakistan has increased from 61,270 million to 87,544 million between 1981 and 1998. It has decreased in percentage terms from 71.7 per cent to 68.5 per cent. The increase in the number of rural settlements has been nominal (from 45,167 to 48,363) as compared to the increase in population. This means that a densification of the villages is taking place. Census figures also indicate this trend. Currently, 7.36 per cent of the rural settlements are above 5,000 population and 44 per cent are of between 1,000 and 5,000 population. Between them they contain 89.7 per cent of the rural population4. 10. On all the major roads connecting urban settlements in Pakistan long corridors of development housing informal commercial, industrial and residential facilities have developed5. These pollute the environment, water bodies and farmlands that lie behind them. The scale of this development has not been ascertained but it is enormous. No agency is responsible for providing sanitation facilities to them. Also, conventional sewage disposal technologies would not be an appropriate solution for them. While Pakistan’s population has increased to more than 160 million, lack of adequate infrastructure is creating environmental hazards. In Pakistan, sources of waste include households, commercial areas, institutions, construction and demolition sites, industrial areas and agricultural disposals. Factors that affect waste generation in the country are size and type of the community and level of communities’ income. Solid waste generated mostly ends up in empty plots, place of generation, in drains causing blockages in sewage system or on road sides. Composition of

2 Pakistan Population Census Organization Census Reports 1981 and 1998 3 Worked out from government and NGO research organisation statistics 4 Pakistan Population Census Organization Census Reports 1981 and 1998 5 Reza Ali: How Urban is Pakistan: Published in Akbar Zaidi’s “Continuity and Change”, OUP Karachi,

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solid waste generally comprises of plastic and rubber, metal, paper and cardboard, textile waste, glass, food waste, animal waste, leaves, grass, straws, fodder, bones, wood and stones. Apart from this, substantial amount of hospital waste is also produced in the country. 11. Around 250,000 tons of medical waste is annually produced from all sorts of health care facilities. Some hospitals and municipalities burn their waste, which results in the production of large amount of highly toxic gases6. Open dumps of waste serve as breeding grounds for flies and mosquitoes creating health hazards. In addition, bio-non-degradable solid wastes including hospital and industrial wastes are found lying in heaps7.8 In Pakistan currently there are three primary ways of disposing waste - landfill, size reduction and screening. According to various studies conducted on waste management in the country, about 54,888 tons of solid waste is generated daily in urban areas of Pakistan and 60 percent of it is collected by the municipal authorities. However, according to official estimates, 30 percent to 50 percent of the solid waste generated within most cities is not collected. The Ministry of Environment undertook a study during 1996 on “Data Collection for Preparation of National Study on Privatization of Solid Waste Management in Eight Selected Cities of Pakistan”. The study revealed that the rate of waste generation on average from all type of municipal controlled areas varies from 0.283 kg/capita/day to 0.613 kg/capita/day or from 1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in all selected cities. The projected population of the country for the year 2014 is 197.77 million on the basis of current annual growth rate of 2.6 percent resulting in an estimated projection of solid waste of 71,018 tons per day/ 25.921 m tons per year.

6 Hospital Waste Management in Pakistan, Case Study Report Special Waste Fractions: Hospital Waste, Rehan Ahmed, August 1997.

7 Solid Waste Management in Pakistan by Engr. Muhammad Humayun Khan, 24th WEDC Conference, 1998.


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Solid waste generation in major cities of Pakistan on the basis of population in 2004. Population

(million) 1998 Census

Population (million) 2004

Census

Solid Waste Generation

rate (Kg/C/Day)

Waste generated (tons/day)

Tons/year

Karachi 9.269 10.818 0.613 6,632 2,420,680Faisalbabad 1.977 2.307 0.391 902 329,230Hyderababad 1.151 1.343 0.563 756 275,940Gujranwala 1.124 1.312 0.469 615 224,475Lahore 5.143 6.4 - 5,000 -Peshawar 0.988 1.153 0.489 564 205,860Quetta 0.560 0.654 0.378 247 90,155Bannu 0.046 0.054 0.439 24 8,760Sibi 0.082 0.095 0.283 27 9,855Remaining Urban Areas

27.261 3.818 0.453 14.414 5,261,110

Total of Urban Areas

42.458 49.554 4.078 24,181 8,826,065

Rural area 88.121 102.853 0.283 29,108 10,624,420Sub Total 130.579 152.407 4.361 53,289 19,450,485Add 3% for hazardous waste

1,599 583,635

Grand Total 54,888 20,034,120Source: (Draft) Guideline for Solid Waste management Jun 2005, Pakistan Environment Protection Agency.

12. The most basic requirement for proper sanitation is the safe disposal of excreta. Fifty seven per cent of Pakistan’s population has access to sanitary latrines, 94 per cent in the urban areas and only 41 per cent in the rural areas. Between 1991 and 2002, there has been no increase in the percentage of urban sanitary latrines. In the case of the rural areas, there has been a decline in the percentage from 42 per cent in 1995 to 31 per cent in 1998 to 41 per cent in 20028. In the urban areas in Pakistan, underground drains serve 44 per cent of households and open drains which are a health hazard serve 41 per cent. In the case of the NWFP, urban open drains serve 72 per cent of households. Ten per cent of the households in urban Pakistan has no system at all9. Sixty eight per cent of the rural households have no system at all and 31 per cent have open drains. There are also major provincial differences. Ninety eight per cent of the rural households in Balochistan, 87 per cent in rural Sindh and 74 per cent in rural NWFP have no sanitation system. Between 1995 and 1999, the percentage of underground drains has remained static. In the cases of urban settlements; households having no system have increased from 7 to 10 per cent and; rural households having no system have increased from 46 to 68 per cent10.

8 Pakistan Integrated Household Surveys: 1991 to 2002: Federal Bureau of Statistics 9 Housing Census: Pakistan Population Census Reports, 1998 10 Pakistan Integrated Household Surveys: 1991 to 2002: Federal Bureau of Statistics


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Infrastructure 13. In the provincial capitals and the large cities of the country, underground sewage systems are in place. However, with the huge increase in urbanisation after the mid-seventies they could not be expanded or maintained to keep pace with urban physical and population increase. The old systems collapsed and ad-hoc arrangements were made to connect them to the nearest natural drains or water bodies. Also, new urban settlements, housing colonies and katchi abadis also developed their underground sewers or open drains and in the absence of a planned disposal, disposed them in the natural drainage system. As a result, in all cases sewage disposes into the natural drainage system and water bodies or in depressions. Sewage treatment plants are non-existent except in certain cantonments, Karachi, Islamabad, Sukkur, Hyderabad and Peshawar. Where they do exist, they do not receive sewage. For example, Karachi’s treatment plants have a capacity of treating 151.50 MGD of sewage but they treat about only 27 MGD11. The reason for this is that the sewage systems are planned to dispose into the natural drainage systems and the location of the treatment plants has not taken this into consideration. Because of lack of maintenance the Sukkur treatment plant is no longer operative. 14. In the absence of sewage treatment plants, natural water bodies are heavily contaminated. A study by the Institute of Public Health Engineering research along 10 reaches of the five major rivers of Pakistan shows that the river Ravi below Shahdra is already loaded for beyond its assimilated capacity12. A similar situation exists in the river Indus below Sukkur and in the coastal waters and creeks off Karachi13. This has polluted fish life and the eggs of poultry that feed on fish feed. The peri-urban katchi abadis and informal settlements in many cases fall outside the metropolitan limits of Pakistani cities and as such are not linked to the infrastructure programmes of the city as they should be. Even where they are part of the metropolitan area, their development is not a priority and so people develop their own systems on a self-help basis or live without a system. The Katchi Abadi Improvement and Regularisation Programme (KAIRP) of the provincial governments which is supposed to provide sanitation to katchi abadis does not coordinate its work with city level interventions of the provincial and local governments. A linkage between the formal and informal city is thus not created. There are no government programmes for the development of settlements created out of the subdivision of agricultural land. 15. The vast majority of small towns in Pakistan do not have an underground sewage system. Where systems do exist, they have been developed by the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) which has also developed the disposal of sewage through a settlement tank and pumping of the affluent for use in agriculture. However, in almost all cases, the trunks have collapsed and the towns have expanded beyond the disposal points. The informal settlements that have developed around these towns, and many of the formal areas, have open drains which dispose into the neighbouring fields where raw sewage is used for agriculture, or in neighbourhood depressions. In both cases, they pose serious health hazards especially since latrines are also connected to the open drains. As the population increases, the

11 Urban Resource Centre, Karachi; estimates calculated from KWSB and OPP-RTI reports, 1998 12 .Tariq M.N and Waris Ali: Discharges Exceeding Assimilative Capacity: Institute of Public Health

Engineering Research, UET, Lahore, 1988 13 IUCN, Sindh: State of Environment and Development; 2005


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depressions where sewage is disposed, is being claimed by their owner for construction purposes. This is one of the major problems facing informal and formal neighbourhoods in the small towns14. 16. Most rural areas have no sanitation schemes developed by the government. Traditionally, men and women used to go out to relieve themselves in the fields. Due to densification and a change in culture, this is becoming increasingly difficult, especially for women. Government schemes developed by the PHED have only been for large villages. The have consisted of open drains connected to settlement tanks. They have not been maintained and in any case are inappropriate since they are used for excreta disposal as well. Various special programmes have been initiated for building pit latrines but they are on too small a scale to make a difference and waste water disposal remains a problem.

Qualitative17. Solid waste management systems exist only in the large cities and in a few intermediate ones. It is estimated that only 5 per cent households in Pakistan have access to a municipal garbage collection system.15 The system consists of picking garbage from kutchra kundis (neighbourhood dumps) and transporting them to a landfill site. No landfill sites in Pakistan have been scientifically developed and maintained. Luckily, there is an informal recycling industry in most of Pakistan’s large cities. Recyclable material is separated from the garbage by contractors and scavengers and sold to this industry. A lot of recyclable material is transferred from the small and intermediate cities to the larger cities from where the industry functions. For example, Karachi generates 6,600 tons of solid waste per day. Of this 800 tons and 700 tons are separated by housewives and waste pickers for recycling. 350 tons is used for kilns and 350 tons for land reclamation. The city has over 1,000 recycling factories and an annual turn over of 1.8 billion. It provides employments to over 60,000 families16. 18. Pakistan generates 47,290 tons of solid waste per day amounting to 17.5 million tons per year which grows at an annual rate of 2.4 per cent. In the major cities where a system of collection and disposal exists, 40 per cent of the generated waste remained uncollected. The major issues are the absence of an appropriate system of collection, transportation and landfill sites. Also, there is absence of a system of repair and maintenance of garbage vehicles and funding to develop and maintain the system. The absence of a solid waste management system has serious health repercussions17. 19. In many urban low and lower middle localities people have organised themselves to collect and dispose solid waste to the nearest kutchra kundi. In many cases, they are supported by NGOs in this process18. Also, private companies have more recently been given the charge of collecting and disposing solid waste19. However, the success of these companies

14 Arif Hasan: The Unplanned Revolution; City Press Karachi, 200215 Government of Pakistan, Mid-Term Development Framework (2005-10)16 Studies of URC Karachi and Mansoor Ali quoted in Arif Hasan’s Understanding Karachi; City Press

Karachi, 200017 National Conservation Strategy Report. 18 One such project is functioning in Dhoke Matkal in Rawalpindi since 1997, where the Anjuman Falah-o-

Behbood have organised 450 households and 20 sweepers in this activity. 19 A successful example is that of Shah Faisal Town, Karachi City District, which is using a private company to

collect and dispose solid waste. In the absence of an easily accessible formal landfill site, the company is disposing the waste in informal sites.


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has not been as anticipated. In Pakistan hospital waste is disposed off along with municipal waste creating immense health hazards. About 250,000 tons of hospital waste is produced annually. Pakistan is deprived of a Hospital Waste Management System and where it does take place it is through incineration technology which is being introduced in major hospitals. However, this technology has been rejected in First World countries since incineration emits acidic gases and toxic organisms and also produces a lot of ash, all of which create serious public health threats and pollution. There is a need of introducing non-burning technologies for hospital waste management20. 20. In Karachi alone, there are more than 300 hospitals and 250 official maternity homes which generate tons of clinical waste every day21. The Government of Sindh has installed two incinerators which can deal with only waste from the city government hospitals which constitute only a fraction of the waste generated. In other cities even these facilities do not exist.21. In the urban areas the social indicators of the age group of between 15 and 24 are different from the other age groups and have changed between the 1981 and 1998 Census. For example in Karachi, literacy in this age group has increased from 66.7 per cent in 1981 to 73.65 per cent in 1998. Similarly, the number of married women in this age group have decreased from 37.92 per cent to 28.19 per cent in the inter census period. These figures indicate that there will a higher demand for sanitation and hygiene in the urban areas22. In the larger rural areas small scale industry and services sectors have developed. This has caused considerable environmental pollution and the small entrepreneurs and market operators constantly seek to address these issues. A number of self-help attempts are available as case studies. Many of the rural areas of Pakistan have an economy based on remittances from the urban areas. Through these linkages a demand for sanitation has developed and is increasing. 22. Gender inequality has to be addressed for a successful sanitation policy. In Pakistan, only 29 per cent of the labour force is female. School enrolment is 82 per cent for boys as opposed to 61 per cent for girls. Women constitute only 46 per cent of Pakistan’s population and unlike most other countries their life expectancy rate is lower than as that of men23. A national survey of knowledge levels, attitudes towards and practices for sanitation and hygiene revealed that the majority of Pakistanis do not have a clear understanding of the relationship between unsafe excreta disposal and diarrhoea24. There was not much difference in the frequency of diarrhoea episodes between households having latrines and those without latrines indicating that latrines alone do not have an impact unless behavioural patterns associated with hygiene practices are also ensured. There is also a misconception about the cost of latrines as contrasted with the money spent on medicines in case of resultant illness. The majority of respondents felt that latrine construction was expensive (about twice the actual cost) and they were unable to afford it. 23. Solid and liquid excreta are the main source of water pollution in the country and the cause of widespread water bound disease. An analysis of the recent deaths in Karachi due to 20 Pakistan World Wildlife Fund; Pakistan Country Report; 2001 21 The Review, Daily Dawn, August 4-10, 2005. 22 Pakistan Population Census Organization Census Reports 1981 and 199823 Mehboob-ul-Haq Human Development Centre; Human Development in South Asia; OUP Karachi 200024 GALLUP/BRB 2001: National KAP Study on Sanitation and Hygiene Practices; UNICEF, Pakistan


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water contamination has shown that communities and local government both have laid sewage lines along side water lines and in natural drains carrying sewage25. Of the 700,000 under five deaths each year, 228,000 are due to diarrhoea alone26. Studies have shown that poor families spend more than Rs 500 per month on medical bills. Where sanitation has been provided, a sizeable decrease in this expenditure takes place 27. Since many families cannot afford to pay for treatment, so they have to either borrow money or not be treated at all. Illness also deprives day-wage labour of wages and promotes poverty and destitution. The total burden of diseases in Pakistan is estimated at 47.5 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) or 36,400 DALYs per 100,00028. This is about three times the level of industrialised countries29. 24. There is an almost total absence of public toilets in cities, towns and transport terminals and transit areas in Pakistan. Functioning toilets do not exist in nearly two-thirds of schools in Pakistan30. In addition, water is not always available in the toilets, students and teachers do not know to use the latrines, and staff for maintaining them is not available since maintaining toilets is considered to be the job of the “lower castes”. Women and girls are the worst sufferers as a result of a lack of sanitation facilities in public places. Providing and maintaining good toilets is not a priority in shops, offices and other public use buildings either. 25. All over Pakistan livestock is kept within rural and even urban homes. In rural areas, and also in a number of urban areas, its dung is used as fuel. Women make cakes of the fresh dung. In mountain regions animals are kept in the same room as families so as to give warmth in the cold season. The disposal of dung from cattle colonies is a big problem as well. All these issues create serious environmental health problems. Very little work has been done on understanding these problems and finding adequate solutions.

Knowledge/Technical 26. Over the years local government and development agencies, through their various uncoordinated programmes and projects, have laid sewage lines in all the major urban areas of Pakistan. In addition, housing societies and communities have independently laid their sanitation infrastructure. Most of this sanitation infrastructure uses the natural drainage systems or depressions for its disposal. The physical documentation of these enormous investments has not been carried out. In the absence of this documentation, rational and economic solutions at the town and city level cannot be developed. It is because of the absence of such mapping that sanitation projects have assumed that infrastructure does not exist and have placed treatment plants far away from locations where sewage is actually disposed31. 27. Mapping is also required of areas where sanitation projects have to be developed and investments have to be made. Therefore, what exists and what is required has to be mapped at

25 Newspaper reports 26 Data from WHO 27 Salim Alimuddin, Arif Hasan, Asiya Sadiq; The Work of the Anjuman Samaji Behbood and the Larger

Faisalabad Context; IIED London, 1999 28 K. S. Khan; Setting Health Care Priorities in Pakistan: Journal of Pakistan Medical Association 45, August

1995 29 Spohri, M; Pakistan Burden of Disease: SAP Draft Background Document, World Bank, Washington, 1997 30 Ahmad Masroor et al: School Sanitation – UNICEF’s Experience in Pakistan, 1992 31 OPP-RTI: Proposal for a Sewage Disposal System for Karachi; City Press Karachi, 1998.


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the city, tehsil/town and at UC levels both for urban and rural areas. Such mapping has been undertaken by the OPP-RTI and its partners for the areas in which they are working and this has helped in the development of rational and economic solutions32. Satellite mapping has been and is in the process of being introduced in a number of cases for small towns with the involvement of the Anjuman Samaji Behbood (ASB), Faisalabad33. 28. In urban areas sewers have been designed so as to be self-cleansing. This makes them extremely deep and as such difficult to maintain. This also necessitates a large number of pumping stations which are also difficult and expensive to maintain and do not function when electricity load-shedding takes place causing immense inconvenience and flooding to low lying areas which are usually inhabited by low income communities. The alternative is shallow sewers and to prevent them becoming deep through long lengths, a decentralised system is necessary. This will overcome both O&M issues and reduce costs. Thus, sewage systems must be made to function on gravity as far as possible. In most urban low income settlements in Pakistan, there is not enough water for the efficient functioning of a water borne sewage system. This can be overcome by providing a small one chamber septic tank before connecting to the main sewer. This will prevent solids from entering the system and chocking it. This solution has successfully been used in Orangi and in the OPP-RTI replication projects. It has also made maintenance easy and economical. The same principle can be applied to sanitation projects in high and medium density villages of between 1,000 and 5,000 population. 29. In large towns sewage invariably flows through underground drains into natural water bodies consisting of nalas, rivers, canals and/or ponds. This reality is ignored when locating and designing treatment plants and disposals with the result that treatment plants do not receive sewage. It is necessary to document the system, lay trunk sewers along the natural drainage channels, or turn the natural drainage channels into box trunks and place treatment plants at the point where they meet natural water bodies. Storm water and sewage can be permitted to flow together in arid areas and the affluent can bypass the treatment plant in case of heavy rains. In smaller towns, developing one disposal would necessitate the creation of deep sewers. It is therefore advisable to decentralise the system and have more than one disposal. This has been done successfully in the case of Lodhran by the TMA with the support of the Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP)34. 30. Government programmes through large investments have built open drains in many small towns and rural areas and have paved the lanes in which they have been built. These open drains are a health hazard and they have also caused considerable damage through rising damp to the houses along which they are laid. This has to be discontinued and these open drains can be converted into shallow covered drains by laying PVC pipes in them and covering them up with brick paving. Experience shows that communities, if given technical advice, are willing to fund and manage the construction of replacing the open drains provided

32 Arif Hasan: Working with Communities; City Press Karachi, 2001. 33 These towns include Jaranwala and Chiniot. Meanwhile, ASB has successfully mobilised the Punjab

Municipal Fund for GIS Mapping of seven towns (OPP-RTI’s 101th Quarterly Progress Report, March 2005). 34 Arif Hasan: Working with Communities; City Press Karachi, 2001.


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an effective disposal point exist35. Sanitary pit latrines should be introduced in villages where densities are low and the cost of a sewage system is excessive. 31. The planning of sewage systems is done without the involvement of agencies and departments that are in-charge of managing and maintaining them. The two departments have very different views on what sanitation system should be. It is important that the O&M departments should be involved at the planning stage so that the O&M problems that they face can be overcome or minimised through the planning process. There is considerable research on sewage related designs and standards by Pakistani universities and NGOs. It is necessary to use this research for the development of engineering standards and procedures that relate to the ground realities and community concerns.

Institutional Dimension32. So far, there has been an absence of a sanitation policy in Pakistan and the absence of a clear definition of sanitation itself. In the absence of such a policy, institutional arrangements and investments to develop a coordinated national sanitation programme is difficult. The sanitation policy has to be related to a water policy as well since the nature of sanitation programmes depends to a very great extent on the extent of water availability. According to the Local Government Ordinance 2001, planning and implementation of sanitation and related development programmes is the function of the TMA. However, the political decision making on these issues is taken by the nazims. There are indications that the decisions taken by the nazims are in favour of their constituency and are not rational in technical and investment terms. There are also indications that the staff of the TMAs is often chosen on the basis of its relationship with the nazim rather than on merit. 33. Although in theory, the TMA is responsible for planning and implementation, there are a number of other agencies that are involved in the development of sanitation projects. These include the katchi abadi authorities and/or directorates; railways (on railway land); cantonment boards; development authorities (they are still operative in many cities); the PHED (which still functions in Balochistan); and the Water and Sewage Agencies (WASAs) which have not yet been devolved. There is little or no coordination between these agencies with the result that planning is fragmented and duplicated. There are also MNA/MPA projects which do not come under the preview of local government institutions. 34. Technical and managerial capacity in the TMAs is weak. In most cases they are not able to design, implement and supervise sanitation schemes or to develop surveys and documentation. In this age of technology they require computers, GIS mapping and training to utilise and manage these new technologies. There is also the issue that most TMAs have an urban orientation and are not able to fully grasp rural issues and realities. At the UC level, there is no staff except for a secretary. Where NGOs with technical skills have supported UCs, investments made by the UCs have been useful and effective36. There is a need to identify these success stories and promote them. The absence of an effective process of monitoring and reporting back on projects is a major shortcoming at all levels of

35 Communities have done just this in Uch Sharif with the assistance of the NGO Consertation and Rehabilitation Centre (CRC).

36 UC 6 in Orangi Town, Karachi has been supported by the Technical Training Resource Centre (TTRC) a community institution run by local technically trained persons.


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local government departments and development agencies. A process of self-monitoring needs to be put in place.

SETTING, AIMS, LEARNING OBJECTIVES, CONDUCT AND METHODOLOGYSetting:35. You have by now entered into the 3rd week of your training at the Mid Career Management Course and, being a potential BS-19 officer, the focus of training at your level is centered at the tactical and operational levels. As part of service delivery paradigm, most of you will play the roles of operational managers under a given policy, working out actionable plans for policy implementation by yourself and officers one or two levels junior to you.36. As a participant of Mid Career Management Course, you are assigned roles of operational executives, and accordingly you are expected to interact with other elements within the Federal, Provincial and District Government, prioritizing your objectives, and taking into consideration all the available resources (including the human resource), while also making the best use of such resources.37. During these past weeks, you have interacted with some prominent policy makers and policy implementers and men of opinion in different walks of life. You have been introduced to the essentials of research methodology, communication and presentation skills and have also been familiarized with the process of project planning and evaluation. You have been shown how policy is formulated at various levels, what are its various sources, and what is required for its effective implementation. The course contents have also exposed you to the analysis of social, economic, strategic management and governance issues, and domestic and some regional and global contexts in which policy making and implementation take place. You have also been exposed to Pakistan’s socio-economic, socio-cultural, socio-political and administrative dimensions and how they differ from province to province.38. During the Exercise, keeping in view public interests, taking into consideration the opportunities and resource constraints you will analyze various challenges and threats to your action plans to actualize projects. Your analysis should lead you to determine options that address issues and to achieve the ends at the grassroots level. You will also be required to look at the different government departments from the perspective of the individual roles assigned to you in your respective groups. 39. During the exercise, as members of various RAGS, you will be assigned different roles. These roles have been assigned for facilitating focused research in a short time span; it does not mean that at the time of making presentations these roles will be actually played at stage. You will provide concrete recommendations on which projects to start first and how best to orchestrate operational level management tools. You will thrash out management solutions in a dynamic and demanding policy implementation environment. How well you analyze the issues, comprehend the contest between vested interests, and deliberate both within your own domain and with others in policy implementation arena, will determine the overall effectiveness of your management potential in dealing with the challenge that you may face.Aims of Simulation Exercise I:40. The principal aim of this simulation exercise is to provide the participants an opportunity to understand and appreciate the importance of waste management in Pakistan. To understand what are the various systems in operation in the country; to appreciate this diversity; operational efficiency must be highlighted in this highly specialized and important sector. It also aims at affording an opportunity to the participants to understand the policy initiative and what if there are any snags at their implementation. Furthermore it also aims at exploring the new technological vistas in this field and explores their usage in our security system. Learning Objectives:


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1. To develop an in-depth understanding of the participants about the importance of waste management systems, and issues in provision of sanitation facilities to all and their relationship with national development with a view to recommend changes for better service delivery at grass-roots level.

2. To undertake a strategic appraisal of the prevailing environment, scarce resources, limited governmental capacity, and competing demands on resources.

3. Ability to comprehend the process and methodology of evolving effective, hands-on “Implementation Mechanism” which will ensure service delivery to the public under a near-realistic environment.

4. To develop and propose an organizational structure with an in-built review and monitoring mechanism.

5. To come up with specific and concrete set of action plans for sustained execution of the Operational Strategy; ensuring sustainable public good in the short-term (1–2 years) and medium term (3–5 years). ‘Wish-list’ types of recommendations need to be avoided.

6. To develop presentation skills for effective communication.Conduct:

41. The Exercise will be conducted in following phases:

Phase- I1. Briefing on Exercise by DS2. Issue of General Instructions

Phase -2 Planning and Consideration (Including scheduled and un-scheduled visits by the faculty)Phase 3 – Final Presentations:

1. Presentations by RAGs 2. Exercise Debrief

Note: Presentation schedule will be issued separately.Methodology:42. During the Simulation Exercise, you will be divided into 10 Research and Analysis Groups. While playing operational management roles in various departments / ministries, and members of think tanks, you will come up with implementable solutions in the backdrop of global, regional as well as domestic environment. These solutions will reflect the collective wisdom of each group and not individual views.43. In the light of the foregoing, the Simulation Exercise-III is designed to focus on a limited but focused area of research. 44. Participants will be required to interview either in person or, at least, on phone, those persons, whose roles they play during the Exercise. As a minimum, participants must read performance audit reports, national strategic papers, or major strategic statements by the real incumbents of those roles/appointments.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

(Most important- must read and apply)

45. You are required to carefully study all the relevant material including government publications and relevant research and analysis journals, and other sources, for a deeper understanding and analysis of the issues. You should visit and interview policy practitioners whose real-life advice should provide corrective inputs to your solutions. In the course of


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exercise play, in an interactive environment, you will have to develop action plans and downstream methodologies and processes while working within your domain. Any recommendation which involves financial implications must contain a proposal for resource allocation in percentage terms, as well as actual figures wherever you can successfully obtain actual data from the source. 46. During this Simulation Exercise, you will get down to the actual implementation level. Keeping in view public interests, and taking into consideration opportunities and constraints, you will analyze various challenges and threats to your action plans to actualize projects. Your analysis should lead you to determining options to address the issues and to achieve the ends in particular at the operational level. You will also avail this opportunity to look at the different Government departments and district governments from the perspectives of the individual roles assigned to you in your respective RAGs. 47. The RAGs are required to assess the implement-ability of these policies and should be able to pin point with clarity as to what is do-able, what is not and why it cannot be implemented. For each option you offer, you will be required to identify the reasons for policy implementation failure in the past and then offer a rationale as to why you think that your options will work and how. 48. Note that you are supposed to develop specific as opposed to general, concrete as opposed to “wish-list” type, policy options for sustained development.49. After having done all of the above, your proposed implementation strategy/action plan should address most of the aspects listed below. With your service and experience you need to explore and find relevant material according to your group’s collective wisdom / genius.

i. Identification of the Specifics of the requirement (TORs). ii. Aims to be determined and tasks to be assigned.

iii. Analysis of the tasks assigned. iv. What other tasks can be assigned to other stakeholders. v. Ascertaining the funding requirements, resource mobilization and

resource allocation.vi. Technical and technological resources, if any and how to obtain and

harness them.vii. Other tangible, intangible and technical resources available.

viii. Institutional preparedness in terms of structure, rules and procedures. Also job requirements, motivation level of the personnel and their level of commitment and professional competence. (CAPACITY – INDIVIDUAL / INSTITUTIONAL)

ix. Infrastructural needs and how to meet them. x. The needed political will as well as administrative will (or absence of

it).xi. Our international commitments, binding under international laws, treaty

obligations, where relevant.xii. Time frame in which the options / recommendation are to be

implemented. Short term (1-2 years), medium term (3-4 years), and long term (5-7 years).

Rag 1 FEDERAL SECRETARY ENVIROMENTAN ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN AND ITS COMPARISON WITH SAARC COUNTRIES

50. The efficient management of solid waste in the country requires that a proper legal/regulatory framework is in place at the Federal, Provincial, District and Local level. In actual effect a host of regulations, laws, rules, byelaws and procedures are in the field to


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control waste management. The most prominent of the laws is the Pakistan Environment Protection Act 1997. 51. Rag 1 is required to carry out a comprehensive research of the Laws, Acts, Codes, Ordinances, Byelaws and procedures that have been enacted in the country, from time to time, to regulate the management of the waste. At the same time the Rag has to determine the effectiveness of the regulatory mechanism in place and to identify its deficiencies and shortcomings as well as the implementation problems associated with the framework. The Syndicate has not only to assess the quality of regulations but it has also to examine if the implementing agencies and the available human capital has the capacity to implement these regulations. The Syndicate is also expected to draw comparison of the regulatory framework in Pakistan with that in one regional country and one developed country of the world.52. Finally, after having examined the whole spectrum of regulations on the above lines, the Rag is required to give its analysis and suggest recommendations to make the regulatory framework effective, efficient, implementable and compatible with the prevailing conditions within the new Sanitation Policy of the Government of Pakistan.Rag 2 FFEDERAL SECRETARY ENVIROMENT STUDY GROUP ON

SUGGECTING WAYS TO CONTROL ELECTRONIC WASTE IN PAKISTAN.

53. While this phenomenon is a global one, the problem in Pakistan is of a greater magnitude as it has become a dumping ground of a host of obsolete computers and its accessories which are shipped to the country. During previous years, a number of containers with a large quantity of computers, computer accessories and related gadgets were imported to Pakistan. Mobile phones, too, have the same adverse effect on the environment as other electronic items. The stream of obsolete electrical and electronic products that is disposed of is commonly termed as e-waste. The major components of e-waste are computers and their accessories. It’s estimated that the quantity of e-waste ranges from 20 million tonnes to 50 million tonnes every year. The growing number of consumers of electronic items has further compounded the issue, and the problem of e-waste is also escalating in Karachi.54. E-waste comprises of toxic agents like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), copper, lead, zinc, gold, iron, thallium etc. One of the most toxic equipment is Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) present in monitors of Computer and TV which contains lead – a deadly metal. Lead is poisonous for the nervous system and acts as a neurotoxin once it enters the human body. Lead causes the progressive disruption of brain’s functions and if toxic levels are high, it can also lead to paralysis. It can also be the cause of anaemia and bone marrow depression if it enters the human body through lead laced water. Other toxic metals found in electronic equipments include cadmium – a primary component of some batteries and circuit boards – which is a known carcinogen. Another heavy metal, Mercury, is toxic for humans and animals both and, if present, can lead to neurological disorders as mercury and its chemicals interrupts neuronal conduction in brain and nerves. PCB’s – among the most potent toxins called dioxins – are persistent organic pollutants and can cause birth defect.55. In Pakistan, people responsible for handling e-waste and those who are extracting valuables from computers are incognizant of their toxic effects. When different components of computers and various computer accessories are burnt in an open atmosphere, they pollute the air by releasing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot particles and black smoke. This pollution leads to allergic manifestation and various skin and respiratory tract disorders. While it is common knowledge that e-waste is categorized as “toxic waste”, the air of Karachi is already polluted due to smoke emitted by vehicles and hazardous disposal of toxic industrial waste.56. Rag 2 is required to study the phenomenon of e-waste in Pakistan in depth with facts and figures. It is required to look into the Environment Policy of the Government and also


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relevant export laws dealing with this subject. Further it is required to look into the role of various stakeholders in clearing this waste. The rag must also discuss the alternatives for e-waste disposal being undertaken in other countries.Rag 3 CHIEF SCRETARY PUNJAB’s TASK FORCE ON IMPROVING

INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PUNJAB57. Different toxic and poisonous substances are used in the process of different Industries. For example, lead is used in battery industry, chromium compound in leather industry, mercury in manufacturing industry and cyanide in metal finishing industry. These toxic compound are the major source of contamination and pollution. These chemical, metals include chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic, cyanide and cadmium.58. Due to the use of toxic substances the effluent originating from these industries are much toxic. Little attention has been paid towards the disposal and treatment of the industrial effluents in developing countries like Pakistan due to financial, industrial and technical constraints. Besides then there is no strict parameter and guide line standards for disposal of effluent in streams. It is not feasible to construct treatment plant for the every industrial units of production. Also there is no industrial research being carried out on environmental control projects in private sector and very little in public sector industries of Pakistan. It is now being realized that the legal measures to control pollution problems is the real solution to the problems. Pakistan will have to develop its own technology and capability for constructing treatment plants. 59. The rag is required to look into the ill effects of the industrial waste which in affecting the national health. There are various mechanisms, laws and agencies available to address these issues. It is noted with disdain that despite much rhetoric the issue is still there and refuses to go away. The rag must look and explore these reasons as to why this is happening and identify the operational snags. It is also expected that some proposals must be presented which are based on facts and figures.Rag 4 COMMITTEE OF SECRETARY HEATLH PUNJAB ON HOSPITAL

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LAHORE.60. Hazardous waste has been defined as any waste or the combination of wastes that poses a substantial danger, now or in future, to human, plant or animal life and which, therefore, cannot be handled or disposed of without special precautions.37 Medical or hospital waste is one of the six sectors that generate the hazardous waste. Waste generated in hospitals and other health care facilities can broadly be classified into the ‘Municipal Waste’ and the hazardous waste which comprises of sharps and needles, used syringes, scissors and contaminated bandages, dressings, linen dead tissues, organs and radioactive wastes (dyes) etc.61. Total quantity of hospital waste generated in Pakistan is estimated to be around38

279,000 tons per year which includes 81,000 tons of high-risk waste. Very few facilities are there in the country to handle this waste as per the scientific requirements. Majority of the healthcare facilities dispose off their waste, both hazardous and non hazardous, as municipal waste. This allows the informal sector to take advantage of anything it deems valuable which it segregates for reuse or sells, for recycling, thus exposing themselves and the general public to great health hazards. Even the medical and paramedical staff, the janitorial staff at the hospitals, the patients, the attendants and the civil society at large, has little or no knowledge of the proper disposal methods for hazardous waste and the antecedent health risks associated with this waste.

37 Pak-EPA, (2005) Guidelines for Solid Waste Management, Pak EPA in collaboration with JICA, Ministry of Environment, PEP and UNDP.

38 Ibid


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62. The Rag is required to critically examine the various waste disposal methods currently being employed in Lahore by the Provincial, Federal and Private healthcare facilities. In doing so the Rag is expected to identify the deficiencies and the weaknesses in the management of hazardous waste by the many different agencies. After having analyzed the whole system the Rag is required to give its recommendations, in the shape of an action plan, which are practicable and doable to manage the hazardous hospital waste in Lahore. Rag 5 DIRECTOR GENERAL EPA’S WORKING GROUP ON SUGGESTING

MEASURES ON WASTE MANAGEMENT FROM TANNERIES IN KASUR63. Kasur is an old town of Punjab and is famous for being the home of the renowned Sufi Poet Bulleh Shah. It is located in the South East of Lahore at a distance of about 45 km. Its estimated current population is 0.3 Million and is administered by the TMA Kasur. Kasur is also famous for its leather tanneries. Since Pakistan is an important player in international leather market, the tanneries of Kasur have a special place in the industrial landscape of Pakistan. Pakistan earns about 7% of its export revenue from leather and leather goods and almost 1/3 rd of all the tanneries of Pakistan are located in Kasur. The processing of leather requires the treatment of hides and skins with special chemicals. These chemicals are very harmful to the environment and health of the general public. Besides these many solid wastes are also generated as a consequence of treatment of leather. 64. The Rag is required to identify the existing situation of the management of waste from tanneries, both solid and liquid. It should identify the flaws and deficiencies in the system. Has the government taken any steps to ensure the safe disposal of the wastes from tanneries? Is there a regulatory framework in place to check their harmful effects on the environment and health? Above all the RAG should assess the impact of enforcement of regulating the process of tanning and its impact on socioeconomic fabric of Kasur. It would be also a better idea to come up with best practices in this field and why they are not being incorporated in our industrial sector.Rag 6 TASK FORCE OF CHIEF SECRETARY PUNJAB ON PUBLIC PRIVATE

PARTNERSHIP (PPP) FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN LAHORE65. The performance of public sector in the management of solid waste has been dismal, to say the least. This can be gauged from a single most important indicator i.e. solid waste collection. According to a survey of 08 municipalities by EPMC in 1996 it ranges between 51-69%. The reasons for inadequate service are many which include financial constraints, poor institutional structures, capacity of available human resource and inadequate regulatory framework etc. These shortcomings give rise to inadequate waste management with consequent degradation of environment and exposure of the people to serious health risks.66. There are alternative technologies and methods available which can be employed to utilise the solid waste and generate economies of scale, as has been shown around the world. There are examples of countries producing electricity and methane gas from the solid waste. The other important issue is of space as solid waste is composed of bio degradable and non degradable material which needs land fill space and Lahore is running out of options. The vacuum created by the inefficiencies of public sector gives rise to many questions one of which is as to whether the private sector could be engaged to improve the situation? There has been awareness on the part of the public sector to explore the possibility of PPP in the country but nothing concrete has materialized so far. 67. Rag 6 is required to study the feasibility of developing PPP in order to maximize the management of waste starting from collection up to its final disposal/treatment. In doing so the Rag may like to examine or assess any model of PPP, successful or unsuccessful, in the sector. The issues of governance related to PPP must also be identified correctly in the implementation of a PPP. In doing so the Rag is also expected to study any successful model


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in the region and draw conclusion if such a model could be adapted to the existing situation in Pakistan. Rag 7 CHIEF MINISTER SINDH TASK FORCE ON PROPOSING MEASURES FOR

MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL WASTE IN KARACHI68. Karachi is the largest and fastest growing city of Pakistan. Its population is likely to touch 180 Million in the year 2010 (KSDP 2020). Likewise the food needs of this huge population are also enormous. The meat and dairy products needed for the city are obtained from the animal farms situated in many cattle colonies situated at the periphery of the city, the largest of which is the Cattle Colony Landhi, which is located at a distance of 32 km from Zero point of Karachi on the National Highway.69. Landhi Cattle Colony, established in 1958 by the erstwhile KMC, is now a part of Bin Qasim Town. All dairy animals were shifted to this place to keep the city clean. It originally covered an area of about 752 acres and was supposed to provide space for 360 farms and 15000 animals. Over the years the fast growing population has necessitated the establishment of new farms. The overall population of animals in Karachi is around 0.9–1 million, according to sources in the CDGK, whereas the representatives of dairy farmers argue that the figure is much higher. Such a huge number of animals give rise to generation of huge quantities of waste, both solid and liquid. The waste consists of the human and animal excreta, waste from the continuous slaughtering of dry animals and calves and waste generated due to allied business activities.70. The Rag is required to analyze the management of animal waste in the cattle colonies of Karachi. What are the methods employed by the TMAs and the CDGK to manage the waste generated in and around the Cattle Colonies? How effective are these practices? If not, what are the deficiencies in the system? What are the operational weaknesses in the management of solid waste in the colony? What economic opportunities exist, for generation of revenue through production of energy or compost from the waste? After having analyzed the whole management system in the cattle colonies the RAG is required to formulate an action plan to convert the system into an efficient system with some financial gains for the CDGK and the TMAs.Rag8 COMMISSIONER GUJRANWALA STUDY GROUP ON PROPOSING

MEASURES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CITY OF SIALKOT71. Sialkot is located at about 125 km North East of Lahore. It has a population of approximately half a million people. It is an important city of Pakistan, famous for being the birth place of Poet Philosopher Allama Muhammad Iqbal. It is also renowned, the world over, for production of sports equipment, surgical instruments, cutlery and leather goods, items which are in great international demand. These are all export oriented items and fetch billions of dollars every year in foreign exchange. There are several other allied industries which are working as vendors for other industries of Pakistan. The people of Sialkot have shown a strong will to share the burden of the government by financing the first ever private sector airport under the aegis of a SIAL CONSORTIUM. In a survey conducted by World Bank Team in 2007 it came to the fore that only four percent of the total budgetary outlay of TMA Sialkot for the year 2005-06 was allocated for Solid Waste Management. No wonder Sialkot is one of the dirtiest cities of the world. 72. The Rag is required to analyze the management of waste both solid and liquid in the city of Sialkot. The analysis should encompass the quantity and composition of the waste, both solid and liquid, considering the nature of industrial activity in the city, the resource allocation (financial and human) in this respect, and the efficiency of the service delivery of the TMA. After having assessed the current SWM practices, the RAG is required to identify the shortcomings / deficiencies in the service delivery in the light of which it should prepare an action plan to remedy the situations. The plan should be workable and practicable. The


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RAG may also take into account the participation of the CBOs since the people of Sialkot have shown a strong tendency in such like activities. Rag 9 CHIEF COMMISSIONER ISLAMABD’s STUDY GROUP ON IMROVING

WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ISLAMABAD.73. Islamabad is located in the Potohar Region of the country. It is the capital of the country and is a vibrant growing international city. It sits in the Margalla Valley which gives it scenic beauty. The Population of Islamabad is almost 6 million and it has a literacy rate of 75%. This city is well planned with paved roads, underground cables and drains. The problem is of management of this waste which is liquid and solid. 74. The other issue is dumping of liquid waste in the Rawal Dam which is threatening the water supply of the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. The other issue is dumping of solid waste in the naturally flowing rivulets and streams which criss-cross the valley. This blocks the natural flow of water and results in flooding during heavy rains. There are hosts of other issues which have brought the monster of environmental disaster out of the closet. Given the level of literacy and awareness the citizens don’t seem to be motivated either.75. The Rag is required to study the system in detail and discuss the available plans for improving the situation. It would be a good idea if alternative technologies find a mention in the discussion of the Rag. The important question of motivation should also be addressed by the Rag. The rag must also highlight the plight of Rawal Dam and Khanpur Dam which supply clean drinking water.Rag 10 COMMISSIONER MULTAN’s WORKING GROUP ON IMRPOVING THE

WASTE MANGEMENT IN MULTAN.76. Multan is ancient cities which trace its history to almost 6000 years in antiquity and claim to be the oldest living city. It sits on the borders of River Chenab and is an arid semi desert city. It has a well defined irrigations system which feeds its vast hinterland and has a bustling agriculture. However the city suffers from systemic lack of waste management. It stills employs the old method of land filling system and open sewers.77. With the growth in the population and housing sector the city needs creative thinking as it cannot afford to drop its liquid waste in the river and burn the solid waste. The other problem which plagues the city is the close vicinity of factories which has created air pollution and the city can rival Mexico City in air pollution. All these factors have combined to produce health nightmare.78. The rag is required to look at the latest development plans of the city and comment on the up-gradation of the waste disposal system. The rag should also look at the community participation in waste management. It should also discuss the quality of drinking water and discuss ways in which liquid waste can be minimised. It would be a good idea to compare the city with California where liquid waste is being managed efficiently.

MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS

Submission of Written Reports:79. The written submission will be in the proper form of a research paper as outlined for an Individual Research Paper (IRP). The deadline for the written submission by the SRAGs is 11th December 2010 1400 hr. Eleven (11) copies of each written submission should be delivered to the Sponsor DS. In addition, Twelve (12) copies of each presentation should be prepared as Handouts (Black and White), with four slides per page and submitted to the DS T&C on 12th December 2010 at 1100 hours. Text:80. Text and notes should be between 18-20 typed pages

(Font: Times New Roman—size 12, line spacing 1.5)Time for Presentations:

RAGs


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Presentation time - 35 minutesQ&A - 25 minutes

Schedule and Venue of Presentations:81. Schedule of presentations of RAGs will be communicated separately. The venue shall be NIM Hall. All participants will attend all sessions. Presentations by the RAGs will be followed by question-answer session by the Faculty/Review Panellists.Security and Safe Custody of Exercise Documents:82. The leaders of RAGs will be responsible for the safe custody and security of all documents issued in connection with the exercise. No Exercise paper will be taken out of the premises. All papers, when not in use, will be kept under lock and key. Photocopying of exercise papers is not allowed without permission of Sponsor DS.

EXERCISE DEBRIEF

82. After the conclusion of the exercise, there will be an Exercise Debrief Session. Chairpersons of RAGs will provide inputs on their respective groups to help the faculty in their efforts in the future development of the exercise. Exercise Debrief is an after-action review (AAR) which will discuss from various perspectives the following:

i. What happened, what was successful, what went wrong, and why? ii. What important management related lessons were learnt?

iii. What important methodology related lessons were learnt? iv. How did the Review Panelist input help you in refining your approach, and

enhancing your knowledge? v. Were the aims and objectives of the Exercise achieved?

vi. Comments regarding support services, including typing, reproduction, mess, etc. vii. Any suggestions?

Time Allocated for Debrief83. Five minutes for each RAG leader.