CONTEMPORARY SOUTHEAST ASIATranslated from English by MUONG Nareth and PHI Sopheada

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elak Fim vin§&r (rkßa siT§i) K¿s¿ 2007 Copyright © 2007 Tim WINTER.

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The publication of this book was supported by the Rockefeller Foundation (New York).

lsxG 13..½ 978-99950-51-05-1 ISBN-13: 978-99950-51-05-1

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PREFACE

In 2004, the Center for Khmer Studies began the Junior Faculty Training Program aimed atexpanding the research and teaching skills of young Cambodian university faculty in thehumanities and social sciences. Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the program recruitsparticipants for a six-month semester, in which a distinguished Visiting Professor leads classes andseminars in academic analysis and research focusing on one topic related to modern Cambodia. Eachtopic is defined in collaboration with representatives of Cambodian universities to attractparticipants from different disciplines, and sets forth a comparative perspective, in whichCambodia is studied alongside its regional neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam. Every session includesa combination of lectures and interactive seminars, a study tour to a neighboring country,a supervised individual research project and an international conference on the session’s theme. Atthe end of the program, a selection of the key texts used in each session is chosen by the VisitingProfessor for translation into Khmer by Cambodian participants, with the dual aim of addressingthe lack of academic materials available in the Khmer language at Cambodian universities and totrain the next generation of translators.

This first volume consists of four texts selected by Dr. Duncan McCargo, Professor ofPolitical Science at the University of Leeds, United Kingdom. They address the program’s firstsession topic, “Contemporary Southeast Asia.” Two of the texts, by Neil Jamieson and DuncanMcCargo, introduce readers to the culture and politics of Vietnam and Thailand. The other two textsfocus on current economic development in Southeast Asia and its effect on the region’s populations.Prof. McCargo’s choice of these texts is intended to expand general knowledge of Cambodia’snearest neighbors, while inviting scholars to reflect critically on some of the recent developments inthe region of which Cambodia is a part. In addition to these four texts, all of which have previouslyappeared in international publications or peer-reviewed journals, we have included a paper writtenby one of the Cambodian participants as an example of the research and analysis that has grownfrom this program and its combination of theory and application.

In keeping with the pedagogical objectives of the JFTP, we very much hope that thesetranslated texts will be useful to both professors and students of history, sociology, economics,anthropology, political science, international relations and other fields. We also hope that theywill encourage readers to further exploration and critical analysis, using a comparative andinterdisciplinary approach.

CKS is grateful to Prof. McCargo for his thoughtful choice of texts and to Dr. Chean Men, theProject Coordinator, who was essential to the program’s implementation and success. Special thanksalso to the team of young translators, particularly Chheat Sreang, Phy Sopheada, and Moung Nareth,who, under the careful supervision of CKS Translation Supervisor Tan Sodany, undertook this taskwith energy, excitement and an appetite for challenge. Prof. Khing Hoc Dy generously proofreadsome of the translated manuscripts and gave insight and clarity to our work. CKS is grateful toDr. Michel Rethy Antelme for his meticulous final editing of the manuscript, the time spent infinding Thai and Vietnamese words, names and references throughout this book, and the tremendousamount of time he spent on the layout. Thach Deth gave valuable advice to Chheat Sreang on hisresearch paper. I also wish to acknowledge CKS senior staff members Kheng Pytou Kethya,Communications and Publishing Coordinator, and Deputy Director Lesley Perlman for working onthe editing and publishing of this truly collective undertaking.

Philippe Peycam, Ph.D., DirectorCenter for Khmer Studies.

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CHAPTER 1

Industrialization and Its Implications(The emergence of Modem Southeast Asia)

Copyright © 2005 by Singapore University Press.

First published in 2005 by University of Hawai‘i Press.

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enAeRîA tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_ esÞIrEtËμannrNamñaḱeCO fa tMbńen¼ Gac seRmcán nUv lkçxNxag elI...> rhUtdĺ ÌñaM 1953 elaksa®sþaÏarü hßúI¿ G&sH¿ bU‘k (J H Boeke) d¾ man }T§iBl mYy rUb Epñk esdæ kic© bUB’a RbeTs

én saklviTüal&y LIdin (Leiden) ánelIkeLIgfa sg :mGasIuGaeKñy_ dUcCa RbeTs }Qens Iu Ca edImman TRmǵesdækic© BIr ÿag Edl min Gac pþać ecj BI Ëña án > TRmǵepßg@ én skmμÔaB esdækic© dUc Ca rbb

mUlFnniym rbś bs©im RbeTs CaedIm minGaclubbMát́eÏalán TaMgRsúg nUv rebob rbb esdækic© fñaḱ PUmi

rbś m©aś Rsúkán eT eday sarva enA mantRmÚvîarmYycMnYntUc > krNI en¼ án bg; îar lMák dĺ Epnîar

CMBUk TI .1«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl

12 CMBUk TI .1

bdivtþ «sßahkmμ...> GIV Edl ehA fa ÔaB TMenIb rbś tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_ Bit Ca án Qb́ RTwg na eBlBIrTsvtßr_

eRîay BI elak sa®sþaÏarü bU‘k niBn§ esoveÔA rYc...> man îar b¼eár rbś ksikr Ca RTǵ RTay FM enA Et bnþ kñúg

RbeTs evotNam PUma nig km emdwk naM clna TaMg ena¼án CMTas´ eTA elI témø én îar rs´ enA rbs´

RbCaCn vNÑ£ kBal enA TI Rkúg...> ehIy ÿag ehac Naś k¾ man îar b¼ eár RbÌaMg pÞú¼ eLIg enA Èam mNleá¼eÌñat EdlánerobcMeLIgenAÈamCnbT dUc kñúg RbeTs }QensIu mun ÌñaM 1965 Ca edIm...>

îar Kit Tuk mun rbś elak sa®sþaÏarü bU‘k enAeBlena¼ manlkçN£sm ehtu pl Edr...> ehIy KMnit

en¼ k¾ dUc eTA nwg KMnit rbś bBa Gñk RáCJ bs©im RbeTs epßg@ eTot dUcCa C&y laPI rgVań NUEbl elak KuNÑarmWrdl (Gunnar Myrdal) Edl án briyay enA kñúg esoveÔA mYy eRîam cMNg eCIg fa •nadkmμ rbś GasuI.½

dMeNIr îar Geg;t BI ÔaB RkIRk rbś RbCaCa† (Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the poverty of Nations) (K¿s¿

1968) Ca edIm...> kñúg GMLúg ém Ö RáM Ìña M eRîay s®g:am elak elIk TI 2 kMeNIn esdækic© BiPB elak án ekIn eLIg

RbmaN Cit 5.% kñúg mYy ÌñaM > kMeNIn en¼ man snÞú¼ elOn ̶ayCag sBVdg ehIy elOn Cag 50.% ebI eRbób

eFob eTA nwg kMeNIn na eBl eRîay@ mk eTot...> eTa¼ Ca s®g:am RtCaḱ bg; bBaHa eîþA KKuk enA «bTIVbkUer̈ nig

evotNam ehIyeTa¼ Ca man îarb¼ eáredIm,I ÉkraCü nig mans®g:am sIuvil kñúg RbeTs Edl eTIb TTYl án

ÉkraCü fμI@ k¾ eday k¾ Ëμan Cemøa¼ Na mYy rIk FM rhUt dl´ eFIV [ b¨¼Bal´ dl´ dMeNIr îar BaNiC¢kmμ BiPB elak

ena¼ Edr...> TnwÞmnwgena¼ shrdæGaemrik nig RbeTsmhaGMNac «sßahkmμ epßg@ eTot áneron sURt

BI Cemøa¼ BaNiC¢kmμ Èam ry£bTBiesaFn_ BI mhavibtþi esdækic© (BI ÌñaM 1929 rhUt dl´ s®g:am elak elIk TI

2) eTIb eFIV [ man kic© xit xM Rbwg ERbg Ca sakl mYy edIm,I îat́ bnSy Bn§ elI TMnij naM ecj naM cUl RKb́ tMbń Èam

ry£ îar beg;It nUv sSab&n naM muxeK mYy EdleRîay mk án îøay Ca Gg:îar BaNiC¢kmμ BiPB elak...>

RbeTs GasIu GaeKñy_ ÔaKeRcIn Edl eTIb egIb put BI ÔaB exÞcxÞaM eday sar s®g:am án Taj yk pl

cMeNj BI kMeNIn BaNiC¢kmμ elI plitpl sMxań@ mYy cMnYndUc Ca eîAs‘U sMNÂ̈ahaMg eRbgÌa nig eRbg îat

Edl plitpl TaMg en¼ man tRmÚv îar nig témø x CaBiess RbeTs m¨aLay¨a (m¨aLayU) nig hVúIlIBIn

án Taj yk pl cMeNj CaeRcIn BI îar p:t́p:ǵ smÖar£ yuT§sa®sþ nana kñúg s®g:am kUer̈...> k¾ b̈uEnþ pl cMeNj

Ebb en¼ min man ÔaB yUr GEgVg dUc Edl eK án dwg ÈaMg BI sm&y mun s®g:am mk emø¨¼...> RbeTs kñúg tMbn´ GasIu

GaeKñy_ Edl kMBug BRgwg neyaáy ÉkraCü rbs´ xøÜn hak´ dUc Ca min án erob cM xøÜn [ lð kñúg îar ERb îøay xøÜn

BI RbeTs plit nUv plitpl vtSú Îatu edIm eTA Ca mha GMNac «sßahkmμ ehIyEfmTaMgminánerob cM bþÚr

mux mat́ rbś xøÜn [ eTA Ca RbeTs enA kñúgcMeNam RbB&n§ mUl Fn niym BiPB elak Edl RtÜtRÈa eday shrdæ

Gaemrik eTotpg...>

sîþanuBl sRmab́ îarGPivDÆ rbś RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy__ TaMgena¼ k¾ haḱ dUc Ca raraMg eday sar kMeNIn

RbCaCn ÿag rh&s rYm TaMg bBHaa GyutþiFm’ nig îarGPivDÆ Ëμan RbsiT§ÔaB enA Èam tMbń CnbT Edl án bnßĺ

Tuk ÈaMg BI sm&y GaNaniKm...> îarfy cu¼ y¨ag xøaMg nUv GRÈamrN£ eday sar m Ul ehtu epßg@ (dUcCa

îarkm©at´ stV mUs Edl Ca Ôñaḱgar cmøg Cm¶W RKúnÏaj́ eday eRbI fñaM ed ed et CaedIm) án naM [ man kMeNIn RbCaCn

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 13

kRmit x kMeNIn RbCaCn en¼ man rhUt dĺ 3/5.% enA bBa RbeTs mYy cMnYndUcCa RbeTséf nig RbeTs hVIúlIBIn...> eyag Èam GRÈa kMeNIn en¼ cMnYn RbCaCn nwg ekIn eLIg eTV dg enA

kñúg ry£eBl Et 20 ÌñaM b̈ueNÑa¼ ehIy nwg RsÚb yk kMeNIn esdækic© esIÞr Et TaMg Gś...>

bBaHa mYy eTot KW RbCaCn ÔaK eRcIn enAEt rs´ enA Èam tMbn´ CnbT ehIy Bwg Epðk eTA elI Et îar eFVI

ERs cm;ar...> îar BRgIk TIRkúg y¨ag Ìab´ rh&s hak´ dUc Ca min sIu sgVak´ CamYy nwg ksikr ÔaK eRcIn Edl

kMBug Et man bBaHa CamYy nwg îar RbmUl pl min eTog Tat́ bBaHa éføCYl nig Bn§dar x îar Tam Tar Ebb en¼ Gacfa Ca skmμÔaB edIm,I

bBa©ú¼ éfø CYl nig raraMg GMNac bMBar bMBan rbś BYk m©aś dI ¦ Ca skmμÔaB edIm,I Ïab́ yk dI mk eFVI Ca kmμsiT§i Rsb

c,ab́ rbś RbCa ksikr TaMg Gś ena¼...> plit ÔaB ksikmμ k¾ Ca kgVĺ mYy Edr xN£ eBl Edl RbeTs mYy cMnYn

dUc Ca RbeTs m̈aLaÿa nig hVIúlIBIn enA EtnaM Gg;r cUl sRmab́p:t́ p:ǵ RbCaBlrdæ rbś xøÜn...> Gñk RáCJ bs©im

RbeTs mYy cMnYn ármÖ ÿag xøaMg fa BiPB elak TaMg mUl TMng Ca Gac ekIt eRËa¼ TurÖikß Rbsin ebI kMeNIn RbCaCn

min man îar Tb́ s;at́ ena¼...>

plitkmμ kñúg GMLúg eBl ena¼ ÔaK eRcIn RtÚv án eK kMNt́ Et eTA elI «sßahUb nIykmμ CMnYs îarnaM cUl

dUc Edl án ENnaM eday FnaËar BiPBelak nig esdæviTU mYy cMnYn...> eday eK Kit fa ².RbeTsttiyelak.³

min Gac RbkYt RbECg xag «sßahkmμ CamYy bs©im RbeTs (¦ RbeTs Cb̈un) án eT ena¼ GñkCMnaj eCO Caḱ

fa plitkmμ ÿag samBaØ sRmab́TI pßar kñúg Rsúk dUcCa cRkyan Bil Es,keCIgeîAs‘U KW Ca plitkmμ Edl

Gac TTYl pl cMeNj Ca Biess Rbsin ebI man îar rwt bnwþg Bn§ naM cUl dUc Edl rdæaPiál ÉkraC na sm&y

ena¼ kMBug Et beg;It RbB&n§ en¼ eLIg...> «sßahUbnIykmμ ².CMnYsîarnaMcUl.³ án TTYl eCaK C&y KYr sm na edIm

sm&y eRîay s®g:am Ca Biess enA kñúg RbeTs hVIúlIBIn...> enA cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 RbeTs hVIúlIBIn KW Ca

RbeTs Edl man «sßahkmμ eRcIn Cag RbeTs sigHburI ehIy man cMNUl Ca mFüm sRmab́ mnusß mñaḱ.@ x b̈uEnþ min yU r b̈unμan «sßahUbnIykmμ dUc en¼ án CYb RbT¼ nUv bBaHa mYy

cMnYn Edl eCos min rYc Ca Biess KW bBaHa TIpßar cegðót kñúg Rsúk sUm,I Et RbeTs Edl man RbCaCn eRcIn

dUc Ca RbeTscin RbeTs }Na nig RbeTs }QensIu k¾RtÚv CMn¼ nUv bBaHa en¼ kñúgeBl eRîay Edr...> «sßahUb-nIykmμ Ebb en¼ TMng Ca Ëμan RbsiT§ÔaB eRBa¼ Ca «sßahkmμ ekμgx©I k¾ b̈uEnþ }LÚv en¼ va án rIk FM Îat́ ehIy

bnþ bBa©ú¼bBa©Úl [ man îar Èaḱ Etg c,ab́ edIm,I daḱ kMhit îar RbkYt RbECg BI plitpl breTs...>

eK eXIj man TaMg îar lMák nig TaMg pl cMeNj kñúg îar eFVI Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ fμI.@...> RbeTs Edl

án TTYl eCaK C&y Rtec¼ Rtcǵ rYcehIykñúg «sßahkmμ KW Ca RbeTs Edl man Twk dI TUlM TUlay ( «TahrN _

shrdæGaemrik nig shÔaBsUevot) ¦k¾ Ca RbeTs Edl Îøab´ án dak´ GaNaniKm elI RbeTs déT eTot

(bBa cRkPB enA GWr¨ ub nig GaNacRkCbu¨n)...> sSanÔaB Ebb en¼ án pþl´ pl RbeyaCn_ dl´ RbeTs«sßahkmμ TaMg ena¼ kñúg îar CYy Gñk eRbI Ráś kMu [ xat bǵ îar cMNay epßg.@ elI plitpl «sßahkmμ dUc

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 13

14 CMBUk TI .1

Ca îar eá¼ eÏal nUv îak sMNl´ nig îar eFVI [ át´ bg´ nUv Fn Îan FmμCati CaedIm...> «sßahUbnIykmμ rbs´

tMbń GasIu GaeKñy_ sSit enA eRîam }Ti§Bl d¾ eRcIn rbś lkçN£ PUmisa®sþ nig sg:m sa®sþ ehIy Fn Îan Fmμ-

Cati rbs´ GasIu GaeKñy _ min man RbeyaCn_ dUc Edl va Îøab´ man BI mun mk eT..> Ïab´ BI ÌñaM 1950 mk bdivtþn_

bec©kviTüa nig esdækic© BiPB elak Edl naM mux eday TMnij eGLicRtÚnik m̈asIun Lan d¾ TMenIb n ig CI KIm I ehIy

eRîay mk îar rIk ceRmIn epßg.@ dUcCa eRKÓg dMeNIr îar kMuBüÚT&r kuMBüÚT&r nig Bn§ú visVkmμ (bec©kviTüa keR-

mIk nig pøas´ Bn§ú) án s bBa¢ak´ y¨ag c,as´ fa viTüasa®sþ ehIy nig bec©kviTüa án îøay Ca kmøaMg d¾ sMxan´

sRmab´ CMruj [ man îar rIk ceRmIn..> Qan cUl dl´ stvtßr_ TI 21 GasIuGaeKñy_ án îab´ éRB eQI RbNIt

edIm,I eFIV îþar bnÞ¼ ehIy eRÏa¼ dI edIm,I yk Er¨...> b¨uEnþ pl kéRm Edl án mk BI «sßahkmμ TaMgen¼ án

cMeNj Et eTA elI Rkúmh‘un Edl Bak´B&n§ (nig m®nþI Buk rlYy b¨ueNÑa¼ ) eBal KW va min CYy dl´ îar pøas´ bþÚr ¦

îar Efr rkßa sSirÔaB esdækic© Cati rbś RbeTs nImYy.@ ena¼ eT...>

bBaHa Gś TaMg en¼ án KMram kMEhg dĺ bBa em dwk naM RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ cMeBa¼ vismÔaB BiPB elakEdl sUm,I Et elak GUgsan (Aungsan) ¦elak s‘UîarNU (Sukarno) k¾ esÞIr Et min Gac nwk Kit dĺ bBaHa Gś

TaMg en¼ Edr...> cUlrYm kñúg BiPBelak mYy Edl îar RbmUl nig eRbI Ráś B&t’man îarbeg;ItcMeN¼dwg nig îar

Taj RbeyaCn_ BI søak sBaØa man sar£ sMxań edIm,I begI;t[man ÔaB sm,Úr sb,ay nig GMNac ehIyrYm TaMg

îar Ebg Eck Fn Îan ena¼...> cMNuc xøaMg rbś GasIuGaeKñy_enA kñúg ÌñaM 1960 dUc Ca kmøaMg Blkmμ Edl Ëμan CMnaj

nig vtSú Îatu edIm epßg.@ án fy cu¼ KYr [ kt́ sm:aĺ...> ( enA cug stvtßr_ TI 20 man TMB&r GaMgETrENt RbmaN

Cag 80.% kñúg RbB&n§ GaMgETrENt án sresr eLIg Ca Ôasa GǵeKøs ehIy kñúg cMeNam TMB&rGaMgETrENt

Edl sm,ÚrGñk Tsßna eRcIn Cag eK cMnYn 100 man TMB&rGaMgETrENt cMnYn 94 man RbPB mk BI shrdæ

Gaemrik...>) ÔaB Éeîa Epñk esdækic© Edl Ca subin GaRkk´ fμI mYy îan´ Et eFIV [ man GarmμN_P&y xøac kñúg îar

îøay Ca RbeTs Bwg Epðk elI GaNaniKm ekIt man eLIg...>

pÞúyeTAnwgGIVEdlhaḱ bI dUc Ca «bsK: FM.@ bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ ÔaK eRcIn man îar rIkceRmIn Epñk«sßahkmμ KYr [ kt́ sm:aĺÏab́ ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1965 mk emø¼̈...> ehIy Tsvtßr_ bnÞab́ KW Ca RBwtþiîarN_ én îar pøaś

bþÚr d¾ sMxań mYy enA kñúg Rbvtþisa®sþ esdækic© kñúg tMbń eTa¼ Ca min Tań man lT§pl mk bBa¢aḱ enA kñúg dMNaḱ îal

en¼ k¾ eday...> îarGPivDÆ Rsb Tis Ëña Ca eRcIn án beg;It [ man nUv ²TRmǵ esdækic© GnþrCati fμI.³ mYy Edl

pþĺ {îas [ RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn pøaś bþÚr nUv tYnaTI rbś xøÜn eLIg vij edIm,I [ Rsb eT AÈam RbB&n§

mUlFn niym BiPB elak...> îar rIk ceRmIn mYy kñúg cMeNam îar rIk ceRmIn TaMg en¼ án ekIt eLIg eday sar îar

Îøak´ cu¼ rbs´ shrdæ Gaemrik BI zan£ Ca Gñk elc eÎøa Epñk esdækic© Ëμan KU RbECg Edl Îøab´ seRmc án Ôøam.@

eRîay s®g:am...> mYy Epñk én îar rIk ceRmIn en¼ KW eday sar Et RbeTs epßg.@ eTot Ca Biess RbeTs Cb̈un

nig GaløWm̈ǵ án îøay eTA Ca RbeTs RbkYt RbECg îań Et xøaMg eLIg enA eBl Edl eK án sSabna RbeTs TaMg

en¼ eLIg vij bnÞab́B I s®g:am án bBa©b́ eTA...> mYy Epñk eTot KW mk BI îar cMNay d¾s nw§k sn§ab́ rbś shrdæ

Gaemrik elI s®g:am evotNam rYm CamYy nwg îar Rbwg ERbg kñúg eBl CamYy Ëña edIm,I k sag [ án nUv ².sg:m mha

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 15

Gs©arü.³ mYy Edl Ëμan îar yk Bn§...> mYy Epñk epßg eTot KW bBal mk BI ².vibtþi eRbg }n§n£.³ Edl án ekIteLIg dMbUg bgðś kñúg ÌñaM 1973 enA eBl Edl Gg:îar én bBa RbeTs naM eRbg îat ecj ehA ².GUbiuc (OPEC).³án beg;In éfø eRbg îat BiPB elak eTV dg eday eCaKC&y...> eday bdiesF eÏal nUv GIV Edl GtSbT rbs´

TsßnavdþI Efm m¨ah:ahßúIn (Time Magazine) án cu¼ pßay fa Ca ².stvtßr_ rbs´ shrdæ Gaemrik.³ kMBug

cb́ eTA ena¼ shrdæGaemrik man ÔaB yWt ÿav kñúg îar l¼ bǵ eÏal nUv viFIsa®sþ én îar RKb́ RKg Ëμan RbsiT§ÔaB

nig enA Et eRbI rfynþ sIu saMg eRcIn enA eLIy...> Et s¿r¿Ga¿ án dk xøÜn ecj BI îar ebþCJa citþ cMeBa¼ tMbń GasI u

kñúg xN£ Edl RbeTs en¼ án seRmc cit þdk xøÜn fy BI s®g:am evotNam CaedIm...> îar en¼ án GnuBaØat [

RbeTsCb¨un Edl eTIb nwg egIb eLIg ena¼ îøay eTA Ca éd KU esdækic© d¾ sMxan´ nig Ca KMrU dl´ RbeTs GasIu

GaeKñy_ TaMgLay...>

kñúg eBl CamYy Ëña Edr îar sikßa Rsav RCav elI vis&y ksikmμ Edl mYy cMnYn án eFVI eLIg ÈaMg BI sm&y

GaNaniKm án Ïab́ epþIm huc pl...> îar sikßa Rsav RCav en¼ án eFVI [ «sßahkmμ eîAs‘U nig dUg eRbg rbś

RbeTsm¨aeLsIu Ïab́ man dMeNIr îar eLIg vij...> lT§pl rbś «sßahkmμ en¼ pþl´ dĺ tMbń TaMg mUl án

ekIn eLIgîan´Et RbesIr Efm eTot edaysar îarbegI;t eLIg nUv dMNaM RsÚv Edl pþl´ Tinñpl x en¼ KW Ca eCaK C&y FM mYy kñúg cMeNam eCaK C&y én îar GPivDÆ nana Ca eRcIn kñúg ry£ eBl

50 ÌñaM cug eRîay en¼...> eËal bMNg rbś GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿ KWbeg;It FnaËar BUCRsÚv d¾ FM mYy nig eRbI Ráś nUv

viTüasa®s þ TMenIb edIm,I beg;In Tinñpl...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1966 GñkviTüasa®sþán bg;at́ BUC RsÚv etO rbś cin nig

}QensIu edIm,I écñ beg;It Ca RbePT RsÚv GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿-8 Edl man edIm xøI Cag mun ehIy gay RsÜl kñúg îarîarBar va BI îar eTarTń Emk eTA elI dI enA eBl Edl eK eRbIRáś CI fμI eFVI [ va man kYr FM Cag mun ena¼...> enA kñúg

ÌñaM 1982 eK k¾ án begI;t RbePT RsÚv GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿-36 Edl bg;at´ ecj mk BI RsÚv 13 RbePT epßg.@

Ëña...> RsÚv RbePT en¼ man ÔaB Fń xøaMg Cag mun kñúg îar îarBar Tb́ Tĺ eTA nwg stV lðit céRg epßg.@...> elIs

BI en¼ vdþ én îar rIk lUtlas´ rbs´ RsÚv RbePT en¼ k¾ man ry£ eBl xIø Cag mun KW fy cu¼ BI RbmaN 180 éf¶

mk 110 éf¶ vij...> RËab́ RsÚv RbePT en¼ Gac TMu án eTa¼ minmanBnWøéf¶RKb́RËań kIþ b̈uEnþ ÏaMáć RtÚv eRbI Ráś

CI bEnSm...> RbePT RsÚv Edl pþĺ Tinñpl x enA kñúg ry£ eBl b̈unμan ÌñaM fμI.@ en¼ GñkviTüasa®sþ enA

É GIu¿ EG‘r¿ EG‘r¿ GIu¿ án eRbI nUv bec©k eTs bg;at́ BUC RsÚv eday kñúg ena¼ man ²RsÚv mas³ RbePT fμI mYy man

Ehßn Ek ERb cMnYn 3 RbePT ehIy man sarCati vIÈamIn ebÈa îarU¨ETn bEnSm Edl Gac CYy îat´ bnSy nUv

Cm¶W Biîar EPñk rbś kumar án...> Rsb eBl CamYy Ëña ena¼ îar sikßa Rsav RCav fμI.@ eFIV eLIg edIm,I eFVI bEnSm

nUv Cati Edk kñúgedIm RsÚv kñúg eËal bMNg RbyuT§ RbÌaMg eTA nwg Cm¶W xV¼ Qam Rkhm Edl RbEhl Ca Cm¶W kgV¼

CIv Cati d¾ sahav bMput enA elI BiPB elak eyIg en¼...>

².bdivtþn_ébtg.³ (bdivtþn_ ksikmμ ) en¼ k¾ CYb RbT¼ nUvbBaHa Edr eday min Gac dMeNIr îar eTA án ebI

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 15

16 CMBUk TI .1

Ëμan Tun sRmab́ cMNay eTA elI CI dUc Ca CI fñaM smøab́ stV lðit nig RbB&n§ RKb́RKg Twk Rbkb eday RbsiT§ÔaB

ena¼...> l&kçx&NTaMgen¼ án eFVI [ man pl Biák dl´ RbCaksikr RkIRk nig RbeTs RkIRk enA kñúg GMLúgTsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 nig 1980...> bdivtþn_ébtg k¾ dUc Ca bec©kviTüa CMnYy ksikm μ fμI.@ epßg eTot dUc Ca

RÈak´T&r m¨asIun bUm Twk nig m¨asIun RcÚtîat´ CaedIm îan´Et eFVI [ KmøatRTBüFnrvag RbCaBlrdæ enA Èam

tMbn´ CnbT man s ÔaB xusËñaxøaMg eLIg...> eTa¼bI Ca bdivtþn_ ébtg en¼ min án eda¼Rsay ².bBaHa rbs´

ksikr.³ enA GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Rsúg k¾ eday k¾ bdivtþn_ en¼ Bit Ca án CYy Tb́ s;at́ eRËa¼ TurÖikß enA kñúg tMbń...>

kñúg eBl ena¼ Edr kMeNIn RbCaCn k¾ ánÏab́ epþIm fy cu¼ eday sar kmμviFI RKb́RKg GRÈa kMeNIt Edl «btSmÖ

eday rdæaPiál (Ca Biess enA RbeTssigHburI nig eRîay mk enA RbeTs éf) ¦ îar rIk ceRmIn RBmËñarvag

TIRkúg nig esdækic©...> eK enA Et eXIj man nUv ÔaB GyutþiFm’ nig îar b¼eár rbś RbCaCn enA Èam Cn bT...> b̈uEnþ

ÔaB P&y xøac GMBIeRËa¼ TurÖikß enA tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_ ena¼ Elg maneTot ehIy...>

eTa¼ Ca y¨ag Na k¾ eday îar GPivDÆ d¾sMxan´én esdækic© GasIuGaeKñy_ ánÏab´ epþImecj BI elT§pl

Rbeyal én neyaáy eday }t eRËag Tuk...> îar pþać ecj rbś RbeTs sigHbur I B I RbeTs m̈aeLsIu enA kñúg ÌñaM

1965 án CMruj [ RbeTs en¼ BiÏarNa eLIg vij ÿag Ìab́ rh&s GMBI yuT§sa®sþ «sßahkmμ rbś xøÜn Edl mk

Tĺ eBl ena¼ «sßahUbnIykmμ ²CMnYsîar naM cUl³ án áj́ eÌ na eBl ena¼

TIpßar kñúg Rsúkrbś sigHburI man lkçN£ tUc cegðót eday sar man RbCaCn Et 2 lan nak .́..> dUecñ¼ kþI sgÇwm

Et mYy Kt́ rbśsigHburI KW îar seRmc [ án nUv «sßahUbnIykmμ sRmab́îar naM ecj CMnYs vij eday îarBüayam

beg ;It nUv «sßahkmμ eRcIn RbePT Edl Gac RbkYt RbECg CamYy RbeTs déT eTot enA elI BiPB elak án TaMg

KuNÔaB nig témø eday min Kit GMBI pl cMeNj én Bn§ elI TMnij naM ecj nig naM cUl eLIy...> yuT§sa®sþen¼

án pþĺ nUv eCaK C&y ÿag FMeFg dĺ RbeTs sigHburI ehIynig hugkug étv̈ań RBmTaMg kUer̈xagt,Úg EdlCa

².kUnnaK.³ déTeTot pgEdr...> kñúg ry£ eBl mYy Tsvtßr_ en¼ FnaËar BiPBelak nig bBa esdæviTU ÔaK eRcInán snñidæan fa cMeBa¼ yuT§sa®s þ én îar GPivDÆ«sßahUbnIykmμ sRmab´ îar naMecj man }T§iBl xøaMg Cag

«sßahUbnIykmμ CMnYs îar naM cUl...> bu ¨Enþ Tsßn£ Ebb en¼ min Gac lak´ bMáMg El,g d¾ FM mYy Edl

RbeTssigHburI án elg TaMg Rbfuy Rbfan na Baḱ kBal Tsvtßr_ Ìña M 1960 eLIy...>dUecñ¼ enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 RbeTs sigHburI Edl hak´ dUc Ca RtÚv BYk kumμúy nisþ lak´ xøÜn mYyRkúm

Guk Lúk ral´ eBl ena¼ án eFVI [ bBa esdæviTU Edl Rbîan´ nUv Tsßn£ Ïas´ KMril nig skmμCn siT§i mnusßes¶Ic sresIr y¨ag xøaMg cMeBa¼ GRÈakMeNIn esdækic© d¾ KYr [ kt´ sm:al´ dl´ kRmitmYy Edl man GRÈa snßM

x eK án ERb îøay val lic Twk Edl sm,Úr eday edIm eîag îag [ îøay Ca dI

sRmab́ GPivDÆn_ «sßahkmμ rIÉ dg vifI p;a eksrkUl án îøay Ca vifI lḱ TMnij d¾ man RbCa RbiyÔaB nig TMenIb

bMput...> mk Tl´ nwg Bak´ kBal Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 RbeTs sigHburI án îøay Ca RbeTs Eck Ïay eRKÓgbec©kviTüa d¾ FM mYy kñúg BiPBelak eday án plit nUv DIs (fas) pÞúkTinñn&y kñúg m̈asIun kMuBüÚT&r RbEhl Cit

Bak´ kBal énplitpl TUTaMg BiPBelak...> mk Tl´ nwg cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 RbeTs éf án sSit kñúg

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 17

cMNat́ fñaḱ elx 4 enA kñúg TVIb GasIu (bnÞab́ BI RbeTs Cb̈un étv̈ań nig kUer̈ xagt,Úg) Ca RbeTs naM ecj nUv

plit pl tm,aj ehIy rk cMNUl án BI îar naM ecj semøókbMBaḱ eRcIn Cag îar naM ecj Gg;r eBl mun.@ eTA

eTot...> RbeTs éf k¾ án Ïab´epIþm naM ecj nUv rfynþ Fun tUc m¨ak mit s‘uy b‘Í sIu Lg´ s‘&r (Mitsubishi Lancer)

Edl temøIg enA kñúg RbeTs pÞaĺ ehIy bþÚr eQμa¼ eTA Ca dUdC_ nig PøIemas xUlf_ (Dodge and Plymouth Colts)

vij (edIm,I eCos vag ráMg Bn§ Ky) eTA îan´ RbeTs îaNada enA Ìña M 1988...> kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 nig

1980 RbeTs hVIúlIBIn án GPivDÆ nUv esdækic© naM ecj Epðk elI plitpl mYy cMnYn dUc Ca semøókbMBak´

esoKVI eGLicRtÚnic kñúg kMuBüÚT&r nig eRKÓgeGLicRtÚnikepßg.@ eTot...> en¼Caehtu bBal [ îar Îøaḱ cu¼ nUvéfø dMNaM ksikmμ rbś xøÜn mYy cMnYn min Emn Ca eRËa¼ fñaḱ GaRkḱdUceBl mun bu¨nμan eLIy...>

enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 RbeTs m̈aeLsIu RbEhl Ca RbeTsEdl man nUv TsßnIyÔaB «sßahkmμ

Ed l Tak´ Taj citþ bMput kñúg cMeNam RbeTs TaMg Gs´ eday man nUv GËar eTIs emXd¾ x TsßnIyÔaB sMNǵ pøÚv shB&n§ BI kMBǵ Ep kWLag eTA îań TIRkúg kULaLMaBYr sSit enA ÔaK xag lic én

«bTVIb m̈aLayU án eFVI [ m®nþI GaNaniKm GǵeKøs cMNaś.@ ÔJaḱ epðIl Ca xøaMg enA eBl Edl BYk eK RtLb́ mk

Tsßna mþg eTot bnÞab́ BI RbeTs m̈aeLsIu TTYl án ÉkraCü BIr bI Tsvtßr_ knøgeTA...> eragcRk eGLic RtÚluc

édhat´suw nigm¨UtUr¨ULa (rYm CamYy nwg eragcRk Ekécñ mHÚb Gahar eragcRk eFVI eRsam sMbuRt erag cRk eFVI

rfynþ nig eragcRk eFVI smÖar£ RbB&n§Twk) na eBl bc©úb,nñ en¼ îøay Ca man sar£sMxań Cag vihar G‘isøam nig

cm;ar dUgeRbg mYy cMnYn Edl enA sl´ rbs´ RbeTs m¨aeLsIu eTA eTot...> mk Tl´ nwg cug stvtßr_ TI 20

RbeTs m¨aeLsIu án naM ecj eRKÓg GKþisnI nig TMnij eGLicRtÚnik man cMnYn eRcIn Cag Bak´ kBal én TMnijnaM ecj rbs´ xøÜn...> RbeTs m¨aeLsuI îøay Ca RbeTs naM ecj nUv m¨asIun RtCak´ nig m¨asIunÏak´ îaEst vIedG U

d¾ FM Cag eK enA elI BiPB elak...>

cMENk É RbeTs PUma evotNam km kñúg bribT tMbń bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ epßg.@ rbś bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ án bBal [ man ÔaBxus Ëña ÿag eRcIn én îar rIk ceRmIn Edl min Îøab́ man BI mun kñúg cMeNam sg:m GasIuGaeKñy_TaMg Lay...> enA

edIm stvtßr_ TI 21 témø srub én îar naM ecj rbs´ RbeTs sigHburI man eRcIn Cag témø srub én îar naMecj

rbś RbeTs }QensIu cMnYn 2 dg nig esIμ nwg 3 dg ebI eRbóbeFob CamYy RbeTs hIúVlIBIn...> rIÉ témøsrub én îar naM ecj kñúg mYy ÌñaM.@ rbś RbeTs éf eRcIn Cag témø srub én îar naM ecj rbś RbeTsevotNam

esÞIr Et 5 dg...> bEnSm BI elI en¼ GayuCIvit Ca mFüm rbś RbCaCn m̈aeLsIu KW 73 ÌñaM Evg Cag GayuCIvit

Ca mFüm rbs´ RbCaCn én RbeTskm enA kñúg ÌñaM 1970 plitÔaB nig

kRmit CIvÔaB rbś bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Lay man ÔaB Rsedog Ëña eRcIn...>

KMrU rbś bUB’aRbeTs nig bs©im RbeTs

etI bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ TaMg Gś en¼ án ekIt eLIg ÿag dUcemþc..? enA kñúg krNI mYy cMnYn ehtu GVI án Ca bdivtþn_

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 17

18 CMBUk TI .1

«sßahkmμ min GacekIt eLIg..? Gs´ ry£ eBl Ca yUr ÔaB GnÞ¼GEnÞg rbs´ bBa }sßr Cn GasIuGaeKñy_Edlcg´ seRmc [ án nUv «sßahkmμ TMenIb d¾ xøaMg mYy minGacTTYllT§pl Cak´ Esþg dUcEdl BYk eKcg´

án...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1957 esdæviTU }QensIu mham̈at́ sad́lI (Mohammad Sadli) án Tat́ eÏal nUv RTwsþIsg:m Edl man RbB&n§ esdækic© BIr ÿag Edl min Gac pþać ecj BI Ëña án rbś elak sa®sþaÏarü bU‘k eday

G¼Gag fa RTwsþI ena¼ án bgHaj GMBI nirnþrÔaB GaNaniKmniym rbs´ BYkbs©im RbeTs ehIy fa Ëμan ehtu

pl Na mYy Edl bgHaj fa RbeTs }QensIu min Gac îøay eTA Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ án ena¼ eT...> enA kñúgÌñaM 1965 mun eBl Edl elak RbÎanaFibtI s‘UîarNU RtÚv eK beBj ecj BI tMENg Ëat´ án bk RsaybEnSm GMBI bBHaaen¼...> Ëat´ án Eføg Ráb´ eTA dl´ RbCaBl rdæ }QensIu fa bBa esoveÔA esdæ kic© rbs´bs©im RbeTs RKb´ RbePT min Emn Ca k,Ün c,ab´ d¾ lð }t ex©a¼ ena¼ eT ehIy cMeBa¼ îar eFVI bdivtþn_ Cati dUc

}QensIu CaedIm min Gac vas´ Evg án Èam sþg´dar esoveÔA Na mYy án eT ².eTa¼ bI Ca esov eÔA ena¼ ánniBn§ eday sa®sþaÏarü k,al TMEBk mk BI saklviTüal&y GkßhV‘d (Oxford University) ¦ sakl viTüal&y

XrEnlø (Cornell University) k¾ eday.³...>

cMeBa¼ bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_TaMg Lay Edl xV¼ îar Gt́Fμt́ kñúg îarGPivDÆ na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 nig1960 ena¼ esdækic© Ebb Epn îar RbmUlpþMú RTǵ RTay FM rbś shÔaB sUevot nig RbeTscin kumμúynIsþ haḱ

dUc Ca CeRmIs fIμ mYy d¾ sm ehtu pl edIm,I CMnYs esdækic© Ebb mUlFn Edl gay Îøak´ cu¼ dun dab rbs´ bBaRbeTs Edl Îøab́ án daḱ GaNaniKm mk elI bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMgena¼...> eRîay sm&y GaNaniKmshÔaB sUevot án CMruj bBa RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ [ eCO Caḱ fa shRËas ÉkCn nig TIpßar esrI min Cab́Taḱ Tg nwg suxumalÔaB Cati eT ehIy CnCati cin nig }Na Edl Ca Gñk îań îab́ nUv BaNiC¢kmμ ÔaK eRcIn enAkñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ ena¼ min KYr rab´rk eT...> cMNg´ cg´ îøay Ca rdæ sg:mniym KMrU man lkçN£ xus Ëña BI

RbeTs mYy eTA RbeTs mYy...> vNÑ£ bBaØvnþ rbś RbeTs }QensIu Edl ekIt eLIg eday sar GaNaniKmhULg´ ena¼ KW kUn rbs´ GPiál ¦ k¾ kUn rbs´ RKÚsasna G‘isøam ehIy BYk eK man Tsßn£ ËaMRT cMeBa¼ îar

RKb´RKg esdækic© nig emIl gay cMeBa¼ rbb mUlFn niym Edl BYk eK Kit fa ².manlkçN£ breTs.³ ¦ Ca

².GMeBIáb.³ ena¼ sSit enA Cab´ CamYy nwg CIvRbvtþi RKÜsar rbś BYk eK Canic©...> CnCati hVIúlIBIn Edl sSit kñúg

vNÑ£ x

man Et RbeTs evotNam Edl Ca rdækumμúynIsþ mYy Kt́ enA kñúg tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_ án Gnuvtþ Èam TaMg

Rsúg nUv subin esdækic© Ebb sUevot...> edIm,I Gnuvtþ dUc en¼ RbeTsevotNam án eFIV xøÜn [ Xøat ̶ay Gs´

ry£ eBl ÿag yUr BI bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ d¾ man eCaKC&y rbś RbeTs ÉeTot enA tMbńen¼...> cMeBa¼ emdwk naM

kumμúynIsþ evotNam enA rvag ÌñaM 1954 nig ÌñaM 1986 Bakü fa ².sg:mniym.³ man n&y fa «sßahkmμ

Fun F¶ń RTǵ RTay FM Edl RKb́ RKg eday rdæ...> TRmǵén KeRmag «sßahkmμ Ebb en¼ man dUc Ca sMNǵ GËar

erag cRk eFVI Edk nig Edk Efb fa y egVón (Thái Nguyên) Edl eK án sag sg´ eLIg enA kñúg ÌñaM 1960 Ca

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 19

edIm...> saÎar N Cn evotNam man îar yĺ dwg tic tYc Naś GMBI KeRmag en¼ b̈uEnþ KeRmag en¼ RtÚv cMNay

edIm Tun esμI eTA nwg Tinñpl RsÚv TaMg Gś kñúg ry£ eBl mYy ÌñaM rbś RbeTs en¼ edIm,I ksag nUv sMNǵ eragcRk

en¼ eLIg...> Èam Bit KeRmag en¼ hYs BI lT§ÔaB rbś RbeTs evotNam eTA eTot Et án RbeTs rusßIú nig

RbeTs cin CYy pþĺCa CMnYy kñúg îar cMNay eTA elI îar sagsǵ...> eday sar Et îardwk naMxus ÈamTsßn£

².Bwg elI xøÜn Ég.³ rbśsþalIn nig edaysarEt îar beg;In îar BwgBaḱ eTA elI CMnYy BI bBa RbeTs kumμúynIsþena¼ Gñk îariyalyaFibetyü Rkúg haNUy án bgHaj cMNab́ GarmμN_ tictYc elI vis&y BaNiC¢kmμ GnþrCati

nig îar BRgIk nUv îar naM ecj eTa¼bI RbeTs en¼ enA Et RtÚvîar cMNay ÿageRcIn eTA elI TMnij naM cUl k¾ eday...>

Ca mYy Ëña en¼ Gñk niBn§ Rbelamelak evotNam Ca eRcIn án beRmI [ kþI Ráfña rbs´ shÔaB sUevot eday

án eá¼Bum< nUv Rbelam elak TaḱTg eTA nwg CIvit vNÑ£ GFn man dUc Ca Rbelamelak kmμkrEr̈ niBn§ eday

ev¨a h‘VI twm (Võ Huy Tâm) ¦ Rbelamelak sIum̈gt_ niBn§ eday hV‘I epOg (Huy Ph#jng) kñúg eËalbMNg

edIm,I sEmþg esc kþI Gb Gr cMeBa¼ ².RbCaCnfμI.³ Edl evotNam cǵ án...> en¼ KW Ca îar xitxM Rbwg ERbg mYy

d¾ KYr [ kt́ sm:aĺ edIm,I CMruj tfÔaB esdækic© GasIuGaeKñy_ [ dUc eTA nwg tfÔaB rbś CIvit kmμkr enA kñúg TVIb

GWr¨ub xag ekIt...>

eTa¼ Ca y¨ag Na k¾ eday RbeTs en¼ enA man bBaHa lMák ess sl´ mYy cMnYn...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1980

RbeTs evotNam man Rák´ cMNUl Ca mFüm sRmab́ mnusß mñak´.@ min eRcIn Cag mYy ÔaK db´ ebI eRbób eFob

eTA nwg Ráḱ cMNUl Ca mFüm sRmab́ mnusß mñaḱ.@ enA kñúg RbeTs b‘ulîarI nig rUm̈anI na ÌñaM 1960 pg...> eTa¼

bI Ca bBHaa en¼ bBal mk BI s®g:am d¾ sahav CamYy nwg áraMg nig shrdæGaemrik k¾ eday k¾ menaKmviC¢a rbśrdæ evotNam án eFIV dMeNIr elI pøÚv mYy gak ecj BI Rbvtþisa®sþ rbś xøÜn nig BI bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ déTeTot...> mk Tl´ nwg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 RbeTs evotNamán xit xM lk´ kmøaMg Blkmμ Edl Ëμan îargar eFVI

rab́ Esn naḱ rbś xøÜn eTA [ bBa RbeTs nana enA kñúg bøúk sUevot...> Blkr TaMgena¼ RtÚv án bBa¢Ún [ eTAeFVI îar enA kñúg GIg Er̈ na bBa RbeTs GWr̈ub xag ekIt nig eragcRk eFVI rfynþ enA kñúg shÔaB sUevot...> kñúgdMNak´ îal ena¼ em dwk naM evotNam TaMg Lay án Ïab´ epþIm yl´ îan´ Et c,as´ fa RbeTs mha GMNac enA

Cit xag xøÜn Edl ecj dMeNIr mun Ca eRcIn ÌñaM ena¼ man eRbób elI xøÜn rYc eTA ehIy...> kñúg ÌñaM 1957 elak em̈A

es Tug án dwk naM RbeTs cin eday Gnuvtþ nUv KMrU esdækic© TMenIbkmμ Èam Tsßn£ d¾ Ïaś KMril rbś sþalIn ehIy

án ebþCJa fa RbeTs cin nwg yk Qñ¼ elI plitkmμ Edk Efb GǵeKøs Et kñúg ry£ eBl 15 ÌñaM eTot b̈ueNÑa¼...>

cMENkÉ RbeTs Cb̈unvij k¾ án daḱ eRbI nUv c,ab́ Biess mYy [ Gnuvtþ Ca bnÞań nUv KeRmag GPivDÆn_ «sßahkmμ

eGLicRtÚnik fñaḱ Cati rbś xøÜn...> ÌñaM 1991 Ca ÌñaM Edl shÔaB sUevot án dYl rlM...> Rkúg haNUy man îar

yWt y¨av kñúg îar erob cM xøÜ n edIm,I TTYl yk dMbUnμan rbs´ RbeTs Cb¨un Edl rYm manKeRmag mits‘uyb‘ÍsIu

sRmab́beg;It nUv «sßahkmμ rfynþ rbś RbeTs evotNam CaedIm...>

eyIg eXIj fa eCaKC&y én îar eFVI bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ rbś bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ eRîay sm&yGaNaniKm Bit Ca min Gac elc ecj Ca rUbrag án eT Rbsin ebI Ëμan RbeTsCb̈un ena¼ krNI en¼ elIk Elg

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 19

20 CMBUk TI .1

cMeBa¼RbeTs evotNam...> îar eQVg yĺ rbś bBa RbeTs GasIu GaeKñy_fa }Ti§Bl rbś RbeTs Cb̈un GacCYy [ BYk eK rwg maM án ena¼ án Ïab́ epþIm enA cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1890 KW enA eBl Edl Gñk bdivtþ hVIúlIBInCa eRcIn

rUb án esñI [ Cb¨unCYy eRCam ERCg BYk eK kñúg îar ts‘U RbÌaMg eTA nwg RbeTs eGs,¨aj nig shrdæ Gaemrik...>

Tsßnvis&y dUc en¼ Ïab́ rIk say Ôay ÈaMg BI eBl Edl Cb̈un ykán C&y Cmñ¼ elI RbeTs rusßIú enA kñúg ÌñaM 1905

mk emø¼̈...> }riyabf Qøan Ban rbś Cb̈un mk elI TVIb GasIu rvag ÌñaM 1931 nig 1945 án bBal [ man RbtikmμRbÌaMg tbt BI sMNaḱ bBa RbCaBlrdæ GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Lay Ca eRcIn Edl P&y xøac...> b̈uEnþ Ïab́ ÈaMg BI eBlena¼ mk eK enAeXIj man nUvÔaBzitefrrbś RTwsþI esdækic© mYy rbś esdæviTU Gaîam̈at́suw îaNamui (Akamatsu

Kaname) Edl fa îar TamTar rYm Ëña mYy rbs´ bBa RbeTs GasIu TaMg Lay edIm,I TMenIbkmμ ena¼ KW eRbóbdUc eTA nwg îar eha¼ ehIr rbś stV î¶an 1 hVÚg G‘Icwg...> RbeTs Cb̈un Edl haḱ dUc Ca emhVÚg ena¼ án eFIV [

RbeTs rbś xøÜn îøay Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ mun eK bgðś ehIy Tuk [ bBa RbeTs GasIu epßg.@ eTot eha¼enA BI eRîay xøÜn kñúg TRmg´ Ca rUbÔaB eday pþl´ [ bBa RbeTs GasIu TaMgena¼ nUv bec©kviTüa epßg.@ EdlxøÜn Îøab́ án TTYl eCaKC&y rYc mk ehI y nig «sßahkmμ hYs sm&y TaMg Lay Na Edl Ëμan lkçN sm,tþi kñúg

îar RbkYt RbECg teTA eTot án...>

enA Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_TaMg Lay suT§ Et án yl´ dwg fa }Ti§Bl Tak´Tajrbs´ Cb¨un án Epðk elI KMnit mYy Edl fa RbeTs en¼ án rk eXIj nUv KMrU mYy én îar GPivDÆ esdækic© edIm,I

yk eRbób elI esdækic© TIpßar esrI Ebb buK:l niym rbs´ shrdæGaemrik nig RbB&n§ RKb´ RKg esdækic© d¾ rwg

tðwg nig Ëμan îar eqøIy tb Èam tRmÚv îar rbś RbCaBl rdæ én shÔaB sUevot...> kñúg n&y neyaáy KMrU én îar

GPivDÆ esdækic© Ebb en¼ man lkçN£ RbCaFibetyü Et rUbrag xag eRîA b̈ueNÑa¼ Et Èam Îatu Bit KMrU en¼ man

lkçN£pþac´îar eTA vij...> kñúg ena¼ eK eXIj man KNbkß neyaáy mYy Et b¨ueNÑa¼ Edl án RKb´RKg

RbeTs Cb̈un Gś ry£ eBl Ca eRcIn Tsvtßr_ KW Ïab́ ÈaMg BI ÌñaM 1955 mk...> kñúg n&y esdækic© vij KMrU en¼ án

bgHaj [ eXIj BI îar TTYl yk nig îar Ek lMG bec©kviTüa TMenIb x eK án beg;It m¨asIun kMuBüÚT&r eLIg dMbUg bgðs´ enA É bs©im RbeTs b¨uEnþ va Ca KMnit

rbs´ CnCati Cbu¨n ÉeNa¼ vij eT Edl EsVg rk T I pßar án lð bMput sRmab´m¨asIun kMuBüÚT&r TaMgena¼ nig án

beg;It [ man Bakü mYy ehA fa ².sg:m B&t’man.³ eLIg...>

Gś ry£ eBl d¾ yUr bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy__ TaMg Lay min Gac eFIV [ RbB&n§ esdækic© rbś xøÜn [ dUceTA nwg RbB&n§ esdækic© rbs´ RbeTs Cb¨un ¦ dUc eTA nwg GVI Edl bBa RbeTs Gs´ TaMg ena¼ rMBwg Tuk eLIy...>b̈uEnþ BYk eK enA Et TTYl s:aĺ Cbun̈ fa Ca RbeTs Edl TTYl án eCaKC&y d¾ Gs©arü mYy enA GasIu...> enA kñúg

ÌñaM 1974 Gñk CMnaj xag yuT§sa®sþ edad yUs‘UhV (Daud Jusuf) án esñI [ man îar beg;It nUv ²RbeTs

}QensIu Ebb Rkúm hu‘n.³ eday sgÇwm fa nwg Gac TTYl án nUv eCaKC&y sRmab´ GnaKt én esdækic© rbs´xøÜn enA elI mUldæan én Gg:ÔaB BaNiC¢kmμ Cati RTǵRTay FM eRîam kic© shRbtibtþiîar d¾ sðit lμÜt kñúg cMeNam Gñk

neyaáy Gñk îariyalyaFibetyü Gñkbec©îaFibetyü nig shRKin TaMg Lay...> RbeTs Cb¨un Bit

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 21

Ca Gñk ËaMRT KMnit enA BI eRîay sMeNI en¼...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1982 elak nayk rdæm®nþI m¨aeLsIu mhaeFor

mham̈at́ án beg;ItnUv kmμ viFI ².îar smøwg eÌ naykrdæm®nIþ mñak´ en¼

án eFIV îar G¼ Gag fa KuNtémø rbs´ CnCati Cb¨un man lkçN£ Rsedog eTA nwg Rkm sIlFm’ Edl CnCati

m̈aeLsIu man ¦ ².bRmúg nwg man.³...> enA sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm bBa RbeTs GasIu GaeKñy_ TaMg Lay ányk KMrU Èam rUbÔaBd¾ lð RbéB én témø îargar Ca shKm n_ Ca Biess dUc Ca îar shîar d¾ mut maM kñúg îargar Ca

Rkúm TMnaḱ TMng d¾sðit lμÜt nig ÔaB esμa¼s&μRK cMeBa¼ Rkúm...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1994 KN£kmμîar sRmab́ TVIb GasIu

fμI mYy Edl man TI Ïat´îar enA RbeTs m¨aeLsIu án elIk eLIg fa RKÜsar nig bg bðÚn Edl Ca ².TIsñak´

GaRs&y d¾ Bisidæ.³ RtÚv ánbMpøaj eday Tsßn£ buK:l niym rbś bs©im RbeTs...> GK:rdæTUt sigHburI mñaḱ eQμa¼

elak fmμI kUh_ (Tommy Koh) án beBa©j eyabl´ fa eBl en¼ Ca eBlsRmab´ bs©im RbeTs eron sURt BI

bUB’a RbeTs nUv îar eËarB siT§i GMNac nig kic© RBm eRBóg kñúg îar eFVI esckþI seRmc citþ ehIy...>

îar sEmþg eLIg nUvîarpøaś bþÚr lT§ÔaB Rbkb eday lkçN£ suTidæiniym cMeBa¼ KuNtémø rbś GasIu án

eFIV eLIg eday Epðk Ca mUldæan elI bT BiesaFn_ Ca Rbvtþisa®sþrbś RbeTs Cb̈un Edl man dUcCa kMeNIn RbCa

Cn tic raCîar man RbsiT§ÔaB nig sV&yÔaB GRÈa snßM kñúg Rsúkx kÈþa TaMg en¼ CYy RbeTs Cb̈un [ epþat elI îar GPivDÆ esdækic© Ca Cag îar cMNay eTA

elI vis&y eyaÎa...> eTa¼ mun eBl Edl esdækic © rbs´ RbeTs Cb¨un án rIk ceRmIn dl´ kRmitkMBUl enA kñúg

Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990 k¾ eday RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ xø¼ án dwg y¨ag c,as´ BI dMeNIr îarrIk ceRmIn en¼...> enA

kñúg ÌñaM 1988 rdæm®nþI RksYg «sßahkmμ }QensIu Ga ¿ EG‘r ¿ sU‘hU‘d (A. R. Soehoed) án tðÚjEtðr fa RbeTs}QensIu min Gac Èam Tan´ î¶an naM mux Cb¨un ena¼ án e T ebI }QensIu RËań Et ehIr Èam lMnaM rbs´ Cb¨un ena¼...>sSanÔaB en¼ min Emn mk BI Rbîar Edl fa RbeTs }QensIu Ëμan nUv buK:lik edIm,I Ïat´ Ecg kic©îar RksYgBaNiC¢kmμ Edl yk lMnaM Èam RbeTs Cb̈un ena¼ eT b̈uEnþ bBaHa cm,g KW enA Rtǵ fa Rbvtþisa®sþ TaMg mUl rbś

RbeTs }QensIu Edl Ca RbeTs man Cati sasn_ cRmú¼ RBm TaMg man nUv Edn smuRT Evg ena¼ gay TTYl rgnUv }T§iBl GriyFm’ epßg.@ Edl bg; îar lMák dĺ RbeTs }QensIu...> sSanÔaB en¼ xus BI RbeTs Cb̈un Edlgay RKb́ RKg TMnaḱ TMng rbś xøÜn CamYy nwg bBa RbeTs nana...> rI É Gñk RáCJ hVIúlIBIn Ca eRcIn man îar RBÜyármÖ fa îar eËarB GMNac fñaḱ elI xøaMg eBk Èam rebob Cb̈un nwg eFVI [ îar RKb́ RKg Ebb pþaćîar d¾ Buk rlYy

rbs´ RbÎanaFibtI ehVrDINg´ m¨ar kUs (Ferdinand Marcos) îøay mk Ca RtwmRtÚv Rsb c,ab´ vij...> enA Bak´

kBal Tsvtßr_TI 1990 Gñk CMnaj evotNam Edlrś enA kñúg RbeTs mYy Edl Rb îań yk nUv lT§i xugCW ÈaMgBI yUr lǵ Naś mk ehIy ena¼ án sresr GMBI ÔaB rwgbwug rbś CnCati Cb̈un eday qøú¼bBa©aMgfa lT§i xugCW rbś

Cb̈un man lkçN£ xus BI eK eday sg;t́ F¶ń elI niym n&y én ÔaB esμa¼ sμ&RK xøaMg Cag RbeTs déT eTot Edl

Gnuvtþ Èam lT§i dUc Ëña en¼...>

kÈþa Edl min Gac eFIV [ RbeTs Cb¨un pþac´ ecj BI dMeNIr eFVI bdivtþn_«sßahkmμ rbs´ GasIuGaeKñy_ KW

CMnYy GPivDÆn_ nig îar vinieyaK...> eyag eTA elI îar Kn´KUr mYy CMnYy rbs´ RbeTs Cb¨un man BI 15.% eTA

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 21

22 CMBUk TI .1

20.% én îar cMNay fviîa rbs´ RbeTs nImYy.@ esIÞr Et TaMg Gs´ enA kñúg GasIu GaeKñy_ enAcug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM

1980...> enA GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 nig 1990 RbeTs Cb¨un k¾ Ca RbeTs vini eyaK breTs naMmux eK Edr

enA kñúg tMbń en¼...> îar vinieyaK rbś Cb̈un man TRmǵ Ca shRËas sm ebI ¨an´ RbmaN eTA enA cug

Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1970 éd KU vinieyaK CnCatihVIúlIBIn rbś RbeTs Cbun̈ enA kñúg shRËas sm dUc Edl CnCati Cb¨un mYy cMnYn án ri¼Kn´ xøÜnÉg

plitkr Cb̈un án eFVI vinieyaK kñúg tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_ eday man bMNg cǵ beg;It esdækic© tMbńmYy Edl man

îar Ebg Eck vNÑ£ Et b¨ueNÑa¼...> kñúg ena¼ rcnasm Rbsin ebI bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg Lay Na eFVI Rtwm Et Ca Gñk em̈Aîar bnþ rbś Cb̈un ena¼ î¶an TaMgLay Edl ehIr BI eRîay Rákd

Ca RtÚv îar cMNay ry£ eBl ÿag yUr edIm,I Èam [ Tań emhVÚg rbś va...>

eTa¼ Ca ÿag Na k¾ eday TMnaḱ TMng Cit sñiT§ rvag tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_eTA nwg RbeTs Cb̈un enA Et Biák

Bnül´ fa etI ehtu GIV án Ca bnÞab´ BI TTYl án ÉkraCü mk bBa RbeTsGasIu GaeKñy_mYy cMnYn Gac manlT§ÔaB eFVI GVI mYy án Edl bBa RbeTs enA TVIb Ga ®hVúic nig mCÄimbUB’a min Gac eFVI án...> «TahrN_ dUc Caîar eron plitrfynþ nig esoKVI kMuTüÚT&r edIm,I lḱ ecj eTA îań bs©im RbeTs CaedIm...> GaNaniKm niym bs©im

RbeTs án bnßĺ Tuk nUv BYk vrCn sMxań.@ mYy cMnYn tUc enA kñúg bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl BYk TaMg ena¼man KMnit écñ RbDit x kÈþa TaMg en¼ kMBug Et RtÚv án eK RsavRCav bnþ eTot...> eRîA BI skmμÔaB RbÌaMg nwg GaNaniKniym vij

bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_TaMgLay k¾ man GarmμN_ fa xøÜn RtÚv án KMram kMEhg eday Rkúm b¼eár kumμúynIsþEdl Ca eRËa¼ fñaḱ mYy ÿag FM enA kñúg tMbńGasIuGaeKñy_ Cag enA tMbńGa®hViúk ¦enA GaemrikLaTIn eTAeTot...>

BYk eK k¾ man îar ármÖ pg Edr cMeBa¼ îar RbQm mux eTA nwg îar KMram kMEhg rbś Gñk neyaáy én bBa RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn dUc Ca BYk Exμr Rkhm Edl án bMpøaj eÏal nUv raĺ sSab&n TMenIb epßg.@ dUc Ca FnaËar

nig rUbiyvtSú CaedIm...> BYk vrCnTaMgena¼ KW Ca Gñk îan´ GMNac edIm,I ksag esdækic© rYm sRmab´ GnaKt...>

BYkeKán Rbfuy Rbfan GnaKt rbś xøÜn eday Gnuvtþ nUv rbb esdækic© Edl rYm man îar beg;In nUv îar naMecj nig

shRËas ÉkCn CaedIm...> mha GMNac shrdæ Gaemrik án rYm cMENk CamYy nwg kgVl´ rbs´ bBa RbeTs

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 23

GasIu GaeKñy_ TaMg ena¼ min án eFIV[ b¨¼Bal´ dl´ RbeyaCn_rbs´ BYk eK eLIy eRBa¼ bBa RbeTs TaMg en¼ k¾sV¼EsVg rk mUlFn vinieyaK nig TIpßar sRmab´ naM ecj plitpl Edr...> emdwk naM bBa RbeTs TaMg ena¼ ÔaKeRcIn RtÚv án Gñk m̈akß niym ehA fa ².KhbtIkñúg sm&y GaNaniKm.³...> Gñk TaMg ena¼ án TTYl esrIÔaB nig

GMNac Ôøam.@ eRîay sm&y GaNaniKm ehIy BYk eK Ca tYGg: neyaáy d¾ sMxań.@ rbś RbeTs TaMg ena¼...>

Gñk neyaáy sMxań.@ TaMg ena¼ man ÈaMg BI elak lI îVańyU (Lee Kuan Yew) naykrdæm®nþI RbeTs sigHburI

Ïab́BI ÌñaM 1959 dĺ 1990 nig elak mhaeFor mham̈at́ naykrdæm®nþI RbeTs m̈aeLsIu Ïab́BI ÌñaM 1981

dĺ 2003 rhUt dĺbBa esdæviTU }QensIu Edl RtÚv án eK daḱ rhsßnam kñúg n&y cMGk fa ².smaKmCnGn§Balsm¶at́ bÅreXøy_ (Berkeley Mafia).³ eday sar Et BYk eK Îøab́eron enA É sakl viTüal&y îalI hV‘reno...>

eRîay sm&y GaNaniKm bniþc KW kñúg ÌñaM 1955 man îar CECk EvkEjk d¾ l,I mYy enA É sakl viTüal&y

én RbeTs }QensIu edIm,I beg;It [ man nUv Bakü fa ².ts‘U.³ Ca fμI eLIg...> îar CECk Evk Ejk ena¼ cǵ sMedAeTA elI RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_BIr ÿag Edl kMBug Et rk îar kekIt eLIg...> GtIt nayk rdæm®nþI}QensIu elakvILÚbU ¨ (Wilopo) án ef;al eTas Tsßn£ esdækic© esrI niym rbs´ bs©im RbeTs fa va bBal [ man nUv îarekg Rbv&Ba©Rsb c,ab́ nig man Kmøat xus Ëña ÿag FM enA kñúg îar Eck rMElk Fn Îan...> Ëat́ án G¼Gag fa lT§pl

d¾ GaRkk´ én Tsßn£ en¼ án eFVI [ xUc RbeyaCn_ dl´ bBa RbeTs GasIu TaMg Lay Na Edl Îøab´ TTYl rg nUvGaNaniKm eRcIn Cag îar xUc RbeyaCn_ rbś bs©im RbeTs...> elak vId yU¨ yU¨ nIti sa®.sþÚ (Widjojo Nitisastro)

Edl Ca kUn Rbús mYy rUb kñúg RKÜsar rbś RKÚbeRgón CnCati CVa nig Ca nisßit Edl án yk GavuF RbÌaMg BYk GǵeKøs

nig hULǵ mun eBl Edl RbeTs }QensIu TTYl án ÉkraCü ena¼ án benÞas elak vILÚb̈U fa minán KitKUrBI ÔaB ÏaM áć kñúg îar beg;It nig îar EbgEck FnÎan...> elak vIdÿUÿU án rMlwk elak vILÚbU¨ fa ².shRËas

esrI.³ KW man rYm TaMg m©aś dI Edl Ca ksikr tUcÈac nig Rkúmh‘un eRbgsaMg Esl r̈Uyaĺdaćq_ (Royal Dutch

Shell)...> Ëat́ elIk eLIg eTotGMBI lT§ÔaB én îar begI;t RbB&n§ esdækic© Edl ².RbÌaMg nwg RbB&n§ esdækic©esrI.³

Edl kñúg ena¼ ynþîar témø Gac eqøIy tb eTA nwg îar RKb́RKg rbś rdæ Edl rvĺ nwg RbCase®g:a¼...>

TRmg´esdækic© esrI niym Edl min yk lMnaM Èam bsi©m RbeTs enA kñúg RbeTs Cb¨un nig kUer¨ xagt,Úg

ehIy nig ÔaB vwkvr nig eRËa¼ TurÖikß Edl án b̈¼Baĺ dĺ RbeTs cin enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 edaysar Etrbb

kumμúynIsþ pþaćîar rbś elak em̈A esTug án eFIV [ Tsßn£ rbś elak vIdyUÿU¨ sIþ BI GasIuGaeKñy_ án TTYl

îar ËaM RT eRcIn...> sUm,I Et Gñk daḱ ecj nUv eËal neyaáy én bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_mYy cMnYn dUcCa GñkeRbI GMNac pþaćîar Ebb eyaÎa rbś RbeTs éf kñúg GMLúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1960 nig 1970 k¾ án pøaś bþÚr nUv eËal

neyaáy rbś rdæaPiál GaNtþi mun.@ ehIy Ïab́epþIm TTYl sVaKmn_îar vinieyaK «sßahkmμ BI breTs Edr...>

BYkeK án GnuBaØat [ man nUvkÈþa GaTiÔaB mYy cMnYn dUc Ca siT§i îań îab́ ÔaKh‘un FM îar min yk Bn§ elI Ráḱ cMeNj

rbś saCIvkmμ TaMgLay Na Edl eTIb ebIk dMeNIrîar dMbUg îar elIkElg Bn§ cMeBa¼ îar naM cUl nUv erag cRk BI

breTs nig îar GnuBaØat [ Gñkbec©keTsbreTs cUl kñúg RbeTs edayesrI kñúg kRmit lμm...>

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 23

24 CMBUk TI .1

îar cUlrYmcMENkrbśCnCaticinrs´enAtMbńGasIuGaeKñy__

eRîA BI Rkúm Gñk îan´ GMNac Edl man smtSÔaB RKb´RËan´ mYy Rkúm tUc eyIg sm:al´ eXIj fa bBa RbeTsGasIu GaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn Edl án îøay eTA Ca RbeTs «sßahkmμ d¾ man eCaKC&y enA kñ úg sm&y eRîay

GaNaniKm ena¼ man nUv FnÎan mYy epßg eTot...> ena¼ K W Ca Rkúm Cn Cati ÔaK tic Edl man KMnit écñ RbDit Epñk

esdækic©...> Rbvtþi sa®sþ án sbBa¢aḱ mþg ehIy mþg eTot GMBI sar£ sMxań rbś Rkúm mnusß ÔaK tic eBar eBj

eday KMnit écñ RbDit TaMgena¼...> BYkeK RtÚv án eK raraMg min [ man eRbób elI TegVIepßg.@ rbs´ sg:m Edl

BYk eK rs´ enA...> «TahrN_ d¾ l,I mYy KW hirBaØaFiîarI CnCati CVIhV enA GWr¨ub na mCÄim sm&y Edl CaFmμÈa

Rbkb mux rbr rk sIu cg îar Rák´ enA kñúg sg:m RKisþ sasna TaMgLay Edl Ïat´ Tuk îar cg îar Rák´ dUc Ca

ábkmμ...> BYk îań sasna RKisþ Etg Et dk hUt CnCati CVIhV ecj BI skmμÔaB neyaáy ¦ skmμÔaB eyaÎa

rbś Rkúm vrCn...> eday ehtu en¼ BYk CIVhV RtÚv Et ÈaMg citþ beg;In nUv TMnaḱTMng Epðk elI CMenO Tuk citþ Ëña rvag

CnCati CIVhV dUc Ëña edIm,I Ca meFüaáy mYy sRmab́eda¼Rsay bBaHa CamYy nwg Cn Cati ÔaK eRcIn Edl Etg Et

eRbIRáś nigekg Rbv&Ba© elI BYk eK...> enA kñúg tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_ tYnaTI en¼ KW tRmÚv eTA elI CnCatii cin ehIy

kñúg cMeNam BYk en¼ eyIg man nay Tun kñúg Rsúkd¾ l,Il,aj Ca eRcIn Edl án bgHaj xøÜn eLIg enA kñúg sm&y

eRîay GaNaniKm...> TsßnavdþI hVbs_ m̈aîahßúIn (Forbes Magazine) án Â̈ańRbmaN enA kñúg ÌñaM 1994 fa

mhaesdæI GasIuGaeKñy_Edl man Cab´Exß RsLay cin man cMnYn 86.% kñúg cMeNam mhaesdæI GasIu GaeKñy_

TaMgGś...> Èam Bit enA mun ÌñaM 1986 b̈unμan ÌñaM cug eRîay én rbb sg:m niym Ebb sþalIn niym rvag ÌñaM 1975

nig 1980 mUlehtu mYy ÔaK én eRËa¼ mhnþray esdækic© Edl án ekIt eLIg enA kñúg RbeTs evotNam KW

bBal mk BI îarbeBj Gñk CMnYj Cn Cati cin d¾ eRcIn...> man mUl ehtu Ca eRcIn Edl naM [ Cati sasn_ cin îøay Ca Gñkman tYnaTI sMxan´kñúg îar eFIV [ man bERm

bRmÜl kñúg esdækic© GasIuGaeKñy_...> îar ÈaMg citþ seRmc eËal edA smUhÔaB d¾ rwg maM mYy KW Ca mUlehtu mYy

kñúg cMeNam mUl ehtu Gś TaMg ena¼...> CnGenþaRbevsn_ cin mk BI extþ hukekon nig îVagTug án eFVI dMeNIr

mk EsVg rk CIvÔaB rs´ enA RbesIr Cag mun enA kñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_na stvtßr_ TI 19 nig edIm stvtßr_ TI

20...> BYk eK ÔaK eRcIn KW Ca ksikr ehIy Gac Ca RbCaBlrdæ RkI Rk b̈uEnþ eday sar BYk eK man citþ ema¼ mut

kñúg îar eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ nig man CMnaj Epñk shRËas pg ena¼ án eFVI [ BYk eK man eRbób elI Gñk Cit xag

rbs´ BYk eK Edl min Ïak ecj BI Rsúk cin...> enA kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1980 m©as´ Rkúmh‘un ksiBaNiC¢kmμ FM Cag

eK mYy enA kñúg RbeTs éf elak Fni®nÞ ecorvn®nÞ (Dnindrà ecIyrvnndrà Dhanin Chiaravanont) Canaykén

shRËas ².ceRmIn eÔaK P&N.³ {ecriY oBq B&N#à Charoen Pokphand) man edIm kMeNIt BI ]Buk Edl Ca CnGenþaRbevsn_ cin etoCIv Edl Îøab´ Ca m©as´ hag d¾ tUc mYy xag GaCIvkmμ naM cUl nUv RËab´ BUC BI Rsúkcin nig naM

ecj vij nUv s‘ut BI Rsúk éf îal BITsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1920...>

lT§i xugCW Edl Ca RbB&n§ CMenO buraN mYy Ecg BI îar RKb´RKg Èam zananuRkm Rsb Èam pøÚv c,ab´ nig

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 25

sg;t´ F¶n´ eTA elI sar£ sMxan´ Epñk sIlFm’ én TMnak´ TMng jati snþan k¾ Ca CMnYy mYy y¨ag Rbtükß kñúg îar CYy

CMruj [ GaCIvkmμ rbś Cn Cati cin TaMgena¼ TTYl án nUv pl cMeNj d¾ eRcIn pg Edr...> lT§i xug CW en¼ án CYy

sRmÜl dĺ îar eFIV CMnYj Ca Rkúm man Ráḱ Ex tic nig îar dwknaM Èam Ebb RKÜsar d¾ rwg maM...> ².jati snþan.³ enA

kñúg en¼ sMedA TMnak´ TMng mnusß Edl mk BI extþ dUcËña enA RbeTs cin Ca jati snþan Emn ETn kþI min Emn

ETn kþI...> enA kñúg ÌñaM 1982 sigHburI án Gnuvtþ nUv îar pßBVpßay rbs´ rdæaPiál edIm,I elIk tem;Ig CMenO elI

Tsßn£xugCW enA Èam salaeron...> b¨uEnþ yuT§naîar en¼ án TTYl îar ri¼Kn´ y¨ag xøaMg ehIy k¾ sab rlab

bnþic mþg.@ kñúg GMLúg eBl Et mYy Tsvtßr_ b̈ueNÑa¼...> Rbîar en¼ mk BI mUlehtu fa Cn Cati sigHburI Edl min

Emn Ca kUn eÏA cin án Ïat́ Tuk yuT§naîar en¼ Ca «áykl mYy bgçM [ BYk eK eCO nig Rbtibtiþ eTA Èam eËalîarN_

nig CMenO rbś CnCati cin...> enA eBl ena¼ CnCati sigHburI edIm kMeNIt cin Edl án TTYl îar Gb́rM Èam Ebb

GǵeKøs k¾ án eÏaTRbîań Tsßn£ xugCW en¼ fa Ëμan lkçN£ RbCaFibetyü nig manlkçN£ biÈaFibetyü

RCúleBk...>

Èam îar viÔaK cug eRîay TaMg Tsßn£ xugCW nigTaMg îar ÈaMg citþ kñúg îar seRmc eCaKC&y rbs´ Cn Cati

cin ÔaK xag t,Úg d¾ eBareBj eTA eday ÔaB cg´ man cg´ án ena¼ hak´ dUc Ca min án Bnül´ [ án c,as´ GMBI

eCaKC&y én GaCIvkmμ rbs´ Cati sasn_ cin rs´ enA kñúg EdndI GasIuGaeKñy_ eT...> Èam Bit kÈþa TaMg BIr xag elI

en¼ man bnþ rhUt mk enA kñúg RbeTs cinGs´ ry£ eBl Ca eRcIn stvtßr_ mk ehIy...> b¨uEnþ RbeTs cin min

Edl begI;t nUv BYk mUlFn l,Il,aj dUc enA bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn na sm&y eRîay GaNaniKmeT...> brisSan Rbvtþi sa®sþ Et mYy Kt´ rbs´ GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl Etg man îar erIs eGIg nig îar RtÜtRÈa elI Cn

Cati cin TaMg ena¼ án tRmÚv [ BYk eK xit xM beBa©j kmøaMg famBl esÞIr Et TaMgGś cMeBa¼ kic©îar BaNiC¢kmμ...>

en¼ Ca krNI mYy Edl CMruj [ BYk eK man îar ÈaMg citþCaḱ laḱ mYy sRmab́ xøÜn Ég...>

RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ mYy cMnYn enA sm&&y mun GaNaniKm nig sm&yGaNaniKm min GnuBaØat [ CnCati

cin eFIV Ca emdwknaM neyaáy ¦ eyaÎa eLIy...> RbeTs TaMg ena¼ án bgðaḱ dĺ kþI sgÇwmrbśCnCati cin Edl

cg´ pøas´ bþÚr eTA rk zan£ x TegVI erIs eGIg cMeBa¼ Cn Cati cin man sÔaB îan´ Et GaRkk´

eLIg.@ enA kñúg edIm sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm...> enA kñúg RbeTs éf BI ÌñaM 1938 nig 1957 rdæaPiál Edl

dwk naM eday elak Ebøk PibUl s®g:am (eeplk bixUl sgqram Plaek Phibul Songkhram) án ham Xat´ min [

man sala eron Ôasa cin nig bgçM [ CnCati cin TaMg ena¼ yk m®nþI neyaáy ¦ eyaÎaéf Ca Gñk Qr eQμa¼ CYs

BYk eK...> min Rtwm Et b̈ueNaѼ eK min GnuBaØat kUn eÏA cin [ cUl sikßa enA sala eyaÎa éf eT...> enA É RbeTs

hIVúlIBIn na ÌñaM 1957 vij eK án beg;It eLIg nUv c,ab´ sIþ BI îar eFIV CatUbnIykmμ elI GaCIvkmμ lk´ray mYy

kñúg eËal bMNg bBaÄb´ Elg [ man Gñk lk´ ray CnCaticin dUc Edl án eFVI eTA elI Gñk CYj Gg;r BI mun mk

G‘Icwg...> ².eËalneyaáy esdækic© fμI.³ rbś RbeTs m̈aeLsIu na ÌñaM 1970 Edl man eËal bMNg pþĺpl

RbeyaCn_ dĺ Gñk Rsúk edIm (ehA ².PUmibuRt.³) RtÚv eK emIl eXIj fa Ca yuT§naîar RbÌaMg nwg Cn Cati cin...>

cMENk É enA kñúg RbeTs }QensIu kñúg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1950 vij eK min Rtwm Et eXIj nUv îar Gnuvtþ c,ab́ RbÌaMg

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 25

26 CMBUk TI .1

nwg kUn eÏA cin b̈ueNÑa¼ eT eK Efm TaMg eXIj man îar smøab́CnCaticin ÿag rg:al CamYy nwg Gñk Cab́ sgß&y

fa CaCn kumμúynIsþ enA kñúg rdæ Rbhar ÌñaM 1965...> ehIy mYy CMnań eRîay mk îarvay Rbhar elI xøÜn RáN

nig RTBü sm,tþi rbs´ BYk cin ánekIteLIgmþgeTot (Ebb TRmǵRsal) kñúg GMLúgeBlman vibtþ iesdækic ©na

cugTsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990...>

eTa¼ Ca ÿag Na k¾ eday eK seg ;t eXIj fa TegVI erIs eGIg RKb́ rUbÔaB án siSt enA CamYy nwg RbéBNI

buraN rbś GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl man ÈaMg BI sm&y mun GaNaniKm mkemø¼̈...> kñúgena¼ Gñk CMnYj Cn Cati cin án

beRmI esþc TaMg Lay Edl Ca BuT§sasnikCn ¦ Gñk îań sasna G‘isøam enA tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_ Èam ry£ Et ÔaB

pþaćmux kñúg îar eFVI CMnYj îar CIk ruk rk Er̈ t,Úg fμ epßg.@ ¦k¾ îar RbmUl Bn§ CMnYs fVay esþc TaMg ena¼...> ehIyBYk

eK Ïab́man RTBü sm,tþi BI kic©îar TaMg en¼eLIg...> bBa emdwk naM GasIuGaeKñy_ na sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm ánpþĺ nUv îar GnueRËa¼ Epñk esdækic© Ca Biess (dUc Ca îar naM cUl pþać mux ) eTA[ KU kn Edl Ca Gñ k CMnYjCnCaticin...>

TegIV en¼ KWeFIV [ îań Et TMenIb eLIg nUv TRmǵ îargar Edl Îøab́ ánGnuvtþ kñúg RB¼raCvaMg GasIuGaeKñy_BI sm&y mun

dUcCa án eRbI Gñk CMnYj raCvgß cin mk eFIV îar kñúg nam Ca ksikr Edl man siTi§ Biess cMeBa¼ Bn§dar ¦k¾ Ca Gñk CMnYj

eRîA RbeTs...>

nacugTsvtßr_ TI 20 Rkúm GaCIvkm μ KYk (Kuok Group) Edl Ca GaCIvkmμ cRmú¼ Cati sasn_ FM Cag eK bgðś

RKb́ RKg eday Cn Cati cin enA m̈aeLsIu án bgHaj GMBI viFIsa®sþ kñúg îar Rcác ´ bBa©Úl Ëña rvag TRmǵ Gnuvtþ rbś

raCvaMg GasIuGaeKñy_ sm&y Ïaś nig sm&yfμI edIm,I beg;It án Ca TRmǵ d¾ man RbsiT§ÔaB Biess mYy...> elak r̈UbWt

KYk (Robert Kuok) KW Ca kUn Rbús rbś Cn RkIRk mñaḱ Edl án eFVI GenþaRbevsn_ BI extþ hukekon eTA Rsúk m̈aLayU

kñúg cMNu¼ GǵeKøs (m̈aLaÿa Rb‘IÈanik) na cug Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1800...> Ëat́ án sikßa enA viTüal&y GǵeKøs enA cUhUr

áru (English College of Johor Baru) ( man kUnsisß enA kñúg viTüal&y en¼ mñaḱ Ca sSabnik én Gg:îar Cati ÉkÔaB

m̈aLyU) ehIynig ánsikßa enA sakl viTüal&y r̈ahVhVls_ (Raffles College) enA sigHburI (elak mhaeFor nig

elak lI îVańyU k¾ án eron sURt enAkñúg saklviTüal&y en¼)...> eday sar Ëat́ man nUv CMnaj epßg.@ Epñk sg:m

nig man cMNg Taḱ Tg CamYy Gñk déT ÈaMg BI mun mk elak KYk man lT§ÔaB ERb îøay BaNiC¢kmμ s;r TaMg lḱray

nig lḱ duM Edl Ca mrtk ]Buk Ëat́ [ eTA Ca BaNiC¢kmμ GnþrCati d¾ FM mYy manTaMg esvakmμ Îana r̈ab́ rg TI pßar TMenIb

RbB&n§ bBaj TUrTsßn_ nig sm Cn Cati m̈aLayU d¾ man }T§iBlmYy cMnYn rYm bBa©Úl TaMg smaCik rbś raCvgßanuvgß buWrlIs (Perlis) n ig cUhUr (Johore) KW Ca Gñk eRCam ERCg

nig Ca éd KU BaNiC¢kmμ rbś elak KYk ÈaMg BI dMbUg mk emø¼̈...> îar erob cM eLIg Ebb en¼ RtÚv eK TTYl s:aĺ Ebb

kMEbøgfa Ca RbB&n§ ².GalIáá.³ enA m̈aeLsuI Et eK eXIj man sm& Ca fñÚr nwg îar GnuBaØat [ BYk ².áá.³ ( Ca Gñk

CMnYj Cati cin) TTYl án nUv GaCJab&NÑrdæaPiál nig CMnYy BI rdæ ena¼ BYk ².GalI.³ ( EdlCa nayk ¦ Gñk cUl

h‘un Cati m̈aLayU) k¾ án TTYl pl cMeNj BI eCaKC&y rbś BYk áá Edr...>

îarpøas´ bþÚr esdækic© Edl án dwk naM eday ².KU knniym.³ rbs´ vrCn TaMg ena¼ min án TTYl nUv îar

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 27

eîat sresIr Ca ÉkcänÞ TaMg enA kñúg nig eRîA tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_ eLIy...> elak yU¨sIuhar¨a KUnIGu (Yoshihara

Kunio) Ca Gñk ri¼Kn´ Cn Cati Cb¨un d¾ mWug m¨at´ mYy rUb án brihar Ca saÎarN£ cMeBa¼ îar ekIt eLIg nUv ².rbb

mUlFn niymEkøgîøay.³ enA kñúg tMbn´ GasIuGaeKñy_...> cMeBa¼ Tsßn£ rbs´ Ëat´ rbb mUlFn niym enA kñúg

tMbn´ en¼ KW Ca rbb mYy min Bit BIeRBa¼ rbb en¼ enA Et Bwg elI bec©keTs rbs´ éd KU «sßahkmμ breTs mk

BIRbeTs Cb̈un nig RbeTs epßg.@ eTot ehIy BYk nay Tun cin enA tMbń en¼ suT§ Et Ca Gñk EsVg rk îar CYl eday

rś ánedaysarEtîarEsVg îar «btSmÖ nig GaCJab&NÑ pþać mux BI rdæaPiál...> îar ri¼Kń en¼ man ÔaB yutiþFm’xø¼

Edr eRBa¼ RbB&n§ Gb´rM rbs´ bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ min Gac plit GñkviTüasa®sþ nig Gñk bec©kviTüa Epñk«sßahkmμ enA kñúg Rsúk sRmab́ eRbI Ráś án RKb́ cMnYn eLIy...> pÞúy mk vij îar ri¼Kń mYyeTot eTA elI nay

Tun bs©im RbeTsnig nayTun Cb¨un fa Ca KMrU esdækic© BwgelIxøÜnÉgán ehIy nig min ÏaMác´ EsVg rk nUv îar

îarBar BI rdæaPiál edIm,I Tb́ Tĺ nwg îar RbkYt RbECg rbś breTs ena¼ eT min sUv Ca sm ehtu pl eLIy...>

BIeRBa¼ îarri¼Kn´en¼ ánTat´eÏal nUv Rbvtþ isa®sþ min ec¼ cb´ rbs´ nayTun naRKb ´ kEnøg Edl Tam Tar [

rdæaPiál CYy p:t́p:ǵ Ca fviîa cMeBa¼ shRËas TaMgLay Na Edl TTYl braC&y kñúg GaCIvkmμ rbś xÜøn...>

Èam Bit eTA eK eXIj man nUv rbb mUlFn niym Edl niymbkßBYk Ca eRcIn enA tMbń GasIuGaeKñy_...> Et

min suT§ Et Ca Cn Cati cin eT...> «TahrN_ d¾ elc eÎøa mYy KWCa KeRmag Cati plit rfynþ mYy rbs´ }QensIuEdl man Gayuîal án Et RbEhl CamYy ÌñaM (1996-1997)...> elak RbÎanaFibtI }QensIu án pþĺ nUvsiT§i plit rfynþ ².fñak´ Cati.³ dMbUg eK bgðs´ [ Rkúmh‘un mYy Edl án sSabna nig RKb´RKg eday kUnRbús

rbś Ëat́ KW elak h‘utUm̈U (fmμI) s‘UhartU (Hutomo Suharto)...> eTa¼Ca Ëμan bT BiesaFn_ kñúg îar plit rfynþ

k¾ elak fmμI án TTYl siT§i pþac´mux edIm,Ishîar CamYy Rkúmh‘un plit Lan Ëa m¨UtUrs_ (Kia Motors) rbs´

RbeTs kUer¨ xagt,Úg Edl nwg plit Èam KMrU rfynþ dMbUl Cit rbs´ Rkúmh‘un Ëa ehA fa m¨ak TImrs_ (Timors)

enA shRËas «sßahkmμ fμI mYy Edl sag sǵ enA Ek,r TIRkúg hßaîarÈa...> Ëat́ án x©I Ráḱ BI FnaËar rbś

rdæ Èam îar ENnaM BI ]Buk rbś Ëat́ edIm,I cMNay eTA elI îar sag sǵ en¼...> bnÞab́ BI rbb RKb́ RKg pþać îar

rbś elak s‘UhartU dYl rlM enA kñúg ÌñaM 1998 RbCaBlrdæ }QensIu Edl manrfynþm̈aken¼ án Rbjab́Rbjal´ eda¼ søak m̈ak en¼ ecj BI rfynþ rbś BYk eK...>

k¾ b¨uEnþ Rbsin ebI emdwk naM én bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl min Emn Ca Cn Cati cin Ca Gñk beg;It[ man nUv l&kçx&Nnana edIm,I [ rbb mUlFn niym cinkekIt nig rIk ceRmIn án ena¼ KW k¾ eday sar Et edIm,IeqøIy tb eTA nwg sSanîarN_ ¦ l&kçx&NGnþrCati Cak´ lak´ Et b¨ueNÑa¼...> Gñk ri¼Kn´ breTs ÔaK eRcIn Etg EtemIl rMlg cMeBa¼ sSanîarN_ en¼...> enA edIm sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm RbePT GaCIvkmμ lkçN£ RKÜsar enA

bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ enA man RTg´ RTay tUc min Gac RbkYt RbECg CamYy nwg Rkúm saCIvkmμ BhuCatiFM.@ Edl kMBug man Rsab´ ena¼ eLIy...> enA ÌñaM 1993 îar eFVI Geg;t mYy án bgHaj fa man Rkúmh‘un

BaNiC¢kmμ FM.@ bMput rbs´ Cb¨un nigkUer¨ xagt,Úg cMnYn 47 kñúg cMeNam Rkúmh‘un BaNiC¢kmμ FM.@ bMput

TaMgGs´ cMnYn 50...> kñúg ena¼ man Rkúmh‘un RbECg RbÏaM tMbń GasIuGaeKñy__ d¾ FM Cag eK mYy KW Rkúmh‘un eRbg

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 27

28 CMBUk TI .1

rbs´ rdæ }QensIu eQμa¼ buWrÈamINa (Pertamina) Edl eK ánÏat´kñúg cMNat´ fñak´ TI 39 bu¨eNÑa¼...>edIm,I RbLg RbNaMg CamYy nwg rbb mUlFn niym BhuCati Ca dMbUg bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ TaMg LayRtÚv EsVg rk nUv vis&y BaNiC¢kmμ Na Edl man îar Îana c,as´las´ eTa¼ bI Ca BYk eK RtÚv îar BwgEpðk eTA

elI TMnaḱ TMng CamYy breTs TaMg Epñk bec©kviTüa nig TIpßar k¾ eday...> b̈uEnþ eTa¼ Ca ÿag Na k¾ eday rbb

mUl Fn niym enA GasIu GaeKñy_ min man TRmg´ rYm Et mYy rhUt eLIy...> mk Tl´ nwg Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1990

Rkúmh‘un BaNiC¢kmμ cin mYy cMnYn án vivDÆ BI Rkúmh‘un Edl man lkçN£ Ca RKÜsar mk Ca saCIvkmμ RTg´

RTay FM Ebb bs©im RbeTs ¦ k¾ Ebb Cb¨un...> b¨uEnþ BYk eK RtÚv át´ bg´ nUv GtþsBaØaN nig vb,Fm’ rbs´ cin

y¨ag eRcIn...> Rkúmh‘un TaMg ena¼ án yk lMnaM Edl Îøab´ Gnuvtþ enA kñúg RbeTs hVIúlIBIn na Tsvtßr_ ÌñaM 1800

KW Ca dMeNIr îar mYy Edl kUn eÏA cin TaMgLay án ERb îøay xøÜn eK [ eTA Ca Rkúm mnusß fñak´ kBal ehIyElg Kit fa BYk eK Elg Ca C nCati cin...>

témøénîareFVIbdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ

Epñk min lð én Rbvtþi Rbkb eday eCaKC&y én esdækic© na sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm rbś GasIuGaeKñy_ min man

Et bkß BYk niym eragcRk Edl Ci¼ Can´ kmμkr nig îar b®g;ab shCIB r ÉkraC bu¨eNÑa¼ eT...> GasIuGaeKñy_

enA eBl ena¼ án Gnuvtþ KMrU GaRkk´.@ CaeRcIn Èam bdivtþn_ «sßahkmμ rbs´ bs©im RbeTs eTa¼ Ca kmμkr

enA GasuI GaeKñy_ Gac man kþI sgÇwm cMeBa¼ GnaKtîal x enA kñúg

sunÞrkfa mYy eTA îań nayk FnaËar nana na ÌñaM 1974 elak RbÎana FibtI ehVrDINǵ m̈arkUs án GYtGag

fa témø Blkmμ enA hIVúlIBIn man kRmitTab bMput enA GasIu...> Et eTa¼ Ca ÿag Na Ëat́ ebþCJa min beBay [man îar temøIg Ráḱ QñÜl kmμkr xøaMg eBk edIm,I kuM [ raMgsÞ¼dĺ kmμviFI naMecj rbśËat́Edr...> em dwk naM bBaRbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ déT eTot k¾ án Rbîan´ yk nUv îar cg´ án dUc Ëña en¼ Edr eTa¼bI Ca kmμkr xø¼ lT§ÔaB

kñúg îar Tij plitpl epßg.@ edaysar Et Ráḱ kéRm min RKb́ RËań ehIy eFIV[ TMnij rbś BYkeK Bwg Epðkîań

Et xøaMg eTA elI Gñk Tij breTs k ¾ eday...>

enA kñúg ÌñaM 1944 elak ec¿ eGs¿ hVWrnIv¨lø (J.S. Furnivall) án erob rab´ enA kñúg esov eÔA hULg´

}Na (Netherlands India) fa enA kñúg sm&y GaNaniKm GtulüÔaB d¾ FM mYy rvag mUlFn nig kmøaMg Blkmμ enAkñúg bBa RbeTs GasIuGaeKñy_ Edl sSit enA eRîam GaNaniKm bs©im RbeTs maneRcIn Cag enA bBa bs©imRbeTs pÞal´...> bBa RbeTs GaNaniKm TaMg en¼ RtÚv án eK erob cM eLIg eRbób dUc Ca eragcRk sRmab´plitkmμ G‘Icwg KW min dUc Ca rdæ Edl beg;It eLIg edIm,I [ RbCaBlrdæ xøÜn man CIvÔaB RbesIr eLIy...> îar xV¼

nUv ².qnÞ£ rYm mYy.³ kñúg cMeNam RbCaBlrdæ én sg:m cRmú¼ Cati sasn_ Edl Îøab́ TTYl rg nUv GaNaniKm án

bBal [ rbb mUlFn niym hUr cUl t mk tMbń en¼ eday esrI }t man kMhit...> sRmab´ ehtu pl pÞal´ xøÜn rbs´ BYk eK bBa emdwk naM GasIuGaeKñy_ sm&y eRîay GaNaniKm TaMg ena¼

án xitxM ERb îøay sg:m eK [ dUc Ca eragcRk d¾ TMenIb eday min ÏaM áć Ek TRmǵ sg:m TaMgena¼ bun̈μan eLIy...>

«sßahUbnIykmμ nig îarC¼}T§iBl 29

eday sar Et îar CMruj [ el,Ón nig cMnYn cracr rUbiyb&NÑ ehIynig FnÎan hirBa ØvtSú BiPBelak ekIneLIg

ÿag sem,Imena¼ îar GPivDÆ Epñk RbB&n§ TMnaḱ TMng nig RbB&n§kMuBüÚT&r na sm&y eRîay s®g:a m elak elIk TI

2 án beg;In pl cMeNj ÿag eRcIn dĺ nieyaCk nig vinieyaKin eTA elI kmμkr enA RKb́ kEnøg...> TunvinieyaK

man ÔaB cl&t îań Et eRcIn Et kmμkr ÔaKeRcInenAmYykEnøg...> eTa¼bI Ca shCIB kmμkr rbś bs©im RbeTs

pÞal´ k¾ RtÚv át´ bg´ nUv }Ti§Bl kñúg îartéføCamYy GñkÏat´ Ecg vinieyaK Edl Gac edIr rk TI pßar Blkmμ BI

kEnøgmYy eTA kEnøg mYy eTot...> cMeBa¼ GasIuGaeKñy_ vij }Ti§Bl sSanÔaBen¼ man sÔaB îań Et GaRkḱ dUc

Edl elak hVWnIv̈lø án eFVI îar Kit Tuk G‘Icwg...> îar Â̈ań RbmaN mYy eFVI eLIg enA ÌñaM 1992 án bgHaj fa Rkúmh‘un

plit Es,k eCIg m̈ak éNXI (Nike) Edl plit Es,k eCIg rbś xøÜn eRcIn Cag eK enA ÉRbeTs}QensIu áncMNay fviîa y¨ag eRcIn [ kILakr d¾ l,I l,aj eQμa¼ ém¨xwl credn (Michael Jordan) edIm,I pßBV pßay

BaNiC¢kmμ rbś xøÜn...> Ráḱ Edl elak credn án TTYl man cMnYn eRcIn Cag éføQñÜl kmμkr erag cRk TaMg

Gś cMnYn 25¿000 naḱ kñúg ry£ eBl mYy ÌñaM eTA eTot...>

enAtMbńGasIu kñúgGMLúgeBls®g:a m RtCaḱ îar RtÜt RÈa¦ îar b®g;ab eTA elIishCIB kmμkr man sÔaB

xus.@ Ëña BI RbeTs mYy eTA RbeTs mYy eTot...> enA RbeTs éf mun ÌñaM 1972 shCIBkmμkr min RtÚv án TTYl

s:aĺfa Rsb c,ab́ eT...> Ïab́BI ÌñaM 1972 mk shCIB shRËas rbś rdæ (RbmaN mYy ÔaK bYn én shCIB

TaMg Gś) k¾ enA Et RtÚv án ham Xat́ min [ eFVI kUdkmμ...> shCIB Na Edl eK GnuBaØat [ eFVI kUdkmμ k¾ RtÚv sSit

enA eRîam kic© GnþraKmn_ rbś kg kmøaMg nKrál éf nig Gg:îar breTs Edl man TMenar RbÌaMg nwg lTi§kumμúynIsþ

man dUc Ca viTüasSan Blkmμ esrI GasI u-Gaemrik Edl man mUldæan enA shrdæGaemrik ¦ sÔaB lkm μ GWr̈ub

(Edl CYy «btSmÖ Ca sm¶at́ dĺ shCIB éf nana enA kñúg El,g mYy Edl ehA fa bMEbk bMáḱ edIm,I RKb́RKg) Ca

edIm...> cMENk É enA kñúg RbeTs sigHburI vij KNbkß ².skmμÔaB RbCaCn.³ Edl Ca KNbkß îań GMNac

án RKb́RKg elI sÔa BaNiC¢kmμ Cati nig xitxM elIktem;Ig nUv Tsßn£ mYy fa nieyaCk nig kmμkr KYr Et shîar

Ëña eTA vij eTA mk edIm,I rkßa nUv siSrÔaB «sßahkmμ ehIy RkúmRbwkßa TTYl bnÞúk Ráḱ Ex Cati k¾ án daḱ ecj

nUv eËalîarN_ mYy cMnYn edIm,I kMNt́ Ráḱ QñÜl epßg.@...> enA kñúg RbeTs m̈aeLsIu na Baḱ kBal Tsvtßr_ÌñaM 1980 RbEhl tic Cag db́ ÔaK ry én kmμkr TaMgGś án rYbrYm Ëñabeg;It Ca shCIB eLIg...> ehIy kmμkr enA

kñúg tMbń BaNiC¢kmμ esrI TaMg Lay Edl beg;It eLIg Ca Biess edIm,I Taḱ Taj Tun vinieyaK breTs ena¼ min RtÚv

án eK GnuBaØat [ cUl rYm CamYy nwg shCIB TaMg en¼ eT...> Rsedog Ëña en¼ Edr smaC shCIB Edl «btSmÖ

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