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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 107 95 . 95 CE 004 17.0
AUTHOR Mowen, Kenneth A.; And OthersTITLE An Analysis of the Commercial Art Occupation.INSTITUTION Ohio State Dept. of Education, ColumbUs. Div. of
Vocational Education.; Ohio State Univ., Columbus.Trade and Industrial Education InstructionalMaterials Lab.
SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (nigii)\, Washington, D.C.PUB DATE [75]NOTE 29p.; For related documents, see CE 004 160-169, CE
004 171-206, CE 004 263-268, and CE 004 425-427/
EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1.95 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS *Commercial Art; Communication Skills.; .*Job Analysis,
Knowledge Level; *Occupational Informs on; Safety;Skill Analysis; Skill Development; *Task alysis;Ta k Performance; Work Attitudes '
ABSTRACT '.Si'The general purpose of .he occupational analysis isr'to provide workable, basic information dealing with the many andvaried duties performed in the commercial artist occupation. Thedocument opens with a brief introduction followed by a jobdescription. The bulk of the document is presented in table forme'Seventeen duties are broken down into a. number of tasks and for eachtask a two7page table is presented, showing on the first page: tools,equipment, materials, objects acted upon; performance knowledge(related alsg -to decisions, cues and ertors);safety-7hazard; and onthe second page: science; math--number systems;'and communications-(performance modes, examples, and skills \skills and concepts). The
, duties include: perform business procedures; draw cartoons; makelayouts and illustrations; render in continuous tone; preparelettering and mechanical drawings; take, develop, print, and enlargephotographs; prepare visual projectuals, isometric and explodedviews, sectional isometric views, perspktiVe drawings, schematics,cnarts, and diagrams; and fit and ma k copy: Appended are a list oftools and equipment needed, and'a.li tof safety factors. (BP)
_
,
1
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* materials,not.available from other, sources. ERIC makes every effort ** to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal ** reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality *
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2
AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL ART OCCUPATION
Kenneth A. MowenInstructor, Commercial ArtMontgomery County J.V.S.Clayton, Ohio
/
developed by
Marshall J. CotnerConsultant 'Commercial ArtistCarroll, Ohio
Occupational Analysis'E.P.D.A. Sub Project 73402
June 1, 1973 to December 30, 1974Director: Tom L. Hindes
Coordinator: William L. Ashley
The Instructional Materials LaboratoryTrade and Industrial Education
The Ohio State University
3
,
Lawrence HartmanInstructor, Commercial ArtFour County J.V.S.Archbold, Ohio
i
i
/
1.
.,,
'The activity which is the subject of thisreport was supported in whole or in part bythe U.S. Office of Education, Department of
-Health, Education, and Welfare. However,the opinions that are expressed herOin do notreflect the position or policy ,pf the U.S.Office of Education; and no official, endorse-ment by the U.S. Office of Education shouldbe inferred." /
\
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword v
Preface vii
Acknowledgment ix
Job De(s3ription xi
Perform Business Procedur.es 1
Draw Cartoons (for Single or Multiple Presentation in Any Media) 2
Make a Layout 3
Make an Illustration 4.
Render in Continuous Tone (Graphite, Wash, Opaque and Airbrush) 5
Prepare Lettering., 6
'Prepare a Mechanical Drawing 7
Take a Photograph 8
Develop Photographic Film 9
Print and/or Enlarge a Photographic Negative ----- 10
.epare Visual Projectuals (for Overhead, Filmstrip and Slide Projection) 11
Prepare an Isometric View of an Object and/or Exploded View 12
Prepare a Sectional Isometric View of an Object 13
Prepare a Perspective Drawing (Mechanical) 14
Prepare a Schematic/Charts and Diagrams 15
Fit Copy 16
Mark Copy 17
Tools and Equipment 18
Appendix 19
S.........°;(
FOREVJORD,s.
The-occupational analysis project was conducted by The Instructional Materials Laboratory,
Trade and Industrial Education, The Ohio State University in conjunction with the StateDepartment of Education, Division of Vocational Education purivant to a grant from the U.S.Office of Education.
The Occupational Analysis project was proposed and conducted to train vocational educators ,
in the techniques of making a comprehensive occupational analysis. Instructors were selected
from Agriculture, BusinessiDiitributive, Home Economics, andTrade and Industrial Education
to gain experience in developing analysis documents for sixty-one different occupations. Repre-sentatives from Business, Industry, Medicine, and ,Education were involved with the vocational
instructors in conducting the analysis process.
The project was conducted in three phases. Phase.one-involved the planning and development
of the project strategies. The analysis process was based on sound principles of learning and
behavior. Phase two was, the identification selection and orientation ofall participants. The
training and workshop sessions constituted the third phase. Two-week workshops were held
during which teams of vocational, instructors conducted an analysis of the occupations in which
their had employment experience. The instructors were assisted by both occupation-al consult-
an s and subject matter specialists.
T e project resulted in producing one hundred two trained vocational instructors capable ofconthrittn-fand assisting in a comprehensive analysis of- various Occupations. Occupational anal-
ysis,data were generated for sixty-one occupations. The analysis inlcuded a statement of the
various tasks performed in each occupation. For each task the following items were identified:tools and equipment; procedural knowledge; safety knowledge; concepts and skills of mathema-
tics, science and communication needed for successful performance in the occupation. The
analysis data provided a basis for generating instructional materials, course outlines, student
performance objectives, criterion measures, as well as identifying specific supporting skills and
knowledge in the academic subject areas.
v
PREFACE
The basic strategy of the developers was to define the area of commercial art,delineate major duty areas and to organize and develop task statements as faras possible within the time frame limitations of the workshop. Prior to the.workshop, a list of various tasks was rated\ for frequency of performance by asampling of practicing commercial artists. In concept, these task.statiments,although not necessarily all inclusive,.represent the initial step leading to a fullydeveloped occupational analysis. The writers identified the skills and knowledgerelated to each task and organized the tasks into logical units of performance.In the utilization of this<analysis, it will be desilable to continue the breakdownof the task list into minor and sub-task statements before proceeding to thedevelopment of the course outline.
7vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance rendered by the following subject matterspecialists. They provided input to the vocational instructors in identifying related skillsand concepts of each respective subject matter area and served as training assistants in theanalysis process during the two-week workshops.
Rollin M. Barber, PsychologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio
Jodi Beittel, CommunicationsColumbus, Ohio
Diana L. Buckeye, MathematicsUniversity of MichiganAvon Lake, Ohio
Rick Tien, ChemistryThe Ohio State UniversityBeachwood, Ohio
N. S. Gidwani, ChemistryColumbus Technical InstituteCol&nbus, Ohio ,
Bruce A. Hull, BiologyThe'Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio
Donald L. Hyatt, PhysicsWorthington High SchoolWorthington, Ohio
Glenn Mann, CommunicationsColumbus, Ohio
Jerry McDonald, Physical SciencesColumbus Technical' InstituteReynoldsburg, Ohio
ix
Colleen Osinski, PsychologyColumbus Technical InstituteColumbus, Ohio
David Porteous, CommunicationsUniversity of ConnecticutColchester, Connecticut
James A. Sherlock;cCommUnicationsColumbus Technical InstituteColumbus, Ohio
Jim VanArsdall, MathematicsWorthington High SchoolWorthington, Ohio
Lillian Yontz, BiologyThe,Ohio State UniversityCaldwell, Ohio
Acknowledgment is extended to the following I.M.L. staff members for their role in
conducting the workshops; editing, revising, proofing and typing the analyses.
Faith Justice Research Associate
Sheila Nelson Administrative Assistant
Marsha Opritza Editorial Consultant
Rita Buccilla Typist
Peg Bushelman Typist
Carol Fausnaugh TypistMindy Fausnaugh TypistRita Hastings TypistCarol Hicks TypistSue Holiinger TypistBarbara Hughes Typist
Carol Marvin TypistPatti Nye TypistKathy Roediger TypistMary Salay Typist
0
JOB DESCRIPTION
Commercial art is a cluster of inter-related and clearly identifiable duties. Forpractical, reasons the breakdown of duties into tasks was rather broad in order tocatagorize the wide range of sub-tasks falling within the artist's duties. Thecommercial artist is involved in developing ideas into graphic ,forms using a varietyof methods and media. The artist performs basic skills and techniques in com-
pliance with= the varicui-prindples of graphics and design to produce visual productsto meet the needs of various clients.
/0xi
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
PE
R F
OR
M B
US
INE
SS
PR
OC
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UR
ES
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ER
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ewrit
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pen
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odin
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ics
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preh
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ount
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ork
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App
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ay s
cale
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med
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ilibi
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ecor
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atur
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ords
--M
athe
inat
ical
inac
cura
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Inco
rrec
t add
ress
es fo
r bi
lling
Fol
low
-Up
on in
voic
ing
SC
IEN
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MA
TH
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NU
MB
ER
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ST
EM
S__
__--
-C
OM
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NIC
AT
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S
Bas
ic m
athe
mat
ics
Acc
ount
ing
skill
s
1
/
Inte
rpre
t con
tent
and
val
ue o
f spe
cific
rec
ords
(TA
SK
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AT
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DR
AW
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NS
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LTIP
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AT
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UP
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101
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OR
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E
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ic e
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tB
asic
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eria
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Mor
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or r
efer
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ary
Ana
lyze
pro
blem
and
cho
ose
situ
atio
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it ga
g or
cap
tion
to s
ituat
ion
Mak
e th
umbn
ails
or
rctig
hsM
ake
com
preh
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repa
re fo
r re
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uctio
n
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ION
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z
SA
FE
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- H
AZ
AR
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CU
ES
See
app
endi
x
ER
RO
RS
Det
erm
ine
draw
ing
tech
niqu
eD
eter
min
e dr
awin
g m
edia
Det
erm
,ne
draw
ing
spec
ifica
tions
Sel
ect .
appr
opria
te th
umbn
ails
or
roug
h
itlN
inst
ruct
ions
, pol
icy,
inte
nded
use
Inst
ruct
ions
, int
ende
d us
e'.-
ayar
labi
lity
of m
edia
To,
mS
ure
the
LonC
ept o
f car
toon
,'re
alis
tic, s
tyliz
ed o
rca
rical
uilia
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fOr
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rmin
ed
SC
IEN
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MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
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OP
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
2
App
ropr
iate
dic
tum
), d
enot
allV
eco
nnot
ativ
e-w
ords
.cl
arity
of e
yut_
abut
ary,
usa
ge, s
pelli
ng,
deta
ils a
nd in
fere
nce,
logi
c, e
mot
iona
l app
eals
(pr
opaq
ade
vice
s).
/R
ecom
men
datio
n re
port
- o
ral
Cla
ssifi
catio
nR
eadi
ng c
ompr
ehen
sion
(The
se it
ems
()ay
e a
usag
e tr
ot ti
me
to ti
meb
ut, s
eldo
mar
e us
ed in
a s
ingl
e oa
ckaa
1(P
rinci
ple
of "
Exa
gger
ated
Def
init'
on m
ay b
e a
term
tobe
und
erst
ood
in th
e ar
ea e
f car
toon
ing)
Tra
nsfe
r in
form
atio
n be
twee
n /c
lient
and
art
ist f
or u
se in
the
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce o
f art
12
ST
AT
ET
AE
NII
MA
KE
A L
AY
OU
T<
,
TO
OLS
, EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
N
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Fel
t pen
s,
Fix
atif
Pen
cil,
chis
el le
adB
asic
equ
ipm
ent p
lus
Boo
k, ty
pe s
peci
men
Pas
tels
Pro
ject
or, o
paqu
eV
isua
lizer
(La
cey
-Luc
i),B
asic
mat
eria
ls p
lus
Pap
er, g
raph
iteP
aper
, lay
out
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E K
NO
WLE
DG
ES
AF
ET
YH
AZ
AR
D
Ana
lyze
layo
ut (
desi
gn)
elem
ents
and
req
uire
men
tsM
ake
a se
ries
of m
inat
ure
(thu
mbn
ail)
sket
ches
of p
ossi
ble
size
s an
d ar
rang
emen
ts o
f ele
men
tsP
repa
re fu
ll si
zed
layo
ut to
furt
her
test
the
suita
bilit
y of
the
sele
cted
thum
bnai
lD
evel
op la
yout
frC
m r
ough
to c
ompr
ehen
sive
form
Eva
luat
ion
of la
yout
by
artis
t, ar
t dire
ctor
and
clie
ntR
evis
e, if
req
uire
d
bEC
ISIO
NS
CU
ES
See
app
endi
x
ER
RO
RS
Sel
ectio
n of
mos
t sui
tabl
e th
umbn
ail
How
com
preh
ensi
ve th
e la
yout
is to
be
exec
uted
Wha
t mat
eria
ls s
houl
d be
use
dti
Inte
nded
use
, ins
truc
tions
, aes
thet
ics,
tast
eIn
tend
ed u
se, c
ost &
.tim
e co
nsid
erat
ions
Ava
iliab
ility
of m
ater
ials
, cos
t & ti
me
cons
ider
atio
n
Inef
fect
ive
layo
utP
oor
com
preh
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bilit
yM
echa
nica
l err
ors
SC
IEN
LEM
AT
HN
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Diff
erdn
ces
in a
bsor
ptio
n an
d ra
diat
ion
of e
nerg
y be
twee
nda
rk r
ough
sur
face
s an
d lig
ht, s
moo
th, p
olis
hed
surf
aces
Col
or--
Effe
ct, o
f illu
min
atio
n on
col
orS
urfa
ce C
olor
Mix
ing
spec
trum
col
ors
Com
plim
enta
ry c
olor
s, s
econ
dary
& te
rtia
ryA
dditi
ve m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
gS
ubtr
activ
e m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
g
Q
Det
erm
inat
ion
of fa
cts
invo
lvin
g se
ctor
s of
a c
ircle
Det
erm
inat
ion
of fa
cts
invo
lvin
g lin
es ta
ngen
t to
circ
les
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
nG
eom
etric
con
stru
ctio
nsD
evel
opm
ent o
f gra
phs
coM
parin
g tw
o co
mpl
imen
tary
sets
of f
igur
es-
-
App
ropr
iate
dic
tion
Cla
rity
of e
xpre
ssio
nV
ocab
ular
yU
sage
Spe
lling
Det
ails
and
infe
renc
eLo
gic
Del
ir'
'-
writ
ten
Tec
h.rm
inol
ogy
Tra
n-il
latio
n be
twee
n cl
ient
and
art
ist f
or u
se in
tt..n
of a
pie
ce o
f art
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
MA
KE
AN
ILLU
ST
RA
TIO
N
TO
OLS
, EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
N
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Bru
shes
Mai
l stic
kP
alet
te a
nd p
alet
ta k
nife
Bas
ic e
quip
men
t plu
s \
Pro
ject
or, o
paqu
eV
isua
lizer
(La
cey-
luci
)B
asic
mat
eria
ls p
lus
Can
vas
Cha
rcoa
lP
aint
, oil,
acr
ylic
and
wat
erco
lor
Pas
tels
Ply
woo
d/M
ason
ite
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E K
NO
WLE
DG
E
Ana
lyze
clie
nt's
nee
dsA
pplic
atio
n of
con
cept
s, p
rinci
ples
and
rul
es o
f des
ign
and
colo
rC
ompr
ehen
sion
or
inte
nded
pur
pose
Ana
lysi
s or
pro
cedu
res
App
licat
ion
of m
edia
DE
CIS
ION
S
1:1
AF
ET
Y -
HA
ZA
RD
NC
UE
S
Pig
men
ts &
sol
vent
s -
skin
and
ing
irrita
nts,
clo
thin
gda
mag
'e
See
app
endi
x
Sel
ectio
n of
med
iaD
eter
min
atio
n of
siz
eJu
dgm
ent i
n co
lor
sele
ctio
n an
d us
e
Inst
ruct
ions
, aes
'dle
tscs
, tas
te, t
ime
and
cost
con
side
ratio
ns, i
nten
ded
use
ER
RO
RS
Fai
,ure
to m
eet c
lient
'sde
adlin
es, o
r du
e da
tes
; Ine
ffect
ive
illus
trat
ion
Fai
lure
to c
heck
col
or k
y fr
ompr
intin
g ho
use
.S
CIE
NC
EM
AT
H -
NU
MB
ER
SY
ST
EM
SC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S
Diff
eren
ces
in a
bsor
ptio
n an
d ra
diat
ion
of e
nerg
ybe
twee
nda
rk to
ugh
surf
aces
and
ligh
t, sm
ooth
, pol
ishe
d su
rfac
es(li
ght s
ourc
e &
inte
nsity
)N
atur
e of
ligh
t (re
flect
ion,
ref
ract
ion
and
disp
ersi
on)
Col
or Effe
ct o
f illu
min
atio
n on
col
orS
urfa
ce c
olor
Mix
:sig
spe
ctru
m c
olor
sC
ompl
imen
tary
col
ors,
sec
onda
ry E
.: te
rtia
ryA
dditi
ve m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
gS
ubtr
activ
e m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
gIll
usio
n (o
ptic
al)
Effe
ct's
of c
olor
juxt
apos
ition
Mul
ti-co
lor
optic
al il
lusi
onIll
usio
n in
sha
pe a
nd li
neIll
usio
n in
text
ure
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
Ele
men
ts o
f des
ign
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
n
4
App
ropr
iate
dic
tion
Den
otat
ive,
con
nota
tive
wor
dsC
larit
y of
exp
ress
ion
-Voc
abul
ary
Usa
ge
Spe
lling
Det
ails
and
infe
renc
eLo
gic
Em
otio
nal a
ppea
ls (
prop
agan
da d
evic
es)
Tec
hnic
al te
rmin
olog
yT
rani
fer
info
rmat
ion
betw
een
clie
nt a
nd a
rtis
t for
use
inth
e cr
eatio
n of
a p
iece
of a
rtR
ecei
ve &
inte
rpre
t ver
bal &
writ
ten
inst
ruct
ions
Und
erst
and
tech
nica
l voc
abul
ary
14
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
RE
ND
ER
IN C
ON
TIN
UO
US
TO
NE
(G
RA
PH
ITE
, WA
SH
, OP
AQ
UE
AN
D A
IRB
RU
SH
)
TO
OLS
, EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
NP
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Dis
pens
er, s
pout
, wat
erW
ell,
slan
t or
cups
, nes
ting
Bas
ic e
quip
inen
t plu
sA
irbru
shC
ompr
esso
r or
tank
, air
with
val
ve a
ssem
bly
Pre
ss, d
ry m
ount
Bas
ic m
ater
ials
plu
sA
ceta
teC
olor
, opa
que,
gra
ys, m
oist
wat
erco
lor
Col
or, t
rans
pare
nt, l
iqui
dP
aper
, fris
ket
Tis
sue,
dry
. mou
nt
Ana
lyze
task
req
uire
men
tsF
ollo
w p
roce
dure
s fo
r re
nder
ing
Fol
low
pro
cedu
re fo
r pa
int m
ixin
g
DE
CIS
ION
S
SA
FE
TY
- H
AZ
AR
D
.C
UE
S
Com
pres
sor
- ex
cess
pre
ssur
eE
lect
rical
- s
hock
, fire
Air
tank
- s
udde
n re
leas
e of
pre
ssur
e (J
et e
ffect
)
ER
RO
RS
Sel
ectio
n of
med
ia.
Sel
ectio
n of
col
or h
arm
onie
s
Sel
ectio
n of
bes
t com
posi
tion
for
mos
tef
fect
ive
resu
lts
'I
Ava
ilabi
lity
Cos
t and
tim
e co
nsid
erat
ions
Inst
ruct
ions
Inte
nded
use
"'
Inco
nsis
tenc
y of
ligh
t sou
rce
Fai
ls to
mee
t tas
k re
quire
men
tsP
oor
end
resu
lt.
- U
naffe
ctiv
eCol
or c
ombi
natio
ns fo
rre
quire
d-pr
intin
g.re
sults
SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
-N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
-,--
Ber
n O
ulirs
prin
Cip
le -
air
brus
h th
eory
(op
erat
ion)
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
- pa
ttern
s of
val
ueN
atur
e of
ligh
t (sp
ectr
um, p
rism
theo
ry, g
eom
etric
opt
ics)
Col
or Effe
ct o
f illu
min
atio
n on
col
orS
urfa
ce c
olor
Mix
ing
spec
trum
col
ors
Com
plim
enta
ry c
olor
s, s
econ
dary
& te
rtia
ryA
dditi
ve m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
g,
Sub
trac
tive
met
hods
of c
olor
mix
ing
(
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
n (r
atio
- v
alue
or
colo
r m
ixin
g)A
ppro
pria
te d
ictio
nD
enot
ativ
e -
conn
otat
ive
wor
dsC
larit
y of
exp
ress
ion
Voc
abul
ary
Usa
geS
pelli
ngD
etai
ls a
nd in
fere
nce
Logi
cE
mot
iona
l app
eals
(pr
opag
anda
dev
ices
)T
echn
ical
term
inol
ogy
Tra
nsfe
r in
form
atio
n be
twee
n cl
ient
and
art
ist
for;
use
inth
e cr
eatio
n of
a p
iece
of a
rt (
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
writ
ten
and
verb
al in
stru
ctio
ns(
,,,
-(T
AS
K S
TA
TE
ME
NT
)P
RE
PA
RE
LE
TT
ER
ING
.,.
TO
OLS
, EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
NP
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
\S
AF
ET
Y -
HA
ZA
RD
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Bru
shes
, let
terin
gP
ens,
chi
sel
Pen
s.-s
Pee
dbal
lP
ens,
ste
el b
rush
Stic
k, m
all
Bas
ic e
quip
men
tB
asic
mat
eria
ls p
lus
Boa
rd, p
oste
rB
lank
s, s
ign
met
a!.,
Pai
nts,
lette
ring,
per
man
ent
Pai
nts,
lette
ring,
tem
pera
Pap
er, p
arch
men
t
Ana
lyze
req
uire
men
tsLa
yout
are
a (s
ee la
yout
)R
ough
in li
nes
and
lette
rsC
heck
spe
lling
Exe
cute
lette
ring
Eva
luat
e fo
r ac
cura
cy &
com
plet
enes
s
DE
CIS
ION
SC
UE
S
See
ealte
ndix
ER
RO
RS
Det
erm
ine
sequ
ence
and
rel
ativ
e si
zeof
ele
men
tsS
elec
t sui
tabl
e to
ols
(pen
, bru
sh, e
tc.)
Sel
ect l
ette
r st
yle
(s)
Sel
ect c
olor
s
Aes
thet
ics,
tast
e, in
stru
ctio
ns, l
egib
ility
,in
tend
ed u
se, a
udie
nce
serv
edM
issp
ellin
gIn
cons
iste
ncy
of le
tter
styl
eM
isap
plic
atio
n of
des
ign
prin
cipl
esIn
effe
ctiv
e or
inco
rrec
t siz
e/
SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
Prin
cipl
es o
f col
or h
arm
bny
Rea
ctio
n of
mix
ing
colo
r pi
gmen
ts to
pro
duce
a th
ird c
olor
--- /-.7
)"-
....-
-..,.
..._
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
nM
easu
rem
ent o
f len
gth
6
/
Tra
nsfe
r in
form
atio
n be
twee
n cl
ient
and
art
ist f
or u
se in
the
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce o
f art
1G
(TA
SK
, ST
AT
EM
EN
T),
PR
EP
AR
E A
ME
CH
AN
ICA
L D
RA
WIN
Gr-
--, _i.
TO
OLS
, EQ
UIP
ME
NT
; fyi
AT
ER
IAL
S,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
N
,-
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E K
NO
WLE
DG
ES
AF
ET
Y -
HA
ZA
RD
,.
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Com
pass
, bea
mC
ompa
ss, d
rop
Div
ider
, pro
port
iona
lE
llips
e gu
ides
Pun
ch, p
in r
egis
ter
s
Reg
iste
r, p
inS
hiel
d, e
rasi
ngB
asic
equ
ipm
ent p
lus
Pro
ject
or, o
paqu
eV
isua
lizer
(La
cey-
Luci
)B
asic
mat
eria
ls p
lus
Ace
tate
Col
or, r
ed tr
ansp
aren
t (G
rum
bach
er P
aten
t Red
)P
hoto
stat
s/V
elox
/P.M
.T.
Pre
ssur
e se
nsiti
ve m
ater
ials
(sc
reen
s, le
tters
, sym
bols
)P
roof
s, ty
peP
umic
e, p
owde
red
Rub
ylith
/Am
berli
th o
r eq
uiva
lent
.,
Cho
ose
up-t
o-da
te c
olor
scr
een
guid
e fo
r co
lor
perc
enta
ges
Inte
rpre
t lay
out
Loca
te p
ositi
on o
f ele
men
tsC
oppe
rimet
er, c
rop
mar
ks,
iern
al a
reas
Pas
te u
p el
emen
tsC
hoos
e m
etho
ds o
f han
dlin
g ill
ustr
atio
ns -
sam
e si
ze, o
vers
ize
App
ly s
cree
ns &
text
ures
Con
stru
ct o
verla
ysM
argi
nal i
nstr
uctio
nsC
over
tiss
ue fl
aps
DE
CIS
ION
SC
UE
S
See
app
endi
x,
.
s
ER
RO
RS
Dec
ide
met
hod
of p
aste
up
Dec
ide
met
hod
of p
ositi
onin
g ill
ustr
a-tio
ns-
Dec
ide
met
hod
of a
ccom
pish
ing
colo
rov
erla
pM
ake
corr
ect d
ecis
ions
on
colo
r an
dco
lor
scre
ens
for
perc
enta
ges
Aes
thet
ics,
tast
e, in
stru
ctio
ns, e
ase
of 7
1re
prod
uctio
n, a
pplic
atio
n of
proc
edur
e
_
Inac
cura
cy o
f mea
sure
men
tsO
mis
sion
of e
lem
ents
Dam
age
to e
lem
ents
Inco
rrec
t inf
orm
atio
n to
prin
ter
1
,.
SC
IEN
CE
'M
AT
H -
NU
MB
ER
SY
ST
EM
SC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S
Col
or-
Effe
ct o
f illu
min
atio
n on
col
orS
urfa
ce c
olor
Mix
ing
spec
trum
col
orS
Com
plim
enta
ry -
Cso
ldr.
s. s
econ
dary
& te
rtia
ryA
dditi
ve m
etho
ds o
f eg
lor
mix
ing
Sub
trac
tive
met
hods
of c
olor
mix
ing
[col
or, i
llusi
on (
optic
al))
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
- fo
r cl
arity
we
mea
n to
incl
ude
all a
reas
of s
patia
l arr
ange
men
tN
alur
e of
ligh
t - c
onca
ve a
nd c
onve
x le
nsD
eter
min
atio
n of
foca
l len
gth
Geo
met
ric c
onst
ruct
ions
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
nM
easu
res
of le
ngth
'
.
App
ropr
iate
dic
tion
Den
otat
ive
- co
nnot
ativ
e w
ords
Cla
rity
of e
xpre
ssio
nV
ocab
ular
yU
sage
Spe
lling
Det
ails
and
infe
renc
eLo
gic
Em
otio
nal a
ppea
ls (
prop
agan
da d
evic
es)
[Inst
ruct
ion
Tra
nsfe
r)P
ropo
sal -
writ
ten
or o
ral
Tec
hnic
al te
rmin
olog
yT
rans
fer
info
rmat
ion
betw
een
clie
nt a
nd a
rtis
t for
use
inth
e cr
eatio
n of
a p
iece
of a
rt [t
rans
fer
oral
, writ
ten)
[Inte
rpre
t gra
phic
layo
ut, u
nder
stan
d te
chni
cal v
ocab
ular
y,ev
alua
te v
isua
l qua
lity
of e
lem
ents
, writ
e m
argi
nal n
otes
for
prin
ter)
Mag
nific
atio
nIll
usio
nE
ffect
s of
col
or ju
xtap
ositi
oM
ulti-
colo
r op
tical
illu
sion
Illus
ion
in s
hape
and
line
Illus
ion
in te
xtur
e(v
aria
ble
sens
itivi
ty o
f film
s to
colo
r)
..
_
ST
AT
EM
EN
TT
AK
E A
PH
OT
OG
RA
PH
FT
OO
LS,
EQ
U1
EN
T, M
AT
ER
IALS
,O
BJE
CT
ST
ED
UP
ON
F Ligh
tsM
eter
, exp
osur
eP
rops
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E K
NO
WLE
DG
E
Com
preh
end
inte
nded
pur
pose
App
ly c
once
pts,
prin
cipl
es a
nd r
ules
of d
esig
n an
dco
lor
Arr
ange
ligh
ts, p
rops
, etc
.C
ompu
te r
efle
cted
ligh
tA
djus
t cam
era
Load
film
Exp
ose
film D
EC
ISIO
NS
SA
FE
TY
- H
AZ
AR
D
See
app
endi
x
CU
ES
ER
RO
RS
Sel
ectio
n of
cam
era
type
, pro
ps, e
tc.
Sel
ectio
n of
film
type
Judg
men
t in
appl
icat
ion
of d
esig
nel
emen
ts a
nd p
rinci
ples
Cos
t & ti
me,
ava
ilabi
lity,
inst
ruct
ions
Aes
thet
ics,
tast
e, in
stru
ctio
ns
Fau
lty d
ecis
ions
Impr
oper
cam
era
oper
atio
n
SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Diff
eren
ces
in a
bsor
ptio
n an
d ra
diat
ion
of e
nerg
y be
twee
nda
rk r
ough
sur
face
s an
d lig
ht, s
moo
th, p
olis
hed
surf
aces
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
- fo
r cl
arity
, inc
lude
all
area
s of
spa
tial
arra
ngem
ent
Nat
ure
of li
ght
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
spe
ctru
mG
eom
etric
al o
ptic
sst
raig
ht H
ite, r
efle
ctio
n, r
efra
ctio
n, d
ispe
rsio
nC
onca
ve &
con
vex
lens
dete
rmin
atio
n of
foca
l len
gth,
mag
nific
atio
nC
amer
a &
oth
er o
ptic
al in
stru
men
tssp
eed
of le
ns (
light
gat
herin
g po
wer
)C
olor effe
ct o
f illu
min
atio
n on
col
or, s
urfa
ce, c
olor
, mix
ing
spec
trum
col
ors,
com
plim
enta
ry c
olor
s, s
econ
dary
&te
rtia
ry, a
dditi
ve m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
g, s
ubtr
activ
em
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
gIll
usio
n (o
ptic
al)
effe
cts
of c
olor
juxt
apos
ition
, mul
ti-co
lor
optic
al il
lusi
on,
'ill
usio
n in
sha
pe a
nd li
ne, i
llusi
on in
text
ure
Bas
ic a
rithm
etic
8
Logi
cT
echn
ical
term
inol
ogy
Tra
nsfe
r in
form
atio
n be
twee
n cl
ient
and
art
ist f
or u
se in
the
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce o
f art
II
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
.r
DE
VE
LOP
PH
OT
OG
RA
PH
IC F
ILM
FT
OO
LS,
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
NP
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
Che
mic
als
Han
gers
Ligh
t, sa
feS
ciss
ors
Sin
ksT
anks
Tim
erT
ongs
Tra
ys
SA
FE
TY
- H
AZ
AR
D
Mix
che
mic
al s
olut
ions
Load
film
s in
tank
s or
hol
ders
Dev
elop
ste
ps a
nd ti
mes
Was
h
Dry
DE
CIS
ION
SC
UE
S
Che
mic
als
skin
irrit
ant,
eye
iiiita
nt, s
tain
ing,
clo
thin
gda
mag
eS
ee a
ppen
dix
Sel
ectio
n of
dev
elop
erS
elec
tion
of d
evel
opm
ent t
imes
Impl
ies
appl
ica
ion
of p
roce
dure
ER
RO
RS
cony
min
.ltio
n of
sol
utio
nsW
rong
sol
utio
nsLi
ght c
onta
min
atio
nF
ailu
re to
folio
,/ in
stru
ctio
ns
SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Che
mis
try
of d
evel
opin
g fo
rmul
asE
ffect
of l
ight
on
phot
ogra
phic
em
ulsi
ons
Liqu
id a
nd d
ry m
easu
res
Mea
sure
s of
wei
ght
Mea
sure
of t
empe
ratu
re
9
Rea
d te
chni
cal d
ata
shee
tsU
nder
stan
d te
chni
cal v
ocab
ular
y
1-
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
PR
INT
AN
D/O
R E
NLA
RG
E A
PH
OT
OG
RA
PH
IC N
EG
AT
IVE
'
r--T
OO
LS,
EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
NP
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
SA
FE
TY
- H
AZ
AR
D
Box
, pap
er s
tora
geC
hem
ical
sD
odgi
ng to
ols
Enl
arge
rF
ram
e, p
rintin
gLi
ght,
safe
Pap
er, p
hoto
grap
hic
Prin
ter,
con
tact
Sin
kT
imer
Ton
gsT
rays
Dry
er
Prin
t or
enla
rge
nega
tive
Exp
ose
pape
rD
evel
op p
aper
Dry
pap
er
DE
CIS
ION
S
Che
mic
als
- sk
in &
eye
irrit
ant,
stai
ning
, clo
thin
g da
mag
eS
ee a
ppen
dix
CU
ES
ER
RO
RS
Met
hod
of p
rodu
cing
prin
tcon
tact
or e
nlar
ge'
Sel
ectio
n of
pap
er ty
peS
elec
tion
of d
evel
oper
Sel
ectio
n of
dry
ing
met
hod
glos
s or
mat
t fin
ish
Impl
ied
- ap
plic
a io
n of
pro
cedu
reIn
tend
ed u
se.
Cos
t and
tim
eA
vaila
bilit
yIn
stru
ctio
ns
Con
tam
inat
ion
of c
hem
ical
sC
onta
min
atio
n by
ligh
tIm
prop
er fe
rrot
ypin
g
SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Che
mis
try
of d
evel
opin
g fo
rmul
asE
ffect
of l
ight
on
phot
ogra
phic
em
ulsi
ons
Prin
cipl
es o
f dod
ging
Prin
cipl
es a
nd e
ffect
s of
enl
argm
ent o
n te
xtur
e
Mea
sure
s of
wei
ght
Liqu
id a
nd d
ry m
easu
res
Mea
sure
of t
empe
ratu
re
10
Rea
d te
chni
cal d
ata
shee
tsU
nder
stan
d te
chni
cal v
ocab
ular
y
*
20
b,
,--
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
PR
EP
AR
E V
ISU
AL
PR
OJE
CT
UA
LS (
FO
R O
VE
RH
EA
D, F
ILM
ST
RIP
& S
LID
EP
RO
JEC
TIO
N)
TO
OLS
; EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
NP
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
SA
FE
TY
HA
ZA
RD
8es3
C to
ols
plus
Pen
s, fe
lt tip
Bas
ic e
quip
men
t plu
sC
amer
a an
d ac
cess
orie
s
Cop
ier,
The
rrno
fax.
etc.
Dar
kroo
m fa
cilit
ies
Pro
ject
or, f
ilmst
rip-
Pro
ject
or, m
otio
n pi
ctur
esP
roje
ctor
, opa
que
Pro
ject
or. o
verh
ead
PrO
ject
or, s
lide
Bas
ic m
ater
ials
plu
sA
ceta
teF
ilm; o
rtho
chro
mat
icF
ilm, p
anch
rom
atic
Film
, cop
ier
Fra
me,
ove
rhea
dP
ress
ure
sens
itive
mat
eria
ls (
scre
en, l
ette
rs,
etc)
Ana
lyze
task
req
uire
men
tsLa
yout
of a
rea
(see
layo
ut)
Pre
pare
han
d m
ade
proj
ectu
al o
r pr
epar
e m
echa
nica
l'art
Mak
e pr
ojec
tual
Cam
era
(see
pho
togr
aphy
)T
herm
o-fa
x. 3
-m c
opie
r. e
tc.
t ram
e pr
ojec
tual
DE
CIS
ION
S .
. CU
ES
See
app
endi
x
ER
RO
RS
Sel
ect p
rodu
ctio
n m
etho
dha
nd (
felt
pen,
gre
ase
penc
il)m
achi
ne (
cam
era,
ther
mo-
fax,
3-m
)S
elec
t app
ropr
iate
tool
s fo
r m
etho
d of
prod
uctio
n
Cos
t & ti
me,
eas
e of
rep
rodu
ctio
n,ae
sthe
tics,
inst
ruct
ions
Impl
ied
- ap
plic
atio
n of
pro
cedu
re
Spe
lling
err
ors
Cam
era
erro
rsC
opyi
ng m
achi
ne e
rror
s
1
SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
NU
MB
ER
SY
ST
EM
SC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S
Prin
cipl
e of
des
ign
- fo
r cl
arity
, inc
lude
all
area
sof
spa
tial a
rran
gem
ent
Nat
ure
of li
ght
Ele
ctro
mag
netic
spe
ctru
mG
eom
etric
al o
ptic
sst
raig
ht li
ne, r
efle
ctio
n, r
efra
ctio
n, d
ispe
rsio
nC
onca
ve &
con
vex
lens
dete
rmin
atio
n of
foca
l len
gth,
mag
nific
atio
nC
amer
a &
oth
er o
ptic
al in
stru
men
tssp
eel o
f len
s (li
ght g
athe
ring
pow
er)
Col
or Effe
ct o
f illu
min
atio
n on
col
orS
urfa
ce c
olor
Mix
ing
spec
trum
col
ors
Com
plim
enta
ry c
olor
s, s
econ
dary
, & te
rtia
ryA
dditi
ve m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
g. s
ubtr
activ
em
etho
ds o
fof
col
a' m
ixin
gIll
usio
n (o
ptic
al)
Effe
cts
of c
olor
juxt
apos
ition
, mul
ti-co
lor
optic
al il
lusi
on;
Illus
ion
in s
hape
and
line
.= il
lusi
on in
text
ure
Bas
ic a
rithm
etic
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
nG
eom
etric
con
stru
ctio
ns (
dim
ensi
onal
)R
eadi
ng a
nd in
terp
ret
char
ts, t
able
s an
d/or
gra
phs
Giv
ing
a co
ding
sys
tem
, rec
ogni
ze a
nd id
entif
y-ea
ch u
nit
invo
lved
by
assi
gnin
g ne
cess
ary
sym
bols
, num
eric
al o
rlit
eral
11
App
ropr
iate
dic
tion,
den
otat
ive
- co
nnot
ativ
e w
ords
, cla
rity
gf e
xpre
ssio
n, v
ocab
ular
y. u
sage
, spe
lling
,det
ails
and
trife
renc
e, lo
gic,
em
otio
nal a
ppea
ls (
prop
agan
da d
evic
es)
Rec
omm
enda
tion
repo
rt -
ora
l and
writ
ten
,
Pro
cess
rep
ort o
r in
stru
ctio
n- o
ral a
nd w
ritte
nP
hysi
cal e
xper
imen
tatio
n re
port
- o
ral a
ndw
ritte
nP
ropo
sal -
ora
l and
writ
ten
Pro
gres
s re
port
- o
ral a
nd w
ritte
nD
esbr
iptio
n of
mec
hani
sm -
ora
l and
writ
ten
Def
initi
on -
ora
l and
writ
ten
Cla
ssifi
catio
nT
echn
ical
term
inol
ogy
Tra
nsfe
r in
form
atio
n be
twee
n cl
ient
and
art
ist f
or u
se in
the
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce o
f art
.1V
,c
6.
IT 'S
DK
ST
A!T
EM
EN
T)
PR
EP
AR
E A
N IS
OM
ET
RJC
VA
VV
OF
AN
OB
JEC
T
OoL
S, E
QU
IPM
EN
T, M
AT
ER
IALS
,O
BJE
CT
S A
CT
ED
UP
ON
AN
D/O
R E
XP
LOD
ED
VIE
W
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E K
NO
WLE
DG
ES
AF
ET
Y .-
HA
ZA
RD
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Pen
, tec
hnic
alT
empl
ates
, elli
pse
Bas
ic e
quip
men
t plu
sr'
Mac
hine
, ctia
tting
Pro
ject
or, O
paqu
eR
egis
ter,
pin
Vis
ualiz
er (
Lace
yLuc
i)B
asic
mat
eria
ls p
lus
Ace
tate
Col
or, r
ed, t
rans
pare
nt (
Gru
mba
cher
Pat
ent R
ed)
Pho
tost
ats/
Vel
ox/P
MY
Pre
ssur
e se
nsiti
ve m
ater
ials
(nu
mbe
rs, a
rrow
s, e
tc)
Pro
ofs,
type
-
Pun
ch, p
in r
egis
ter
Rub
ylith
/Am
berli
th, e
tc
Rea
d an
d in
terp
ret (
in s
ketc
hes)
the
blue
prir
itsD
isas
sem
ble
devi
ce (
notin
g se
quen
ce o
f bre
akdo
wn)
Layo
ut a
rid d
raw
line
s of
axi
s, c
ente
rline
s et
c. &
mak
e ro
ugh
draw
ing
Tra
ce to
boa
rd a
nd fi
nish
dra
win
g in
des
ired
med
iaB
allo
on a
nd le
tter
lby
hand
or
mec
h.)
whe
re it
is n
eede
dP
repa
re fo
r re
prod
uctio
n
DE
CIS
ION
SD
eter
min
e fo
rmat
CU
ES
See
app
endi
x
ER
RO
RS
Inst
ruct
ions
, aes
thet
ics
Cos
t and
tim
eE
ase
of r
epor
duct
ion
Poo
r en
d pr
oduc
t
.SC
IEN
CE
.M
AT
H .-
NU
MB
ER
SY
ST
EM
SC
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
- fo
r cl
arity
, inc
lude
all
area
sof
spa
tial a
rran
gem
ent [
mec
hani
cal p
rinci
ples
- s
ome
abili
ty'
Mea
sure
s of
leng
th-
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
nG
eom
etric
con
stru
ctio
nsG
iven
a ,c
odin
g,sy
stem
, rec
ogni
ze a
nd id
entif
y ea
ch u
nit
invo
lved
by
assi
gnin
g ne
cess
ary
sym
bols
, num
eric
al o
rlit
eral
12
Logi
cD
escr
iptio
n of
mec
hani
sm -
ora
lT
echn
ical
term
inol
ogy
Rea
ding
com
preh
ensi
onT
rans
fer
info
rmat
ion
betw
een
clie
nt a
nd a
rtis
t for
use
in th
ecr
eatio
n of
a p
iece
of a
rt[R
ecei
ve a
nd in
terp
ret w
ritte
n an
d ve
rbal
inst
ruct
ions
)
TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
-.
,
-T
OO
LS, E
QU
IPM
EN
T, M
AT
ER
IALS
,O
BJE
CT
S A
CT
ED
UP
ON
-P
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
SA
FE
TY
- H
AZ
AR
D
_B
asic
tool
s pl
us[
- P
en, t
echn
ical
Tem
plat
es, e
llips
eB
asic
equ
ipm
ent p
lus
Mac
hine
, dra
fting
Pro
ject
or, o
paqu
eR
egis
ter,
pin
Vis
ualiz
er (
Lace
yLuc
'),
Bas
ic m
ater
ials
plu
sA
ceta
teC
olor
, red
, tra
nspa
rent
(G
rum
bach
er P
aten
t Red
)P
hoto
stat
s/V
elox
/PM
TP
ress
ure
sens
itive
mat
eria
ls (
num
bers
. arr
ows;
etc
)
Pro
ofs,
type
Pun
ch, p
in r
egis
ter
Rub
ylith
/Am
berli
th, e
tc.
.
..
.
Inte
rpre
t blu
e pr
ints
Dis
asse
mbl
e, u
nit
'D
raw
rou
gh s
ketc
hes
and
note
any
par
t to
be a
ccen
tuat
edR
edra
w fr
om tr
acin
g or
ligh
t lin
e to
boa
rdB
a lo
on, c
all-o
ut a
nd/o
r id
entif
y al
l nec
essa
ry c
ompo
nent
sLe
tter
(han
d or
mec
hani
cal)
Pre
pare
for
repr
oduc
tion
DE
CIS
ION
SC
UE
S
.
See
app
endi
x
,
.
ER
RO
RS
Det
erm
ine
pers
pect
ive
poin
t of v
iew
Det
erm
ine
med
ia to
be
used
'
Det
erm
ine
size
and
form
at
,-
s
Aes
thet
ics
Tas
teIn
stru
ctio
nsan
d tim
eE
ase
of 'r
epro
duct
ion
.
.
Poo
r en
d pr
oduc
t
.
SC
IEN
CE
..
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
.
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Prin
cipl
es o
f per
spec
tive
.
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
- fo
r cl
arity
, inc
lude
all
area
sof
spa
tial a
rran
gem
ent.
Nat
ure,
of li
ght (
effe
ct o
f lig
ht -
on e
lem
ents
(va
lues
))C
olor E
ffect
of i
llum
inat
ion
on c
olor
Sur
face
col
or.
Mix
ing
spec
trum
col
ors
Com
plim
enta
ry c
olor
s, s
econ
dary
& te
rtia
ryA
dditi
ve m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
gS
ubtr
activ
e m
etho
ds o
f col
or m
ixin
gIll
usio
n (o
ptic
al)
-`E
ffect
s of
col
or ju
xtap
ositi
onM
ultic
olor
`.o
ptic
al il
lusi
onIll
usio
n in
sha
pe a
nd li
ne-
Illus
ion
in te
xtur
e
Prin
cipl
es o
f mec
hani
cs.
.
.,
Bas
ic a
rithm
etic
Mea
sure
i of l
engt
h'
Rat
io a
nd p
ropo
rtio
nLo
cate
by'
appr
Oxi
mat
ion
ratio
nal n
umbe
rs a
nd in
tege
rs o
nth
e nu
mbe
r lin
e (s
eque
ntia
l ord
erin
g) c
allo
uts
to p
arts
.-
lists
-..:
.,
.,
.
'.
13
Logi
c.
Tra
nsfe
r in
form
atio
n be
twee
n cl
ient
and
art
ist f
or u
se in
the.
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce o
f art
.
-
,
-
2:1
i.
..
,?1,
7777
:
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
PR
EP
AR
E A
PE
RS
PE
CT
IVE
DR
AW
ING
IME
CH
A
TO
OLS
,. E
QU
IPM
EN
T, M
AT
ER
IALS
,O
BJE
CT
S A
CT
ED
UP
ON
ICA
L)
PE
RR
MA
NC
E K
NO
WLE
DG
E
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Pen
, tec
hnic
alB
asic
equ
ipm
ent p
lus
.
Vis
ualiz
er (
Lace
yLuc
')B
asic
mat
eria
ls
Ana
lyze
blu
e pr
ints
Set
up
nece
ssar
y el
emen
ts o
f mec
hani
cal p
ersp
ectiv
e pr
oble
mD
raw
per
spec
tive
in p
enci
l on
layo
ut o
r tr
acin
g pa
per
Tra
ce a
nd fi
nish
com
preh
ensi
ve la
yout
Dra
win
g in
med
ia r
equi
red
Pre
pare
wor
k fo
r re
prod
uctio
n or
mou
ntin
g
' DE
CIS
ION
S
SA
FE
TY
HA
ZA
RD
endi
x
CU
ES
ER
RO
RS
Det
erm
ine
pers
pect
ive
poin
t of v
iew
Det
erm
ine
colo
r sc
hem
e
Det
erm
ine
com
posi
tion
Det
errn
ine
med
ia to
be
used
Tas
te, a
esth
etic
s, in
stru
ctio
nsA
esth
etic
s, ta
ste,
inte
nded
use
, cos
t Of
repr
oduc
tion
end
ease
Cos
t and
tim
e, e
ase
'of r
epro
duct
ion.
inst
ruct
joni
, int
ende
d us
e
Poo
r en
d re
sult
SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Diff
eren
ces
in a
bsor
ptio
n an
d ra
diat
ion
of,-
-e.y
bet
wee
nda
rk r
ough
sur
face
s an
d lig
ht. s
moo
th.'
polis
hac
e:
(in c
olor
(pr
ism
atic
))P
rinci
ples
Of p
ersp
ectiv
e.
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign
- fo
r cl
arity
incl
ude
all
area
s of
spa
tial a
rran
gem
ent
Nat
ure
of li
ght,'
1
Ele
ctro
inag
netic
ape
' ctr
um, g
eom
etric
al o
ptic
s (s
trai
ght l
ine.
refle
ctio
n, r
efra
ctio
n, d
ispe
rsio
n), c
onca
ve a
nd c
onve
x le
ns(d
eter
min
atio
n of
foca
l len
gth,
,rna
gnifi
catio
n). c
amer
a &
and
othe
r op
tical
inst
rum
ents
Col
or Effe
ct o
f illu
min
atio
n on
col
or, s
urfa
ce c
olor
, mix
ing
- sp
ectr
um c
olor
s, c
ompl
imen
tary
col
ors'
(se
cond
ary
&te
rtia
ry),
add
itive
met
hods
of c
olor
mix
ing,
sub
trac
tive
'
met
hods
of c
olor
mix
ing
illus
ion
(opt
ical
).
Effe
cts
of c
olor
juxt
apos
ition
, mus
t: -c
olor
opt
ical
illu
sion
..
illus
ion
in s
hape
and
line
, illu
sion
in_t
extu
re
Bai
ic a
rithm
etic
Mea
sure
s of
leng
th
14
Logi
c°
Tec
hnic
al T
erm
inol
ogy
Tra
nsfe
r in
forr
r6tio
n be
twee
n ar
tist a
nd c
lient
O
2.4
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
PR
EP
AR
E A
SC
HE
MA
TIC
/AN
D C
HA
RT
S &
DIA
GR
AM
SI-
TO
OLS
, EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
T E
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
NP
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
SA
FE
TY
- H
AZ
AR
D
Bas
ic to
ols
plus
Tem
plat
es, s
ymbo
lS
Wee
ps a
nd e
llips
e gu
ides
Bas
ic e
quip
men
t plu
sM
achi
ne, d
rafti
ngP
roje
ctor
, opa
que
Reg
iste
r, p
inV
isua
lizer
(La
ceyL
ucii
Bas
ic m
ater
ials
plu
sP
ress
ure
sens
itive
mat
eria
ls (
colo
rs, s
cree
ns, s
hadi
ng s
heet
s,sy
mbo
ls
Ana
lyze
. prin
ts, s
ketc
hes
and
writ
ten
info
rmai
icin
to b
e us
edS
et u
p lin
es a
nd/o
r di
agra
m o
r gr
aph
desi
gn to
be
used
inro
ugh
Sel
ect s
ymbo
ls a
nd s
igns
and
rou
gh in
Tra
ce d
raw
ing
on b
oard
DO
mec
hani
cal o
r ha
nd le
tterin
gP
repa
re fo
r re
prod
uctio
n
DE
CIS
ION
St'
CU
ES
See
app
endi
x
ER
RO
RS
Det
erm
ine
boar
d co
mpo
sitio
nD
eter
min
e le
tter
styl
e`"
Det
erm
ine
size
for
redu
ctio
n
Aes
thet
ics,
tast
e, in
stru
ctio
ns, a
udie
nce,
inte
nded
use
Spe
lling
err
ors
Mis
inte
rpre
ted
sign
s or
sym
bols
Det
ails
(T
ech)
" om
issi
on
SC
IEN
CE
S'e
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
NS
Prin
Cip
les
of d
esig
n -
for
clar
ity in
clud
e al
l are
as o
f spa
tial
arra
ngem
ent
Bas
ic a
rithm
etic
Bas
ic m
ath
Mea
sure
s of
leng
thM
easu
res
of w
eigh
tM
easu
res
of te
mpe
ratu
reLi
quid
and
dry
mea
sure
sR
atio
and
pro
port
ion
Dev
elop
men
t of g
raph
s co
mpa
ring
two
com
plim
enta
ry s
ets
,of
figu
res
Giv
en a
cod
ing
syst
em, r
ecog
nize
and
iden
tify
each
uni
tin
volik
id b
y as
sign
ing
nece
ssar
y sy
mbo
ls, n
ur...
rical
or
liter
al
15
App
rbpr
iate
dic
tion,
den
otat
ive-
conn
otat
ive
vvor
di, c
larit
yof
'exp
ress
ion,
voc
abul
tiry,
usa
ge, s
pelli
ng, d
etai
ls a
ndin
fere
nce,
logi
c, e
mot
iona
l app
eals
(pr
opag
anda
'dev
ices
)T
echn
ical
term
inol
ogy
Tra
nsfe
r in
form
atio
n be
twes
n cl
ient
and
art
ist f
or u
se in
the
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce o
f art
cI
25
(TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
FIT
CO
PY
!T
OO
LS, E
QU
IPM
EN
T, M
AT
ER
IALS
,O
BJE
CT
S A
CT
ED
UP
ON
PE
RF
OR
MA
NC
E :K
NO
WLE
DG
ES
AF
ET
Y -
HA
ZA
RD
Bai
ic to
ols
plus
Boo
k, ty
pe s
peci
men
Cop
lr. ty
pew
ritte
nG
auge
, lin
eR
ule,
_pic
aS
cale
, pro
port
iona
l (sl
ide
rule
)
Ana
lyze
cop
y pr
epar
atio
n fo
r co
mpl
eten
ess
Mea
sure
cop
y ar
ea a
s sh
own
on la
yout
Mak
e lin
e by
line
cha
ract
er c
ount
Sel
ect t
ype
styl
e, s
ize'
and
lead
ing
Det
erm
ine
char
acte
rs p
er p
ica
Det
erm
ine
if th
e ty
pe w
ill fi
t the
spa
ce a
llotm
ent
Rec
alcu
late
, if n
eces
sary
Rec
heck
, it n
eces
sary
for
accu
racy
DE
CIS
ION
SC
hoos
e ty
pe o
f com
posi
tion
met
hod
Cho
ose
typo
grap
hic
supp
lier
Dec
ide
suita
bilit
y or
type
sty
le, s
ize
and
lead
ing
Dec
ide
to r
epea
t ope
ratio
ns, i
f req
uire
d
See
app
endi
x
CU
ES
ER
RO
RS
SC
IEN
CE
Aes
thet
ics,
tim
e an
d co
st, i
nIci
nded
use
Pas
t per
form
ance
of s
t.ppl
ier,
sup
plie
r'sre
puta
tion
in th
e in
dust
ry
Mat
hem
atic
al e
rror
sM
isre
adin
g ch
arts
Fai
lure
to r
eche
ck c
alcu
latio
nsF
ailu
re o
f cop
y to
I it
requ
ired
area
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
-C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
ION
S
Prin
cipl
es o
f des
ign,
for
clar
ity, i
nclu
de a
ll ar
eas
of s
patia
lar
rang
emen
tC
opy
bloc
k va
lue
basi
c ar
ithm
etic
-R
atio
and
pro
port
ion
Rea
d an
d in
terp
ret t
able
s, c
hart
s, a
nd/o
r gr
aphs
Giv
en a
cod
ing
syst
em, r
ecog
nize
and
iden
tify
each
uni
tin
volv
ed b
y as
sign
ing
nece
ssar
y sy
mbo
ls, n
umer
ical
or
liter
al
16
App
roP
r la
te d
ictio
n, d
enot
atio
n/co
nnot
atio
n, c
larit
y of
exp
ress
ion
voca
bula
ry, u
sage
, spe
lling
, det
ails
.and
infe
renc
e, lo
gic,
emot
iona
l app
eals
(pr
opag
anda
dev
ices
)R
ecom
men
datio
n re
port
oral
and
writ
ten
Phy
sica
l exp
erim
enta
tion
repo
rtor
al a
nd w
ritte
n**
'Pro
gres
s re
port
oral
and
wr
itten
Def
initi
onor
al a
nd w
ritte
nC
lass
ifica
tion
Tec
hnic
al te
rmin
olog
yR
eadi
ng c
ompr
ehen
sion
Rea
ding
spe
edT
rans
fer
info
rmat
ion
betw
een
clie
nt a
nd a
rtis
t for
use
inth
e"--
---
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce o
f art
2.6
,TA
SK
ST
AT
EM
EN
T)
MA
RK
CO
PY
'.
TO
OLS
, EQ
UIP
ME
NT
, MA
TE
RIA
LS,
OB
JEC
TS
AC
TE
D U
PO
NP
ER
FO
RM
AN
CE
KN
OW
LED
GE
.
SA
FE
TY
- H
AZ
AR
D
Bas
k to
ols
.B
ook,
type
spe
cim
enC
opy,
type
writ
ten
Pen
cils
, col
ored
Ace
tate
gre
ase
penc
il or
chi
na m
arke
r
.,
Typ
e co
mpo
sitio
n m
etho
dsM
arki
ng p
roce
dure
s in
gen
eral
and
for
spec
ific
supp
lier
DE
CIS
ION
S.
CU
ES
See
app
endi
x
.t'
\.,
1E
RR
OR
S
Cho
ose
typo
grap
hic
supp
lier
Cho
ose
type
com
posi
tion
met
hod
Cho
ose
up-t
o-da
te ty
pogr
aphy
boo
ks fo
rla
test
font
s in
col
d or
hot
type
Pas
t per
form
ance
of s
uppl
ies,
sup
plie
r'sre
puta
tion
in in
dust
ry, c
ost a
nd ti
me
cons
ider
atio
n
..
Inco
mpl
ete
mar
king
Illeg
ibili
ty o
f mar
king
Fai
lure
to fo
llow
pro
cedu
re.
.
1de
nota
tive
- co
nnot
ativ
e w
ords
,vo
cabu
lary
, usa
ge, s
pelli
ng,
logi
c, e
mot
iona
l app
eals
(pr
opag
a
- or
al a
nd w
ritte
n-
oral
and
writ
ten
repo
rt -
ora
l and
writ
ten
writ
ten
and
writ
ten
- or
al a
nd w
ritte
nw
ritte
n
betw
een
clie
nt a
nd a
rtis
t for
use
in th
eof
art
.,4
.
.
1.A
.ML
-,
. SC
IEN
CE
MA
TH
- N
UM
BE
R S
YS
TE
MS
.C
OM
MU
NIC
AT
IOW
IS
App
ropr
iate
dic
tion,
clar
ity o
f exp
ress
ion,
deta
ils a
nd in
fere
nce,
devi
ces)
Rec
omm
enda
tion
repo
rtP
roce
ss r
epor
t or
inst
ruct
ion
Phy
sica
l exp
erim
enta
tion
Pro
posa
l - c
ral a
ndP
rogr
ess
repo
rt -
ora
lD
escr
iptio
n of
mec
hani
smD
efin
ition
- o
ral a
ndC
lass
ifica
tion
Tec
hnic
& te
rmin
olog
yR
eadi
ng c
ompr
ehen
sion
Rea
ding
spe
edT
rans
fer
info
rmat
ion
crea
tion
of a
pie
ce
.-
Rea
d an
d in
terp
ret c
hart
s, ta
bles
and
/or
grap
hsG
iven
a c
odin
g sy
stem
, rec
ogni
ze a
nd id
entif
y ea
ch u
nit
invo
lved
by
assi
gnin
g ne
cess
ary
sym
bols
, num
eric
al o
rlit
eral
.
17
--
TO
OLS
AN
D E
QU
IPM
EN
T
NO
TE
: The
bas
ic m
ater
ial,
equi
pmen
t and
tool
lists
are
mea
nt to
incl
ude
all t
hing
s th
at w
eco
nsid
er m
ost b
asic
to a
ll
or m
ost t
asks
.
Too
ls, e
quip
men
t and
mat
eria
lsT
ools
less
than
$50
.00
valu
eE
quip
men
tm
ore
than
$50
.00
valu
eM
ater
ials
expe
ndab
le s
uppl
ies
Bas
ic It
ems
(con
side
red
to b
e co
mm
only
ava
ilabl
e an
dT
ools
Bru
shes
, poi
nted
Hol
der,
pen
Pen
sIn
stru
men
t, dr
aftin
g se
t, in
clud
ing
rulin
g pe
nT
riang
le, 3
0-60
-90
Tria
ngle
, 45-
45-9
0K
nife
, X-A
cto,
mat
Fre
nch
curv
e
Equ
ipm
ent
Tab
le, d
raw
ing
Tab
oret
Ligh
t, de
sk (
optio
nal)
Dra
fting
(ar
m)
mac
hine
Mat
eria
lsIn
k, b
lack
Indi
aP
aper
, bon
d, n
ewsp
rint
Pap
er, g
raph
iteP
aper
, tra
cing
Pen
cils
, gra
phite
dra
fting
, car
bon
Era
ser,
pea
rl, k
nead
able
, soa
pA
ceta
te, c
lear
and
col
ored
San
d pa
per
may
not
be
spec
ifica
llyite
miz
ed.)
Sca
le, f
ract
ion
Sca
le. d
ecim
al (
engi
neer
, tria
ngul
ar)
Sci
ssor
sS
harp
enin
g st
one
T-s
quar
e, s
trai
ght e
dge
Pen
cil p
o:nt
erC
an, r
ubbe
r ce
men
t with
bru
sh a
nd th
inne
rW
ater
jars
a tte
r, p
aper
Tab
le, l
ight
Illum
inat
ion,
ade
quat
e ro
omF
iling
cab
inet
Tap
e, s
cotc
h m
aski
ngT
ape,
sco
tch
mag
icW
hite
opa
que
wat
erco
lor
Boa
rd, i
llust
ratio
nB
oard
, bris
tOI
Boa
rd, R
oss
Fix
atif
Pas
tels 18
28
APPENDIX
SafetyFluids
'1. Eye or skin irritants2. Toxic
a. interridl asfluid - or skin penetrativeb. external as gaS or vapor
Pointed or sharp instrumentsPaper cutterPens, compass, knives, etc.
Electrical or heatedShock or burnExplosive when introduced to gas or vaporFire
19
