Upload
others
View
7
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Shrimp Hatchery Production
BACK TO BASICS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Background 3
• Shrimp Hatchery Industry Overview 6
• Confirmation of disease 14
• MHF Strategy: Producing Healthy Post-Larvae under EMS/Vibrio sp. conditions
“Back to Basics” strategy 17
• End 40
2
BACKGROUND
4
Top 5 shrimp production
countries in the world
Shrimp production
started around 1969 with the
first wild larvae stocked grow
out ponds until today stocking with hatchery
producerd post larvae
Had its share of challenges followed being
their major challenge disease.
Sindrome de la giaviota, IHHN, TSV, WSSV.
In 1999, the white spot disease
devastated the industry,
reducing it by 70%.
Many hatcheries
closed and the ones that
remained open reduced costs
to the minimum.
Sacrificing high qualified
technical staff.
Production has increased
~100% in the last 5 years,
from ~200,000 MT to
~400,000 MT
This growth means there has been a
large increase in Post-Larvae production in the last years
Hatchery infrastructure
did not increase as
much, higher stocking density in
maturation, as well as in larval rearing tanks.
Algae culture tanks being deficient in
volume.
Broodstockprogrammeswere added
The hatchery industry is
based approximately
on 16 maturation
departments that supply 129 larval rearing companies
5
SHRIMP HATCHERY INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
SIZE AND GROWTH• Total post-larva production is approximately 80 billion per year (increased from 50
billion)
• Growth has been driven by high demand thanks to good shrimp prices
• Disease is the biggest concern
• 16-20 maturations that supply 129 larval rearing companies that are registered
(some informal companies).
CHARACTERISTICS• Most maturation departments that supply naupli to the larval rearing are in
Santa Elena.
• Maturation daily mortality is around 4%-6% daily. Industry standard is
maximum 1% daily.
• Larval rearing departments are experimenting unusual mortalities,
thought to be Vibrio
• Raceways are also experimenting unusual mortalities,
thought to be vibrio.
• Larval numbers: estimate
• Exported pounds: Source: CNA
7 Number of Hatcheries unchanged
Hatchery Overview
YEAR EXPORTED POUNDS LARVAL PRODUCTION
2013 474,236,376 26,402,018,467
2014 611,048,021 37,301,044,805
2015 720,308,833 40,000,000,000
2016 799,854,741 70,000,000,000
2017 ~890,000,000 80,000,000,000
Skretting Ecuador Market Survey
• Historical information on survival in Hatcheries
• Diagnostic analysis health, comprising: pathology, microbiology and
PCR
• Meeting with the owners/managers of laboratories that participated in
this study
• Action plan to continue with monitoring the health situation
• Survival 60-70% 0-40%
• Disinfection & water improvements increased survival
• Often low lipid levels were observed
• Many different probiotics used but no check on efficacy
• Lack of monitoring & data storage (water quality, microbiology etc)
Higher Demand
• Increased # cycles
• Increased stocking densities 150 >300/lt
• Insufficient algae production buy in (transfer & quality risk)
• Lack of disinfection
• Lack of time & quality control
• UpScaling more larval tanks water/algae shortages
Ecuador & Shrimp: Mitigating Factors
• World class farming, Processing, distribution & promotion: Investment
• But; Hatcheries have been largely forgotten
Lack of Investment
Lack of Maintenance
Lack of Focus
People
11
• Expert education available & Aquaculture Universities
• International collaboration
Grow out farms
Different countries
Feed companies
Technology supply
Technician managers
Problem Summary
12
• Hatcheries are the heart of the industry
• Production increase increased demand
• Lack of investment & focus
• Increased failings in production
• Time for change in Production standards
• Time for change in how we measure success• Switch from average % Survival
• Tank success rate (# tanks dumped)
• Prices increased opportunities for investment
• Larval rearing departments loose all their larvae due to high and rapid mortality in the larval tanks
• Larvae appear healthy and from morning to afternoon stop eating, and die. Turning white in color
Symptoms
• Hatcheries that have implemented biosecurity improvements are seeing improved outputs & stability
Corrective action
• Presumably Vibrio
• Medium to high levels found in our surveyCausative agent
• Prevention
• Improve biosecurity & husbandry
• Make sure broodstock and nauplii are free of Vibrio
• Optimize algal quality & quantity
• Reduce organic loads in the system
Cure
8
Is the problem a disease?
CONFIRMATION OF DISEASE?
1. Confirmation of the disease must be done
2. This can only be done by PCR analysis of
EMS/AHNDS
3. Broodstock in maturation need to be analyzed
4. Faeces from broodstock in maturation
5. Nauplii produced from those maturations
6. Post-larva produced from hatcheries with same
nauplii source
NOTE: Samples must be targeted to sick and weak
animals
Songkhla Trad Rayong
Broodstock feces 2/5 8/15 14/24 24/44 (55)
Nauplii 1/1 0/5 3/8 4/14 (29)
Polychaetes 1/2 2/3 2/3 5/7 (71)
Squid 1/1 0/3 3/5 4/9 (44)
Artemia 1/1 - 0/1 1/2 (50)
Oysters 0/1 - 0/2 0/3 (0)
Clams 1/1 1/1 - 2/2 (100)
Aceted - - 0/2 0/2 (0)
Blood worms - - 0/2 0/2 (0)
Province (Positive/Total Tested)
SOURCES TOTALS (%)
RESULTS FROM APHNDS DETECTION
HIGH BIOSECURITY RISK Source: Tim Flegel Progress in EMS/AHPND 2015
10
Example: Thailand
MHF PRODUCT STRATEGY
Producing Healthy Post-Larvae under Vibrio
sp. conditions
“Back to Basics” Best Practice Strategy
Ch
eck infr
astr
uctu
re
Do you use a quarantine before broodstock introduction into maturation?
Are the feeds you are using clean of disease?
Do you have enough algae tanks?
Do you have good quality algae?
Do you have enough technical staff to larvae produced the number of post-larvae wanted?
Do you disinfect your intake water?
Check p
ara
mete
rs
Check p
roto
cols
HOW TO GET HEALTHY POST-LARVA?
Parameters Optimal Range
Temp 28-32
Sal 30-35
PH 7.5-8.5
DO >5mg/l
Ammonia <1mg/l
Nitrite <0.5mg/l
Ca >400 mg/l
Mg >1,300mg/l
Alkalinity 150-200 mg/l
T.Bact. Count <10exp3
CFU/ml
Vibrio Count <10exp2
CFU/ml
Algae feeding
Make sure that the number of cell are the correct ones for each stage. Feed algae until harvest.
Artificial feeding
Make sure you are using the correct amount of high quality feed. It is no time to compromise.
Water exchange
Make sure you are doing enough water exchange to maintain healthy optimal water parameters.
Artemia
feeding
Are you disinfecting your Artemia?
13
brood egglarval
rearingnursery
ALGAE
scale-up
masters
culture
lights
air temp/
ventilationWeaning
diet
LARVAL REARING PROCESSROTIFERS
(cold storage)
culture
scale-up
enrichment
UV
water in
Recirculation
system
water out
2°filtrationtemp, sal, pH,
gas sat.
ammonia, DO
Product: Quality Animal1. >60% survival
2. High quality
a. Deformity
b. Size variation
c. Pigmentation
d. Activity level
e. Parasite/disease free
ARTEMIA
(cold storage)
hatch
decaps
enrichment
Biosecurity
• Series of management practices
• Prevent introduction
• Keep disease agents out of animal populations where they are not present
• Prevent further spread
• From infected to uninfected groups
• By animals, personnel, equipment
• To other animals, premises, responders
© Stephen Newman; Aquaintech
BIOSECURITY
Basic Measures
22
Modern Buildings
• Clean
• Easy to clean & disinfect
• Zonal barriers
23
BROODSTOCK QUARANTINE
24
BROODSTOCK POND or SPF QUARANTINE MATURATION
HEALTHY?
CH
EC
K: P
CR
H
E
A
L
T
H
Y
✓
All Pathogen Exposed
Broodstock Feeding
26
• Type, amount & frequency
• Use high quality maturation diets
• Reduce mortality and vibrio loads
• Local Artemia biomass
Water disinfection & management
27
RESERVOIRS CHLORINATION
Determine amount of chlorine by using TCBS plating to determine amount.
DECHLORINATION
Make sure chlorine lecture is zero. If not neutralize with Vit. C
OZONE/UV
Apply necessary amount, calculate by plating TCBS to determine amount.
UV Disinfection
28
• Lamp Temperature
• Water clarity
• Contact time
ALGAE
29
CLEAN ALGAE
CLEAN FEEDING SYSTEM
ENOUGH ALGAE
Algae procedures - Upscaling
30
• First feeding and gut colonisation Quality
• Air/Water treatment
• Laminar flow/Aseptic upscaling
• Masters/Agar slants maintenance
• Nutrients
Dr. J Rowe University of California, Irvine. Photo credit/copyright: Steven Goins
Algae Mass production: Control Quality
31
• Correct cell counts
• Quality assessment
• Correct feeding to shrimp tanks
Source: Vannamei 101
Artemia
32
• Vibrio bomb
• Source?
• Variation
Feeding Precision Feeding
33
• Correct feeding
• Know animal numbers
• Measure residuals
All Feeds Are Not Created Equal
34
Brand #1
Brand #2
Brand #3
35
Feeding TrialsStage Cocktail PL Tanks (MT) replicates
I Z1 -> Z3 1 PL#0 21 3M1 -> PL2 2 PL#1
II PL2 -> PL3 3 PL#2 55 3PL4 -> PL6 4 PL#3PL7 -> PL8 5 PL#3
III PL9 -> PL10 6 PL#3 30 4PL11 -> PL13 7 PL#4PL14 -> PL17 8 PL#4
Survival (%) Stage I 70 81 ± 4Stage II 91 ± 6 93 ± 6Stage III 98 ± 2 100
Total 62.4 75.3
Feed intake (kg) Stage I 0.6 0.6Stage II 10.4 ± 0.9 8.4 ± 1.5Stage III 11.1 ± 1.9 10.7 ± 0.6
Total 22.1 19.7
Size (mm) Stage IStage II 7.1 ± 0.5 6.9 ± 0.1
Stage III 11.4 ± 0.9 11.0 ± 0.6
36
Quality control Cocktail PL
Survival (%) 62.4 75.3
Feed intake (kg) 22.1 19.7
Size (mm) 11.4 ± 0.9 11.0 ± 0.6
Haepatopancreas
Digestive tract
Brown with lipid globules Green with lipid globules
Thicker
More lipid globules
37
Water quality Cocktail PL
Survival (%) 62.4 75.3
Feed intake (kg) 22.1 19.7
Size (mm) 11.4 ± 0.9 11.0 ± 0.6
Less foam &
organic load
38
Water quality
Robins Macintosh: GOAL 2015
39
“The discovery that EMS grows on shrimp feed, on waste and on molts led
to the realization that it could be treated, not by excluding it, but by limiting
its growth by installing “shrimp toilets”, deep sumps in the center of the
pond to collect and trap settled wastes that can be pumped away. “When
you do that it’s like a miracle. The shrimp stop dying,” McIntosh said. “You
have to keep the bottom clean.”
By comparison, McIntosh added, EHP requires clean, specially disinfected
hatcheries, clean ponds and clean broodstock. “This is not easy on a large
scale,” McIntosh said.
Clean
PL
Check parameters
Check protocols
Check infrastructure
C + C + C = CLEAN Post Larvae
43
“La acuicultura ofrece una solución cada vez más
atractiva para satisfacer las necesidades de alimentos. Ya
que es el sector de más rápido crecimiento en el área de
la producción de alimentos de origen animal, y su
potencial para una mayor expansión es muy grande. Yo
no pido que cambien de dirección, sino que aceleren los
avances”
In a world with limited natural
resources and a growing
population, there is a rising
demand for high quality meat,
fish and shrimp. We will be the
global leader in providing
innovative and sustainable
nutritional solutions that best
support the performance of
animals, fish and shrimp.
Our mission Our vision Our values
THANK YOU
45