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6/11/2009
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Marine Tech 2009 - 2011
SHIP OPERATIONS
Lean Institute - ODU 1
Marine Tech 2009 - 2011
This module is intended to introduce participants
Module Description and Goals
Lean Institute - ODU
This module is intended to introduce participants to basic concepts in ship loading operations and ship stability.
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CONTENTS• Types of Ships 5 min• Ship Organization 5 min• Cargo Operations 40 min• Hands-on Activity 1 25 min
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y• Hands-on Activity 2 30 min• Ship Motions 10 min• Ship Stability 20 min• Hands-on Activity 3 10 min• Hands-on Activity 4 25 min• Hands-on Activity 5 10 min
Total 3 hrs 3
Marine Tech 2009 - 2011
• Drill Ship: Vessels carrying out drilling operations, equipped with drilling rig and its own propulsion visual.merriam-webster.com/.../drill-ship.php
Types of Ships
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machinery
• Bulk Carrier: Single deck vessel carrying homogeneous unpacked cargoes
p p p
www.ships-info.info/label-bulk-carriers.htm
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Types of Ships• Container Vessel: Ship
specially designed to carry standard containers
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• Float-On/Float-Off: Special Vessels which may be submerged to allow the floating on or off of cargo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_ship
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Float_on_Floa...5
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Types of Ships
• Barge: A flat bottomed boat used for transport of heavy goods.
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• Tug Boats: Boat used to maneuver, primarily by towing or pushing other vessels. Tugboats are also used to tow barges
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thames_gravel_barge.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North-shore-tugboats.jpg6
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Find the type of ship
Transport heavy goods
Carry unpacked cargoes
Barge
Bulk carrier
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Carry unpacked cargoes
Carry standard containers
Carry out drilling operations
Used for towing barges
Container Vessel
Drill ship
Tug Boats
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SHIP ORGANIZATION The captain/Master is the highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ships owner
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Captain/Master
Deck Department
Engine Department
Steward Department
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The department is responsible for ship’s overall
Deck Department:SHIP ORGANIZATION
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ship s overall appearance, preservation and for safely receiving, discharging and caring of cargo during a voyage.
9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_officer
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Deck Department Personnel
Chief Mate
Second Mate
Cargo Operations and StabilityIn charge of
DutiesSHIP ORGANIZATION
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Third Mate
Boatswain
Able Seamen
Ordinary seamen
navigationSafety Officer
Deck duties
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The department responsible for getting the ship to and f h d
Engineering Department:
SHIP ORGANIZATION
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from anywhere and responsible for all the equipment used throughout the ship
www.sailorsmaritimeacademy.com 11
www.maritime-connector.com/ContentDetails/168
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Engine Department Personnel
Second Engineer
Chief Engineer Oversee Engine Department and maintenance of equipment
In charge Refrigeration systems main engines
DutiesSHIP ORGANIZATION
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Third Engineer
Fourth Engineer
Oiler
Pump man
Ordinary seamen
In charge of boilers ,feed pumps and fuel condensers
Responsible for electrical, sewage treatment
Operation of liquid cargo transfer system
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The department responsible for
Steward Department:
SHIP ORGANIZATION
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responsible for maintaining the ship’s store , providing repair parts, laundry services and also feeding the people
13http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward's_Department
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Steward Department Personnel
Chief Steward
Duties
SHIP ORGANIZATION
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Chief Cook
Steward’s Assistant
Preparing and serving meals and keeping inventory
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SHIP ORGANIZATION
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Marine Tech 2009 - 2011
• In charge of everything aboard shipMaster
SHIP ORGANIZATION
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• Maintenance of ship and stowage of cargoChief Mate
• In charge of machinery aboard shipChief Engineer
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Cargo Operations
• Stowage of Cargo
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Stowage of Cargo
• Loading / Unloading Cargo
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Cargo OperationsGoods carried by a shipare known as cargo
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Stowage:Stowage is the amount of room for storing cargo on board a ship
18freport.wa.gov.au
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Types of Cargo
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Bulk Cargo
Container Cargo19www.etftrends.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo
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The Twenty Foot Equivalent or TEU represents the cargo
Units of Cargo Capacity
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capacity of a standard shipping container 20 foot long and 8 foot wide
A 40-foot long container equals 2 TEU.Carrying Capacity – 24 tons
20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit
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Principles of Stowage
The fundamental objectives of cargo stowage are:- To protect the ship
T t t th
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- To protect the cargo- To obtain the maximum use of available cubic of ship- To provide for rapid and systematic loading and discharging
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Stowage of CargoCargo is stowed in holds and tanks of the ships
Lean Institute - ODUwww.hesnes.no/company/saga/cargo.jsp?id=23 22
Cargo holds
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Ships designed for carrying large amounts of cargo must take on ballast water for proper stability.
Loading/Unloading Cargo
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Loading/Unloading CargoBallast would be discarded when the cargo is loaded.
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deck
Ballast Tanks
Water level Water
level
earthsys.ag.ohio-state.edu
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Loading/Unloading Cargo
• Cargo In -1
• Ballast water Out2
1
2
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At source port
At destination port
• Ballast water Out -
• Ballast Water In -
• Cargo out -34
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3
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Loading Cargo
There are three basic methods of arranging
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methods of arranging items in cargo hold:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_loading 26
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Loading Cargo1. Horizontally:
When a single item or class of items is to be t d i l th t fill
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stored in a layer that fills from side to side and front to rear.
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Loading Cargo2. Vertically:
Items are stored in columns that go from top of the hold on
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down so that several types of items are available during any stage of emptying hold
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Loading Cargo
3. In Blocks: Assortments of
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Assortments of various types of items are made up and loaded together.
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Loading CargoHANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 1
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Stowage of Cargo
Volume
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Given a certain amount of cargo what is the amount of space that will be consumed in stowing it?
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Stowage of Cargo
Weight
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Given certain volume of space what is the number of tons, units or pieces that will go into the space?
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A value that is used to answer the above two
Stowage of Cargo
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questions:
Stowage Factor
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Stowage of Cargo
Stowage Factor:
Th t f t i d fi d th b f bi f t
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The stowage factor is defined as the number of cubic feet required to stow 1 ton of a given cargo.
f = 2,240/D cu ft/ton= 2,240 x V/W cu ft/ton
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Where,f = Stowage factor
Stowage of Cargo
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D = Density of the commodity in pounds per cubic foot
2,240 = The number of pounds in 1 long ton V = Volume of the containerW = Weight of container in pounds
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Stowage of Cargo
A cargo consisting of cases weighing 400 pounds and measuring 2 5 feet x 1 feet x 1 feet to be stowed Find
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measuring 2.5 feet x 1 feet x 1 feet to be stowed. Find stowage factor(f)?
f = 2240 *V/WV = 2.5 x 1 x 1= 2.5 cu ftW = 400 pounds
f = 2240 x 2.5/400f = 14 cu ft/ton
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Broken Stowage:The cargo space which is unavoidably lost when stowing cargo due to the type and nature of cargo loaded.
Stowage of Cargo
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Broken Stowage
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V = Volume of cargo holdv = Volume of cargo
t d i V
Stowage of Cargo
Broken
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stowed in V
The percentage of broken stowage =L= (V-v)/V *100
Stowage
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Stowage of Cargo
Given a certain volume of space(V), a cargo with a stowage factor(f) and estimated broken stowage percentage (L) the
Lean Institute - ODU
number of tons(T) of cargo that will fit into space is
T = (V *(1-L)) / f
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The volume of the cargo hold is 60,000 cu ft. Estimated broken stowage is 10 percent and stowage factor is 56. Find the number of tons(T) that can be stowed in the hold?
Stowage of Cargo
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number of tons(T) that can be stowed in the hold?
T = (V *(1-L)) / fT = 60000*0.9/56T = 964 tons
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BREAK
Lean Institute - ODU 435 minutes
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Cargo Loading
Draft: The draft of the ship’s hull is the vertical
Water Line
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ship s hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull
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Cargo Loading
A ship can be fully loaded in three ways:
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1. FULL IN WEIGHT: It can be full in weight when it is at its maximum draft
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Max draft
Draft line Water line
Marine Tech 2009 - 2011
Cargo Loading
2. FULL IN SPACE: It can be full in space when the hold is filled up to the hatch covers
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p
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3. FULL AND DOWN: It is full in weight as well as in space
Cargo Loading
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Max draft
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Cargo LoadingHANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 2
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Cargo Loading
Load the ship to obtain a Full and Down condition and
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pcalculate Broken Stowage.
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Cargo Loading
Step 1: Calculate the volume of the cargo hold (V) :
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Measure the height (h) ,width (w) and depth (d).
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Step 2: Load the ship till the ship is at its maximum draft.
Cargo Loading
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Water line
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Cargo Loading
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Water line
52
Max draft
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Cargo Loading
S 4 C l l f b k
Step 3: Calculate total volume occupied by the cargo(v) :
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Step 4: Calculate percentage of broken stowage :L= (V-v) / V *100
L : The percentage of broken stowageV : Volume of cargo holdv : Volume of cargo stowed in V
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Cargo Loading
Container being loaded on a ship
Types of Cranes Used:
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Gantry cranes are used to move containers to or from the ship.
54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)
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Another type of
Cargo Loading
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ypGantry Crane
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Bulk handling
Cargo Loading
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crane used for lifting bulk cargoes
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Deck cranes are located on ships and boats and
Cargo Loading
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on ships and boats and used for cargo loading and unloading where shore unloading facilities are not available
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Cargo Loading - Video
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• Pitch: Vessel rotates about the transverse (side-to-side) axis.
Ship Motions
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(side to side) axis.
• Roll: Vessel rotates about longitudinal (front/back) axis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions59
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Ship Motions
• Yaw: Vessel rotates about vertical ( /d ) i
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(up/down) axis.
• Surge: Linear longitudinal (front/back) motion.
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Ship Motions
• Heave : Linear vertical (up/down)
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motion.
• Sway: Linear lateral (side-to-side) motion.
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Find the type of Motion
Linear longitudinal motionMotion along longitudinal axis Roll
Surge
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Motion along longitudinal axis Motion along transverse axis Linear vertical motion.
Roll
HeavePitch
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Ship Stability
• The stability of a vessel refers to its ability to stay upright in the water.
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• The main consideration is the correct distribution of cargo weight.
celebrating200years.noaa.gov/.../cargo-ship.html 63
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If too much weight is in the upper decks of ship, the ship will have small amount of stability and be in a condition known as
Ship Stability
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tender.
If too much weight is concentrated on lower holds the ship will have excess of stability and be in a condition known as stiff.
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• Hogging – too much weight at the endsShip Stability
Fore Aft
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• Sagging – too much weight amidships
AftFore
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While stowing the cargo, the only necessity is to ensure that the weight is equal on both
Ship Stability
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g qsides of the ship’s centerline
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Ship Stability
The initial stability of a ship refers to the relationship M
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between three important points on it.
The Center of Gravity (G)The Center of Buoyancy (B)The Metacenter (M)
G
B
Cross sectional view of ship67
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Center of Gravity
The center of gravity (G) i th i t t
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(G) is the point at which the whole weight of the vessel can be said to act vertically downward.
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G
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Center of Gravity
As a general rule a
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glower center of gravity means a more stable vessel
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Center of Buoyancy
A body submerged wholly or partially in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the
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weight of the fluid displaced.
Center of buoyancy(B) is the center of gravity of the volume of water the hull displaces.
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HANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 3
Find Center of Gravity and Center of Buoyancy
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Metacenter
Metacenter is the intersection between the line through the
Line through BWhen ship is in
equilibrium Line through BWhen ship is
inclined
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center of buoyancy of a hull in equilibrium, the line through the center of buoyancy when the hull is inclined slightly
GM
B
M
G
B
72
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height
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Metacentric Height “GM”
Metacentric Height
GM
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Metacentric Height (GM) is the distance between the metacenter and the center of gravity of the vessel.
GM
B
MG
B
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Adding or shifting weights vertically causes center of gravity
Metacentric Height “GM”
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to move in the same direction.
If center of gravity is too high the ship becomes unstable.
www.caradvice.com.au/date/2006/07
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Metacentric Height “GM”
M
If Meta center(M) is above the Center of G it (CG) th hi i
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G
Gravity(CG) the ship is stable. Will tend to upright itself when tilted by a wave.
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Metacentric Height “GM”
GIf Meta center(M) is below the Center of
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M
below the Center of Gravity(CG) the ship is unstable. Will not upright itself if tilted by a wave.
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Metacentric HeightHANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 4
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Metacentric Height “GM”
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The weights (w) are shifted from center through a distance of d cm
Model used for metacentric height calculation
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Metacentric Height “GM”
Shift in Center ofGravity = GG1= (w*d)/W
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G = Original center of gravityG1= New center of gravityd = distance moved in cm W = weight of ship w = weight of washers
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wd
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Metacentric Height “GM”
AB
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Metacentric Height (GM) = GG1* BC/AB
80
BC
Plumb Weight
Plumb Line
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Free Surface Effect
Free surface effect is
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one of the several mechanisms where a ship can become unstable and roll-over (capsize).
81http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/Tp/tp10038/27-stab-free-surface-effect.htm
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It refers to the tendency of liquids and of small objects which can act as liquid and can shift inside cargo holds.
Free Surface Effect
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Free Surface Effect
When a vessel with full tank heels over, the contents of the tank do not
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contents of the tank do not shift.
The tank's centre of gravity does not change, so it does not affect the vessel's stability
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Free Surface Effect
When a vessel with partially filled tank heels over the contents of the
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over, the contents of the tank will shift.
The centre of gravity moves over to the side, making the vessel less stable.
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This effect is similar to that caused by adding weights on
Free Surface Effect
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y g gdeck raising the vessel’s CG which causes a decrease in GM and thereby it’s stability
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Free Surface Effect
How to avoid free surface effect?• Try to have as few partially filled tanks and compartments as
possible.
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p• By dividing a tank into two equal parts with a baffle, the free
surface effect is greatly reduced.
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Free Surface Effect HANDS–ON ACTIVITY - 5
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Review of Topics
• Types of ships based on their application• Different departments in a ship and its organization
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• Cargo loading and unloading operations • Six types of ship motions in response to the sea• Stability of a ship• Calculation of Metacentric height• Free surface effect
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For more information on this modulePlease contact:
Dr. Alok K. Verma, P.E., CmfgERay Ferrari Professor
Lean Institute - ODU 89
ay e a o essoDirector-Lean InstituteOld Dominion University.Phone (757) 683-3766Fax (757) 683-5655Email: [email protected]