SHARED DOCUMENTS Introduction to Networking Fundamentals

5/28/2018 SHARED DOCUMENTS Introduction to Networking Fundamentals

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Chapter 1

Living in a

Network-Centric World



Note for Instructors

These presentations are the result of a collaboration amongthe instructors at St. Clair College in Windsor, Ontario.

Thanks must go out to Rick Graziani of Cabrillo College. Hismaterial and additional information was used as a reference

in their creation. If anyone finds any errors or omissions, please let me know

at:

[email protected].



Communicatingin a

Network-CentricWorld
http://www.thinkgeek.com/



Global Access

The globalization of the Internet has succeeded faster thananyone could have imagined.

The manner in which social, commercial, political andpersonal interactions occur is rapidly changing to keep upwith the evolution of this global network.



NetworksBehind the Scenes

Networks are more than just connecting cables. They are a complex and sophisticated combination of

protocols, softwareand hardware.

Security and Privacy 24 x 7 availability

Quality of Service

Video on Demand

Voice over IP

Redundancy and backup

Mission critical applications and user expectations

Wireless



NetworksThe Early Days

Early communication relied on face-to-face conversations. The telephone was used for voice and the post office

delivered most of the written communications.

Video communication was one-way using the television.



NetworksThe Early Days

Early networks were limited to character based information. Communications between computers was not easy and

required a host (no pun intended) of resources to accomplishthe simplest data transfer.



NetworksToday

Todays networks carry multiple types of information through

many types of devices - SIMULTANEOUSLY.

Voice, Video, Audio, Text, graphics

Silver and DiamondCell Phone $1.3Million

Wind Energy Cell Phone Charger



NetworksTodayA Global Community



Networks Supporting The Way We Live

The Internet has quickly become an integral part of our dailyroutines.

Data networks that were once only used to transportbusiness information are now used to improve our quality oflife no matter where we live.



Networks Supporting The Way We Live

In the course of the day,Internet resources canhelp you.

IM- Instant Messaging:

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) Blogs(Weblogs):

Personal opinions on any conceivable subject.

Podcasting:

Sharing recordings with a wide audience (Apple iPods) Wikis:

A collaboration tool. Gives people the opportunity to worktogether on shared documents.



Networks Supporting The Way We Learn

E-Learning




Online discussions and access to resources.




Tools - Packet Tracer



Networks Supporting The Way We Work

Business networks evolved to enable the transmission ofmany different types of information services, including e-mail,video, messaging, and telephony.

Different companies use different types of networks.


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Networks Supporting The Way We Play

The entertainment and travel industries have made use of theInternet to provide online gaming, music and moviedownloads, online travel bookings, hotel and car reservations

and much, much more.


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Networks Supporting The Way We Play

Some of the most innovative developments in networktechnology have come from the increasing demand forentertainment.


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CommunicationsWhat is it?

Communications can take many forms and occurs in manydifferent environments.

We establish rules, or protocols, for communicating with eachother:

Identify the sender and receiver. Agree on the method.

Common language.

Speed and delivery of the message.

Confirmation that the message was received.

Communications between individuals is successful if themeaning of the received message is the same as themeaning of the message that was sent.


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Communications - Quality

For data networks, we use the same basic criteria to judgesuccessful communication.

However, there are external factorsthat can affect themessage.

The quality of the pathwaybetween the sender and therecipient.

The number of times the message has to change formorbe redirectedor re-addressed.

The number of other messagesbeing transmitted

simultaneously on the communication network. The amount of timeallotted for successful

communication.


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There are also internal factorsthat can affect successfulcommunication.

Message Size

MessageComplexity

MessageImportance


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It is also more difficult to deliver a large, bulky packagesuccessfully and without damage than it is to deliver severalsmaller packages.


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Network As A Platform

All networks have 4basic elements in common:

Rules (protocols) to govern the handling of the message.

Messages that travel from one device to another.

Medium that is used to interconnect devices and cantransport the messages from one device to another.

Devices on the network that exchange messages.


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Messagestake many forms.


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Media on a network can be varied.


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Devices on a networkCommon Symbols


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Rules on a network seem almost endlessbut theyre not.

Other Application Protocols:

DNS, DHCP, FTP

Some Other Protocols:

TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Ethernet, Routing Protocols


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Putting It all Together

1. Converted to Binary.

2. NIC generates signals.

3. Passed among LAN devices.

4. Exit the local area (router).


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The many interconnecteddevices worldwide are often

represented by a cloud.

5. Bits are transmitted todevices that interconnectthe networks.


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6. Passed among localdevices at the destination.

7. The destination device convertsthe bits into human readable form.


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1 2 3 4

5

6 7

At each of these steps, there areprotocols that define the rules for

device communication.


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Putting It All Together

Of course, it always helps to know what youre doing.


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Converged Networks

Traditional telephone, radio, television, and computer datanetworks each have their own individual versions of the fourbasic network elements.


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Converged Networks

Technology advances are enabling us to consolidate thesedisparate networks onto one platform.

A platform defined as a converged network.


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Converged Networks


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The Architecture of the Internet

The term Network Architecture: Technologies that support the infrastructure

Programmed services and protocolsthat move themessages across that infrastructure.

There are 4 basic characteristicsfor networks in general tomeet user expectations:

Fault tolerance

Scalability

Quality of Service (QoS)

Security


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Fault Tolerance


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Fault Tolerance: The Internet, in its early inception, was the result of

research funded by the United States Department ofDefense (DoD).

Fault tolerancewas the focus of the initial internetworkdesign.

Early network researchers looked at the existingcommunication networks, which were primarily for the

transmission of voice traffic, to determine what could bedone to improve the fault tolerance level.


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Circuit SwitchedConnection-Oriented Networks


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Packet SwitchedConnectionless Networks


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Circuit Switched Packet Switched

Connection-oriented Connectionless

Dedicated Circuit Shared Circuit

Guaranteed level of service

(Bandwidth, QoS)Messages divided into packets

Inefficient use of Medium Efficient use of Medium

Single path, no redundancyFault Tolerant, multiple possiblepaths


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Scalability

f


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A good example of scalabilityis the Tier architecture of theInternet.

Tier 2: Pay Tier 1 providers forconnectivity and provide

regional service.

Tier 1: ISPs provide nationaland international connections.(Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, NTT,

cable systems, etc.)

InternetBackbone

Tier 3: Provide service to endusers and are usually connected

through Tier 2 providers.

Th A hit t f th I t t


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Additional providers can be added relatively easily with nodisruption of current services. THAT is scalability!

InternetBackbone



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Security



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Security

Ensure Confidentiality:Strong authentication and

appropriate encryption

Communication Integrity:Digital Signatures, Hashing

Algorithms, Checksum

Ensuring Availability:Combating virus attacks,

Firewalls, RedundantArchitecture

T d i N t ki


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Trends in Networking

Increasing number of mobile users

Proliferation of network capable devices

Expanding range of services

C


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Careers

Information Technology and networking careers are growingand evolving as fast as the underlying technologies andservices. As networks increase in sophistication, thedemand for people with networking skills will continue to

grow.

IT i t th N t k it IS the sers


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IT is not the Network it IS the users.

The IT (InformationTechnology) department is notthe network.

The network is the users and

their: Needs

Expectations

Requirements

Uses

If IT doesnt find a way, the

users will!

A Shift in Attitude


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A Shift in Attitude

Old school IT doesnt workany more.

We dont support MACs.

We cant allow that application

on our network. We cant give them access

on our network.

We have too much to do already.

We dont support that. You dont know about networks, so we cant do that.

That would breach our security

Technical and Soft Skills


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Technical and Soft Skills

Networking professionalsneed more knowledge andskills today than ever before.

Tomorrows IT professionalswill need even more.

Just as important, andsometimes even moreimportant, are the soft skills:

Attitude Enthusiasm

Communications skills

Professionalism and Ethics

Documents

SHARED DOCUMENTS Introduction to Networking Fundamentals