M2 Networking Fundamentals PG

Introduction to Networking and TCP/IP M2_Networking Fundamentals.ppt

1Copyright © 2010 Accenture All Rights Reserved.

Networking

Module 2 : Networking Fundamentals

Copyright © 2009 Accenture All Rights Reserved. Accenture, its logo, and Accenture High Performance Delivered are trademarks of Accenture.

Objectives

At the end of this section, you should be able to understand:understand:

• What is a Network ?

• Different components of Network

• Working of topologies

• Different types of Network

• Working of OSI Model

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o g o OS ode



Contents

• Introduction to Network • Working of NetworkWorking of Network

• Line Configuration

• Topology

• Topology categories

• Transmission Modes

• Categories of Network


g

• OSI Model

Introduction to Network

A Network is• A set of nodes or devices

connected by media links.• A node can be a computer,

printer or any other device which can send and receive data.

• The links connecting the devices or nodes are called


devices or nodes are called communication channels



Working of Network

• Computer networks have unwrapped an entire frontier in theworld of computing called the client/server model.world of computing called the client/server model.


Working of Network (Contd..)

File server

A computer that stores and manages files for multipleA computer that stores and manages files for multiple users on a network.

Web server

A computer dedicated to responding to requests (from the browser client) for web pages.




Line Configuration

• Line configuration is the means by which two or morecommunication devices attach to a link.

Line ConfigurationLine Configuration

Point-to-pointline configuration provides a

In Multipoint lineconfiguration, morethan two specific


provides a dedicated linkbetween two devices

than two specificdevices share asingle link. It is alsoknown as multi drop

Computer Networks

• Computers in network are connected via hardware and

software.

• It physically connects the computers together

• ex: telephone lines, fiber-optic cables, routers, gateways and the computers themselves.

Hardware


• Enables communication and exchange of information by following a set of rules calledprotocols.

Software



Topology

• Topology is the physical or logical organization of links in a network

– i.e. it refers to the way a network is laid out

• Two or more devices connect to a link and then two or more links form a topology.

• It is a geometric representation of the relationship of all the links and linking devices (or nodes) to each other.


Topology Category

Ring

BusMesh


Different Categories of Topology

TreeStar



Mesh Topology

• In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the other deviceto-point link to the other device.

• A fully connected mesh network has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices and (n-1) I/O ports.

• A dedicated link guarantees that each connection can carry its own load, eliminating traffic problems.

• It is a robust topology i.e. failure of one link does not i i h i


incapacitate the entire system

Mesh Topology (Continued)

• Privacy and security is high, as it has dedicated lineas it has dedicated line.

• Fault identification andisolation is easy because of point-to-point links.

• One major drawback is, it requires large number of cable and ports


cable and ports



Star Topology

• Star topology is like a star

• Each device in it has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controllerdevice known as hub

• Hub acts as an exchange

• This topology is easy to install and reconfigure and has a


and reconfigure and has a robust structure

Tree Topology

• A tree topology is a variation of star.

• Nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub that controls the traffic of the network

• They are either directly connected to central hub or the secondary hub


y

• The central hub is an active hub and the secondary hub may be active or passive.



Bus Topology

• A bus topology describes a multipoint configuration• All the devices in a network are linked by one long cable which

acts like a backboneacts like a backbone• Nodes are connected to this by drop lines and taps• Bus topology is easy to install and requires less cabling• Major drawback is that a fault or break in the bus cable stops all

transmissions.


Ring Topology

• In a ring topology, every device is connected by a dedicated point-to-point line configuration.

• Each device is connected to two other devices on either side of it.

• A signal is passed from one device to another along the ring in one direction until it reaches the destination


the destination• It is easy to add/delete a device

as each device is connected to its immediate neighbor

• A break in the ring can disable the entire network



Transmission Mode

• The term transmission mode defines the direction of signal flow between two linked devices.

There are three types of transmission modes• There are three types of transmission modes.

Simplex Mode

• In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional.

• Only one of the two stations on the link can

Half-duplex mode

• In Half-duplex mode, both station can transmit and receive, but not at the same time

Full-duplex mode

• In Full-duplex mode, both stations transmit and receive simultaneously.


the link can transmit and the other can only receive

time.• When one

device is sending, the other can only receive and vice-versa

Network Categories

LAN

Network


WANMAN



Network Categories - LAN

Local Area Network (LAN)

• A LAN is a data communication system within a building or campus or between nearby buildingcampus or between nearby building.

• It is usually privately owned.


Network Categories - WAN

Wide Area Network (WAN)

• A WAN provides transmission of data, voice, image, videoetc over large geographical areas spanning statesetc over large geographical areas spanning states,countries or even the whole world.




Network Categories - MAN

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

• A MAN is a data communication covering in and around small towns to large citiessmall towns to large cities.


Internetworks

R

RRLAN LAN

R

R

RR

R

R R LAN

MANLAN

LAN WAN


• Two or more networks can be connected together, to form an inter-network or internet.

• Individual networks are joined into inter-networks by using internetworking devices like routers and gateways.



OSI Reference Model

• Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) allows diverse systems tocommunicate.

7 Application

• This model provides guidelines indevelopment of universallycompatible architecture, hardwareand software.

• It contains 7 layers• Each layer depends on the

functions of the layer below and

4 Transport

5 Session

6 Presentation

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functions of the layer below andprovides a set of functions to theabove layer

• They communicate with peerlayers sending messages back andforth

23

1 Physical

2 Datalink

3 Network

OSI Model Layers




OSI Model Layers (Contd..)

• The physical layer directs the functions required to send out a bitPhysical Layer functions required to send out a bit stream over a physical medium.

Physical Layer

• The data link layer is accountable for transporting data units from one station to the next without errors

Data Link Layer

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• The network layer is in charge for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across many network links

Network Layer

25


• The transport layer isThe transport layer isresponsible for delivery of theentire message from source todestination.

Transport Layer

Th i l


• The session layer sets up,sustains and synchronizes theinteractions betweencommunicating devices

Session Layer




• The presentation layer guaranteesinteroperability betweeninteroperability betweencommunication devices by conversionof data into a mutually agreed uponformat.

• It is also responsible for dataformatting and encryption

Presentation Layer


• The application layer enables theusers to access the network

Application Layer

OSI Model Layers

• These Layers support the network in the following way:following way:– Physical, data link and network layers are the Network

support layers.

– Session, presentation and application layers are the User support layers.

– The transport layer connects the network support layers


p y pp yand the user support layers



Key Points

• The links connecting the devices or nodes are called communication channelscommunication channels

• Computer networks have unwrapped an entire frontier in the world of computing called the client/server model

• Topology is the physical or logical organization of links in a network

• In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to the other device


p

Key Points

• In start topology each device in it has a dedicated point-to point link only to a central controller device known asto-point link only to a central controller device known as hub

• A bus topology describes a multipoint configuration

• Two or more networks can be connected together, to form an inter-network or internet.

• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) allows diverse


systems to communicate



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M2 Networking Fundamentals PG