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A21H-0165: Regional Variability in Ozone in the Tropical and Subtropical Free Troposphere and Tropopause Transition Layer based on Aura-Era SHADOZ Data (2005-2009)
S K Miller1, A M Thompson1, J C Witte2, N V Balashov1, D E Kollonige1, and the SHADOZ Team 1 Pennsylvania State University, Department of Meteorology; [email protected]
2 Science Systems and Applications, Inc., and NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614
SHADOZ Project & Data
SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes) is a project that has supplied more than 5000 ozone and PTU (pressure-temperature-humidity) profiles since 1998 at the website: (http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz). The data have been used in satellite validation (Jiang et al, 2007; Schoeberl et al., 2007), model and satellite climatologies (McPeters and Labow, 2012; Tilmes et al, 2012) and dozens of trends and process studies, e.g. Randel and Thompson (2012). The 15 SHADOZ sites that operated during 2005-2009, the early Aura period, are illustrated in Figure 1. In this study, two questions are addressed using the 2005-2009 SHADOZ data: (1) How do FT and TTL structures of the newer subtropical stations, Hilo and Hanoi, compare to southern subtropical SHADOZ stations: Irene and Réunion Island? (2) At 11 tropical sites, how do FT and TTL O3 vary in terms of convective & pollution signatures? Data from 2005-2009 are used. Results illustrated are taken from Thompson et al (2012). Note that Figure 2, that compares total ozone from the sondes (with above-burst ozone provided by the McPeters & Labow (2012) climatology and OMI total ozone, indicates good agreement between the two.
Subtropical Stations Seasonal cross-section of mixing ratio (ppbv) for the 4 SHADOZ subtropical stations appears in Figure 3. Hanoi and Hilo share some characteristics with southern subtropical sties but differ in other respects. Hilo has a higher tropopause (we adopt a 100 ppbv ozonopause definition, dotted line in Figure 4) than the other three, except during March-April-May when stratospheric intrusions occur. Stratospheric intrusions are prominent at Irene (September-November) and Réunion. At Hilo, there is a generally lower ozone mixing ratio between 8 and 12 km (Figure 4). Hanoi is very polluted in February-April, due to biomass fires, and again in July-August when pollution interacts with the Asian Monsoon. (Note: In 2013, it is hoped that the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign will sample the pollution-Monsoon interaction). Both Hanoi and Irene display fairly polluted boundary layers at certain times of year (50 ppbv or more).
Tropical Stations – FT-TTL Ozone In Figure 5 the seasonal cross-section of 9 tropical stations (within 18 degrees latitude of equator) is illustrated. The eastern Indian Ocean/Pacific stations (Figure 5 a-d) show lower ozone in the FT in general and the suggestion of strong convective mixing where low ozone (< 25 ppbv) appears in the tropo-sphere above 13 km. Pollution associated with biomass burning in the southern hemisphere (40-50+ ppbv in Figure 5 b-d) appears most strongly at 5-7 km in September-October. This feature is even higher in ozone over Paramaribo, Natal and Ascension (> 60 ppbv, Figure 5 f-h), Atlantic stations, at the same time. San Cristobal and Paramaribo (Figure 5 d, e) are intermediate between the Pacific and Atlantic. These two sites and Alajuela/Heredia (Costa Rica, not shown) have been designated the “equatorial Americas” (Thompson et al., 2010).
Characteristics of 3 Tropical Zones The three tropical zones are summarized below: east Indian/west Pacific (blue), equatorial Americas (white), Atlantic/Africa (pink). The Pacific region has the lowest FT ozone and highest GWI. The Atlantic stations (Natal, Ascension) have the lowest GW, highest FT & TTL ozone.
The SHADOZ project (http://croc.gsfc.nasa.gov/shadoz) has supplied more than 5000 sets of ozone and PTU (pressure-temperature-moisture) profiles, surface to 10 hPa, to the scientific community since 1998. Here, we address two questions with 2005-2009 (Aura-era) data: (1) How do free troposphere (FT) and tropical tropopause layer (TTL) ozone structures at northern subtropical stations that joined SHADOZ since 2009 compare to those of the southern subtropical stations? (2) What are characteristics at SHADOZ tropical stations, and how do they vary in terms of TTL and FT ozone concentrations and convective influence?
Acknowledgments and References SHADOZ support comes from NASA (K. Jucks, Program Manager), NOAA and about a dozen in-country Agencies & partners in Europe & Japan. Jiang, Y., et al., J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S34, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008876, 2007. McPeters, R. D., G. J. Labow, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D10303, doi: 10.1029/2011JD017006, 2012. Randel, W. J., A. M. Thompson, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D07303, doi: 10.1029/2010JD015195, 2011. Schoeberl, M. R., et al., J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S49, doi:10.1029/2007JD008873, 2007. Sivakumar, V., et al., J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 50, 1403-1416, 2011. Thompson, A. M., et al., J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00J23, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012909, 2010. Thompson, A. M., et al., J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05302, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013429, 2011. Thompson, A. M., et al., J. Geophys. Res., 117, in press, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016911, 2012. Tilmes, S., et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7475-7497, 2012.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3
Tropical Station Profiles Profiles for the eastern Indian Ocean/western Pacific (Figure 6) and Atlantic-African (Figure 7) stations appear below: 25-75th-percentiles are ranges with medians illustrated for O3, H2O, temperature. Dashed lines indicate station ozonopause. The star (*) indicates minimum O3 (inferred maximum convective outflow). To be more quantitative about distinctions of 3 regions, mean TTL (14-18.5 km) and FT (5-15 km) O3 mixing ratios are computed with a proxy for convective activity, the GWI or “Gravity Wave Index” (Thompson et al, 2011); see Table.
Looking Ahead The SHADOZ network is well-positioned to continue Aura validation and to support Suomi-NPP (the Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite) and future satellites planned by the US, Canada, Europe, and Asia, as shown below.
SHADOZ Sites
Suva, FijiWatukosek−Java
Pago Pago, Am. Samoa
Hilo, HI
Natal, Brazil
La Reunion Is., France
Nairobi, KenyaSan Cristobal, Ecuador
Irene, South Africa
Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaParamaribo, SurinamCosta Rica (various sites)
Ha Noi, Vietnam
Ascension Is., UK
Cotonou, Benin
Longitude Dependence of Difference (sonde-OMI/sonde*100%)
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180Longitude
-10
-5
0
5
10
Perc
ent D
iffer
ence
[%]
Sam
oaH
ilo
San
Cri
stob
alA
laju
ela/
Her
edia
Para
mar
ibo
Nat
alA
scen
sion
Iren
eN
airo
bi
Reu
nion
Kua
la L
umpu
rH
anoi
Wat
ukos
ek
Fiji
a b
c d
Hanoi (21 N): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov JanMonth
0
5
10
15
20
Alti
tude
(km
)
40 40
40
40
40
4040
5050
5050
50
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
6060
60
60
70
70
70
70
90
90
120120
150150
Hilo (19 N): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov JanMonth
0
5
10
15
20
20 203030
4040
40
50
50
50
60
60
60
70
70
90
90
120
120
150150
Irene (25 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov JanMonth
0
5
10
15
20
Alti
tude
(km
)
1010 2020 3030 4040 50
5050
60
60
60 70
70
7090
90
120120 150
150
La Reunion (21 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov JanMonth
0
5
10
15
20
2020
3030
4040
50
50
60
60
60
70
70
70
9090 120120 150
150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Figure 4
a b
c d
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Hanoi: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Hilo: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
La Reunion: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Irene: 2005-2009
a b c
d e f
g h i
Kuala Lumpur (3 N): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
5050
60607070
9090120120 150150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Watukosek (7.5 N): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
40 40
4040
40
50506060 7070 9090 120120 150150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Fiji (18 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
10 20
20
30
30
30
30
3040
40
40
40
5050
50
6060 7070 90
90 120120 150150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Samoa (14 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
10
2020
30
30
3030
30
4040
40
505060
60 7070 9090 120120150150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
San Cristobal (1 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
10 10
2020
20
30
30
40
40
40
50
50
50
60607070
9090120120 150150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Paramaribo (5 N): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
20
20
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
60
60
60
7070
9090120120 150150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Natal (6 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
2020
30
3040
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
70
70
70
70 90
90 120120 150
150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Ascension Island (8 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
20 203030
4040
50
50
50
60
60
60
60
60
70
70
70
70 90
90 120120 150
150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv
Nairobi (1 S): Annual Cycle of Ozone (ppbv)
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Alt
itu
de (
km
)
1010 2020
3030
40
40
50
50
50
50
60
60
60
70
70
709090
120120 150150
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 75 90 120 150 ppbv Figure 5
a b
c d
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Kuala Lampur: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Watukosek: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Fiji: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
American Samoa: 2005-2009
a b
c d
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Natal: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Ascension: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Cotonou: 2005-2009
0 50 100 150 200Ozone Mixing Ratio (ppbv, black), Water Vapor Mixing Ratio(g/kg*10, blue)
0
5
10
15
20
Hei
ght (
km)
-100 -50 0 50Temperature (C)
Nairobi: 2005-2009
Figure 6 Figure 7
Missions 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
EP-TOMS (’96–‘05) SAGE III Meteor-3M (‘01-’05)
ENVISAT [MIPAS, SCIA] (‘02-’12)
NOAA -16, 17, 18 19 [SBUV/2]
Aqua [AIRS] (‘02-
Aura [TES, OMI, MLS]
MetOps-A,B,C [IASI, GOME-2]
SCISAT [ACE-FTS, MAESTRO] (‘03-
Odin [OSIRIS] (‘01-
Suomi NPP [CrIS, OMPS]
JPSS-1 [CrIS, OMPS]
ISS [SMILES (’09-’10), SAGE III]
Sentinel-5 Pre[UVNS-Tropomi]
MetOp-A MetOp-B
MetOp-C
TABLE&!"Profile"characteristics"of"ozone"for"tropical"SHADOZ"stations"(within"±"18"degrees).&
Site""
Ozone"Minimum"Altitude"(Km)""
FT"Mean"O3"Mixing"Ratio"(5km–12km)"
TTL"Mean"O3"Mixing"Ratio"(14km!18.5km)"
Ozonopause"(km),"LRT"(km)"(This"Study)*"
"
Ozonopause"(km)"
(Sivakumar"et"al.,"2011)**"
Mean"GWI,"Altitude"of"GW"max."
§"
Kuala&Lumpur& 13" 35.8" 120" 16.6,"16.9" !!!" 19.4,"17.0"
Watukosek& 14" 30.8" 95.6" 17.0,"16.9" 16.6±1.3" 18.5,"18.1"
Fiji& 13" 40.1" 140" 16.6,"16.9" 16.2±1.2***"12.6,"18.1"
"
Am.&Samoa& 12" 35.7" 135" 16.5,"17.1" 16.4±0.95" 16.1,"18.1"
San&Cristóbal& 11" 48.1" 135" 16.5,"16.9" 16.6±1.1" 12.6,"18.1"
Alajuela/&Heredia& 11" 48" 137" 16.3,"17.1" !!!" !!!"
Paramaribo& 11" 59" 123" 15.6,"17.0" !!!" 7.85,"18.1"
Natal& 11" 58.6" 140" 16.2,"17.0" 15.9±1.6" 10.9,"18.2"
Ascension& 11" 63.9" 134" 16.2,"17.1" 15.5±1.9" 8.35,"18.0"
Cotonou& 11" 72.5" 155" 15.5,"16.9" !!!" !!!"
Nairobi& 11" 55.3" 134" 16.4,"17.0" 16.3±1.6" 16.6,"18.0"
*"Altitude"corresponding"to"100"ppbv"ozonopause;"data"from"2005!2009."**"From"ozonopause"definition"of"Sivakumar)et)al.)[2011]"based"on"1998!2008"data."Mean"difference"between"their"ozonopause"and"LRT"averages"0.25"km,"with"five"of"7"tropical"sites"having"ozonopause"higher"than"LRT."***"Sivakumar)et)al.)[2011]"categorizes"Fiji"as"a"Sub!tropical"site."""§"GWI"="Gravity"Wave"Index,"based"on"1998!2007"soundings"[Thompson)et)al.,)2011]."
!
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