Shackman Psyc210 Module06 TraitsAndStates Part2

Nuts & Bolts Plan for Today Check in Lecture (Turhan Canli & Drew Fox)

Embedded Clicker quesCons Session = ##; StaCon = ##

Take-home criCcal thinking quesCons

Time permiKng, the unconscious mind material

PSYC 210:

How are traits (T&P) and states related, 2?

AJ Shackman 19 February 2015

Todays Conceptual Roadmap

Todays Conceptual Roadmap Can we discern temperament & personality when rewards and punishments are absent (at rest)?

Are trait-like dierences in T&P embodied in the on-going, spontaneous acCvity of the brain?

Is the brain ever really at rest?



Are trait-like dierences in T&P embodied in the on-going, spontaneous acCvity

of the brain?



Or, are trait-like dierences in T&P embodied in the on-going, spontaneous

acCvity of the resCng brain?

Can we discern T&P when rewards and punishments are absent?

Watson & Clark Psychol Bull 1984

Yes?

Behavioral evidence

What are some key limita@ons of this body of evidence?

A. CompleCng back-to-back measures of emoConal states (How do you feel now) and emoConal traits (How do you feel in general); carry-over eects; not really independent, just an arCfact of [jargon alert!] shared measurement variance

B. There are no limitaCons, youre trying to trick us, Shackman

Comp

leting ba

ck-to-back...

There

are n

o limitations,...

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Self-Report (and Clinician RaCngs) The link between traits and baseline

states is enCrely dependent on subjecCve raCngs of emoConal states

But what if this simply reects

response biases, trait-like dierences in the way that people think about, rate, appraise, or label their moods and emoCons, rather than true dierences in emoConal states?

What if high-N/NE individuals are simply more disclosing of distress, more self-criCcal, more dissaCsed, and more focused on the negaCve?


Self-Report (and Clinician RaCngs) The link between traits and baseline

states is enCrely dependent on subjecCve raCngs of emoConal states

But what if this simply reects

response biases, trait-like dierences in the way that people think about, rate, appraise, or label their moods and emoCons, rather than true dierences in emoConal states?

What if high-N/NE individuals are simply more disclosing of distress, more self-criCcal, more dissaCsed, and dwell more on failures, shortcomings, and other negaCves?


Whats a way to move past this stumbling block?

A. Measure physiological measures of emoCon (ideally ones with high construct validity) at rest

B. Have a well-trained clinical psychologist or psychiatrist perform a detailed interview

Measu

re physiological m...

Have a well-trained clinic..

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Measure the brain at rest.

TradiConal view of the resCng brain

Raichle Sci American 2010

Modern View: Brain is @ny

Raichle & Gusnard PNAS 2002

2% Mass

Brain

Everything Else

But VERY ac@ve at rest

Brain consumes 10 Cmes more energy than expected by weight AcCvaCon only bumps this up a Cny bitthe vast majority is constant Key substrate for trait-like dierences in T&P! Raichle & Gusnard PNAS 2002

20% ResCng Metabolism (Energy ConsumpCon)

Brain consumes 10x more energy than expected by weight AcCvaCon only bumps this up a Cny bitthe vast majority is constant Your brain is an exceedingly acCve organ (even at rest) Raichle & Gusnard PNAS 2002

But VERY ac@ve at rest

20% ResCng Metabolism (Energy ConsumpCon)

This suggests that key features of T&P should be discernible in the ac@vity of the res@ng brain (i.e., in the absence of stressors, rewards, or other trait-relevant challenges)

PNAS 2006

Turhan & Ian The Cat Canli

A Brief Aside on NeurogeneCcs Because gene5cs was not the mo5va5on for assigning the paper, I do not expect you to remember the details on the next few slides But this material will foreshadow later lectures on the gene5cs of T&P

- Threat-evoked amygdala acCvity has been linked to variaCon in the serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4 gene

- S allele is bad: Individuals with the less transcripConally-ecient short allele (fewer transporter proteins available to clear serotonin from the synapse) show heightened threat-related amygdala reacCvity relaCve to individuals with the long allele

- Gene Amygdala: Meta-analyses suggest that the 5-HTTLPR genotype accounts for 2-5 of the variance in amygdala reacCvity

- Gene Amygdala MDD: Evidence that these geneCcally conferred dierences in amygdala reacCvity mediate some of the associaCon between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and depression

5-HTTLPR

- Amygdala acCvity has been linked to variaCon in the serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4 gene

- S allele is bad: Individuals with the less transcripConally-ecient short allele (fewer transporter proteins available to clear serotonin from the synapse) show heightened threat-related amygdala reacCvity relaCve to individuals with the long allele

- Gene Amygdala: Meta-analyses suggest that the 5-HTTLPR genotype accounts for 2-5 of the variance in amygdala reacCvity

- Gene Amygdala MDD: Evidence that these geneCcally conferred dierences in amygdala reacCvity mediate some of the associaCon between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and depression

5-HTTLPR

- Amygdala acCvity has been linked to variaCon in the serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4 gene

- S allele is bad: Individuals with the short allele show heightened N/NE

- S allele has been associated with negaCve emoConal traits such as neuroCcism and harm avoidancehigher scores in these traits are associated with [the short allele]Two metaanalyses have concluded that presence of the short [allele] is associated with higher levels of [N/NE]

- For todays purpose, I will treat S as synonymous with High N/NE

5-HTTLPR

- Amygdala reacCvity is correlated with variaCon in the serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4 gene

- S allele is bad: Individuals with the short allele show heightened N/NE

- S allele has been associated with negaCve emoConal traits such as neuroCcism and harm avoidancehigher scores in these traits are associated with [the short allele]Two meta-analyses have concluded that presence of the short [allele] is associated with higher levels of [N/NE]

- For todays purposes, I will treat S as synonymous with High N/NE

5-HTTLPR

Phasic Model The standard (or phasic acCvaCon) model represents the view that presence of the short variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal sCmuli. Tonic AcCvaCon Model We have proposed an alternaCve (or tonic acCvaCon) model, which posits that presence of the short variantenhances amygdala acCvaCon at rest.

Key Aim: Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

PNAS 2006

Phasic or ReacCve Model The short variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal sCmuli. Tonic AcCvaCon Model We have proposed an alternaCve (or tonic acCvaCon) model, which posits that presence of the short variantenhances amygdala acCvaCon at rest.


PNAS 2006

Phasic or ReacCve Model The short variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal sCmuli. Tonic AcCvaCon Model The short variantenhances amygdala acCvaCon at rest.


PNAS 2006

Sound familiar?

Students How does Canli go about tes@ng this hypothesis? What tools does he employ?

Hypothesis Testing: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

How Does MRI Work?

You will not be responsible for the details

fMRI Intro Video, Version #1 (7 min) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmQR57V5TVU

Phasic Model The standard (or phasic acCvaCon) model represents the view that presence of the short variant is associated with increased amygdala reacCvity to negaCve emoConal sCmuli. Tonic AcCvaCon Model Short allele = enhanced amygdala ac@va@on at rest.

The Goal: Use fMRI to Test the Tonic Model

Assessing Tonic Ac@vity Requires a Special Kind of fMRI (ASL)

Phasic: ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g., Neg vs. Neu), measured in arbitrary units ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner (or very slow changes that EPI cant see) Because ASL MRI provides absolute quanCcaCon of CBF [that is, in real physical units like PET]it can also be used to measure resCng brain funcCon independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogniCve task [unlike convenConal EPI fMRI]. Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does not vary with exogenous sCmuli [tasks], but rather reects state or trait funcCons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.

Detre et al J MagneCc Resonance Imaging 2012

fMRI: ConvenConal Echoplanar Imaging (EPI fMRI) vs. Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL or perfusion fMRI)

Arbitrary Units

ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g., Neg vs. Neu), measured in arbitrary units; good for tesCng phasic acCvaCon ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner (or very slow changes that EPI cant see) Because ASL MRI provides absolute quanCcaCon of CBF [that is, in real physical units like PET]it can also be used to measure resCng brain funcCon independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogniCve task [unlike convenConal EPI fMRI]. Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does not vary with exogenous sCmuli [tasks], but rather reects state or trait funcCons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.



Arbitrary Units

ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g., Neg vs. Neu), measured in arbitrary units; good for tesCng phasic acCvaCon ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner, calibrated to real physical units, possible to assess tonic dierences in acCvity Because ASL MRI provides absolute quanCcaCon of CBF [that is, in real physical units like PET]it can also be used to measure resCng brain funcCon independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogniCve task [unlike convenConal EPI fMRI]. Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does not vary with exogenous sCmuli [tasks], but rather reects state or trait funcCons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.



Physical Units

50 C

ConvenConal fMRI assesses relaCve dierences in acCvity (e.g., Neg vs. Neu), measured in arbitrary units; good for tesCng phasic acCvaCon ASL can measure group dierences at rest in the scanner, calibrated to real physical units, possible to assess tonic dierences in acCvity Because ASL MRI provides absolute quan5ca5on of CBF [that is, in real physical units]it can also be used to measure res5ng brain func5on independent of any specic sensorimotor or cogni5ve task [unlike conven5onal EPI fMRI]. Indeed, it is thought that the vast majority of brain metabolism does not vary with exogenous s5muli [tasks], but rather reectstrait func5ons, which can be measured with ASL MRI.



Physical Units

50 C

Canlis Analyses of ASL fMRI Revealed

Canlis Analyses of ASL fMRI Revealed

Consistent with the Tonic Model

Specic to ASL?

Specic to Bad Allele or other features of Canlis subjects

and study procedures?

Or might the tonic ac@vity model be more general?

Convergent Evidence from ResCng PET

Amygdala

Abercrombie et al Neuroreport 1998


Amygdala


R = .41


Amygdala


R = .41

R = .56

Individuals with higher levels of N/NE are characterized by elevated metabolic ac@vity in the amygdala at rest

Students: Poten@al limita@ons?

Students: Poten@al limita@ons?

Scanner session is not an emoConally-neutral baseline, in fact, it has many potenCally anxiety-provoking features

If Only We Could Measure Brain Ac@vity at Home

Young monkeys and children respond similarly to unfamiliar human intruders

Kalin & Shelton Science 1989

QuanCfying individual dierences in N/NE

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

The composite phenotype

Stable over Cme (trait-like)

Heritable Parallels behavioral inhibiCon in children, a key risk factor for anxiety disorders



The composite phenotype

Stable over Cme (trait-like)

Heritable Parallels behavioral inhibiCon in children, a key risk factor for anxiety disorders



A key advantage of this model is that it aords an opportunity to obtain concurrent measures of naturalis@c emo@onal behavior and brain ac@vity

Measuring the neural response to the human intruder using FDG-PET

Monkey PET Scanner


Measuring the neural response to the human intruder using FDG-PET

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review.; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

18-FDG

Monkey PET Scanner


Important Point Although the monkey is anesthe5zed in the PET scanner, the signal that is measured reects what the brain was doing during the preceding behavioral challenge, when the monkey was freely behaving in the test cage

Using these procedures, we can assess Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Phasic Model Anxious temperament will only be predicted by threat-related amygdala metabolism (intruder)

Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

Tonic AcCvaCon Model Anxious temperament will also be predicted by amygdala metabolism in the absence of explicit threat -- at home

Phasic vs. Tonic Models of T&P

SystemaCcally Varied Threat (Trait-Relevant Challenge)

SystemaCcally Varied Threat (Trait-Relevant Challenge)

Manifest Threat / Intruder (Stress)

Novelty / Like Canli ASL expt (Stress)

Hey, wheres Jimmy? (Secure)

Normal daily living (Secure)

What did Fox learn? A. Anxious temperament

(N/NE) is predicted by acCvity during the stressful condiCons (e.g. intruder)

B. Anxious temperament (N/NE) is predicted by acCvity during the secure condiCons (e.g. home alone)

C. Both Anxious temp

erament (...

Anxious temp

erament (... Bo

th

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More Stressful Environment Less Stressful Environment

It aint just threat

Students Poten@al concerns or limita@ons? Is home cage tes@ng really a secure, relaxed environment?

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013; Birn*, Shackman* et al., under review.; Fox et al PlosOne 2008; Oler et al. Nature 2010

18-FDG

Monkey PET Scanner

Measuring the neural response at home

What if we sedated the subjects?

Using mulCmodal imaging to assess

the Ce funcConal network

N = 89 / 238 animals

Shackman et al. PNAS 2013 Oler et al. Nature 2010

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b






Important Note! In contrast to FDG-PET, when you collect fMRI under anesthesia, you are altering the on-going acCvity of the brain what you are measuring. Everybody clear on this dierence across modaliCes?

mPFC dlPFC

Stronger Ce-PFC connecCvity predicts reduced metabolism in the Ce


The central nucleus (Ce) is more funcConally autonomous in anxious individuals

Stronger Ce-PFC connecCvity predicts decreased anxiety


RelaCons between funcConal connecCvity and anxiety are mediated by Ce metabolism


?

Birn*, Shackman* et al Molecular Psychiatry 2014a/b N = 28 (14 PaCents), 8 12 years, 79% GAD or Social Phobia

Children with anxiety disorders show reduced Ce-dlPFC funcConal connecCvity

*


Extreme early-life anxiety reects an evoluConarily-conserved neural circuit


Key Take Home Points

1. Young rhesus macaques are a useful nonhuman animal model of childhood anxiety and behavioral inhibiCon (BI)

2. Individual dierences in AT are predicted by amygdala metabolism in stressful (alone/novelty, human intruder threat) as well as secure contexts (home alone and home with cage-mate) [Canli; Abercrombie; Fox]

3. Individuals who are more anxious show chronically elevated amygdala acCvity * its not just in response to threat or novelty * therefore, the Trait x Context = State model is true but incomplete

4. DisposiConal anxiety is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co- acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia

5. Not just amygdala! e.g., PAG, BNST 6. T&P is embodied in the spontaneous, on-going acCvity of the brain, which

may help to explain some of the other features of T&P eg distress in the absence of threat

Key Take Home Points for Todays MeeCng


2. Individual dierences in anxious temperament (N/NE) are predicted by amygdala metabolism in stressful (alone/novelty, human intruder threat) as well as secure contexts (home alone and home with cage-mate)


4. DisposiConal anxiety is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co- acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia







4. T&P is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co- acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia







4. T&P is discernable in the spontaneous pauern of co- acCvaCon (funcConal connecCvity) even under anesthesia

5. T&P is embodied in the spontaneous, on-going acCvity of the brain, which

may help to explain some of other key features of T&P eg distress, avoidance, vigilance in the absence of threat


CriCcal Thinking QuesCons

CriCcal Thinking QuesCons 1.Where do dierences in res5ng or baseline

ac5vity come from? - Molecular processes? Subtle psychological processes (interac5ons between traits and trait relevant cues)? Something else?

CriCcal Thinking QuesCons 2. Today we talked about some of the limita5ons of res5ng measures of brain ac5vity. What do you think? What is another approach to tes5ng the hypothesis that traits are always on?

The End

Check @me

If there is @me, talk about unconscious material from Module 4

Behavior is normally guided by both conscious and pre-conscious

processes (lie outside of awareness)

Example #1: AutomaCc aKtudes and marriage

For decades, social psychological theories have posited that the automaCc processes captured by implicit measures have implicaCons for social outcomes. Yet few studies have demonstrated any long-term implicaCons of automaCc processes, and some scholars have begun to quesCon the relevance and even the validity of these theories. 135 newlywed couplescompleted an Explicit measure of their conscious autudes toward their relaConship and an Implicit measure of their automaCc autudes toward their partner. They then reported their marital saCsfacCon every 6 months for the next 4 years.

Measuring Implicit AKtudes Indicate as quickly as possible the valence of posiCve & negaCve words aver seeing photographs of their partner An index of spouses automaCc autudes was formed by subtracCng RT for posiCve words from RT for negaCve words Higher scores = more posiCve autudes


evil

awesome


Evil Awesome

Implicit Autude Toward Spouse

Lovers Slow/500 Fast/200 300 Haters Fast/200 Slow/500 -300

evil

awesome

We found no correlaCon between spouses automaCc and conscious autudes Ss were unaware of their automaCc autudes. Further, spouses automaCc autudes, not their conscious ones, predicted changes in their marital saCsfacCon spouses with more posiCve automaCc autudes were less likely to experience declines in marital saCsfacCon over Cme.

We found no correlaCon between spouses automaCc and conscious autudes Ss were unaware of their automaCc autudes. Further, spouses automaCc autudes, not their conscious ones, predicted changes in their marital saCsfacCon spouses with more posi5ve automa@c a_tudes were less likely to experience declines in marital sa5sfac5on over 5me.

Awesome!

Behavior is normally guided by both conscious and pre-conscious

processes (lie outside of awareness)

Example #2: Lesions can dissociate these 2 kinds of processes

Safety (CS-) Danger (CS+)

Assessed EmoConal Learning (SCR) and CogniCve Learning (conCgency awareness)

Skin Conductance (aka SCR, GSR, EDA)

Skin Conductance (aka SCR, GSR, EDA) Measure of the skins electrical conductance Varies depending on the amount of moisture Sweat! Controlled by the SNS IndicaCon of psychological or physiological arousal Widely used measure of emoConal arousal CondiConable

Maryland Neuroimaging Center

Phils SCR to an electric shock

Skin Conductance (aka SCR, GSR, EDA) Measure of the skins electrical conductance Varies depending on the amount of moisture Sweat! Controlled by the SNS IndicaCon of psychological or physiological arousal Widely used measure of emoConal arousal CondiConable (learned emoConal reacCon)

Maryland Neuroimaging Center

Phils SCR to an electric shock

Results

Amygdala Lesions - block the emoConal component of fear learning (SCR), but not conCngency awareness

Hippocampal Lesions - Opposite paxern

ImplicaCon - Conscious and pre-conscious processes are independent and reect disCnct neural circuitry

Results

Amygdala Lesions - block the emoConal component of fear learning (SCR), but not conCngency awareness

Hippocampal Lesions - Opposite paxerni.e., a double dissociaCon

ImplicaCon - Conscious and pre-conscious processes are independent and reect disCnct neural circuitry

ImplicaCon Behavior is normally guided by both conscious and pre-conscious processes (lie outside of awareness) Understanding aspects of T&P that lie outside of conscious awareness mandates the use of implicit behavioral or physiological measures (e.g. SCR/GSR)

End of 2 Examples Material

Time-PermiKng Review QuesCons

What's the problem with reducing a complex, broad-band trait to a single

number? A. Mixes disCnct

processes B. Hinders our ability

to clearly resolve the underlying substrates

C. Too simplisCc D. All of the above

Mixes distinct processes

Hinders our ability to cle

a...

Too simplistic

All of the above

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Mox et al PNAS: Key results: Which is true?

A. Kids with low C/SC are prone to smoke, become parents, and drop out of school as teens

B. Teen snares explain the negaCve adult outcomes (reduced health, wealth, public safety) experienced by many kids with low C/SC

C. Teen snares are only part of the story.

D. All of the above Kids with low C/SC are ...

Teen snare

s explain the ...

Teen snare

s are only part...

All of the above

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Establishing the construct validity of a measure requires that we

demonstrate that it is

A. SensiCve to some process, such as fear

B. Specic to some process (fear & no other process)

C. SensiCve and Specic

Sensitive to som

e proc

ess...

Specific to some

process (...

Sensitive and Specific

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Which item would NOT be found on a paper-and-pencil measure of N/NE? A. EmoConally labile

(unstable) B. Bothered by change C. Prone to sadness D. Prone to anxiety E. Blue or depressed F. Punctual

Emotionally labile (unstab

le)

Bothe

red by change

Prone to sadness

Prone to anxiety

Blue or depressed

Punctua

l

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While they tend to show good internal-consistency reliability and test-retest stability, self-report measures of T&P can be limited by biases and arCfacts,

including

A. Social desirability (looking good)

B. Lying or malingering C. Mnemonic

distorCons (e.g., peak-end rule)

D. All of the above

Social desirab

ility (loo

ki..

Lying or malingering

Mnem

onic d

istortion

s (e.g..

All of the above

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In terms of discovery, potenCal limitaCons of factor analysis include

A. Garbage In/Garbage Out; Dependent on the kinds of inputs; Cant idenCfy factors that are not sampled or represented in the data

B. SubjecCve decisions about the number of factors to retain (degree of acceptable lossiness); Splixer or lumper

C. Requires the analyst to decide at the outset whether dimensions are independent or correlated (i.e., needs to pick the rotaCon technique)

Garba

ge In/Garb

age O

ut...

Subje

ctive decision

s abo..

Requires the analyst to ...

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T&P are not dierent in kind (according to Shackman) because they are both

A. Biological B. EmoConal C. CogniCve D. Somewhat heritable E. All of the above

Biological

Emotional

Cognitive

Somewhat heritable

All of the above

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Behavior is guided by A. Conscious processes B. AutomaCc habits and

implicit autudes that lie outside of awareness and which opaque to introspecCon, hence not measureable using standard paper-and-pencil measures of T&P

C. Both conscious and unconscious processes

Conscious processes

Autom

atic habits and impl...

Both conscious and unco...

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Which is true?

A. Amygdala lesions block the condiConed fear response (SCR)

B. The Story We Tell Ourselves: Hippocampal lesions block self-reported conCngency learning

C. This double dissociaCon provides direct evidence for separable substrates and indicates the need for using both raCngs and other kinds of measures (e.g., physiological)

D. All of the above

Amygdala lesions block th...

The Story W

e Tell Ou

rselv...

This double dissociation...

All of the above

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Tomarken argued that biological measures of T&P need to be

A. Reliable: Show adequate internal consistency reliability

B. Reliable: Show adequate test-retest stability (trait-like)

C. Reliable and Valid

Reliable: Show adequate ...

Reliable: Show adequate ...

Reliable and V

alid

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Establishing the construct validity of a measure requires that we

demonstrate that it is

A. SensiCve to some process, such as fear

B. Specic to some process (fear & no other process)

C. SensiCve and Specic

Sensitive to som

e proc

ess...

Specific to some

process (...

Sensitive and Specific

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In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, Walt Mischel argued that the primary determinant of moods, thoughts, and behavior is

A. The situaCon, because T&P at most predict outcomes r = .30 (9% variance)

B. T&P C. Both

The situation, beca

use ... T&

PBoth

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But contemporary science suggests that moods, thoughts, and behavior are determined by

A. The situaCon B. T&P C. Both

The situation T&

PBoth

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McNulty provided evidence that

A. Implicit & explicit autudes toward spouses are uncorrelated, suggesCng that they reect disCnct neural circuitry

B. Implicit autudes (measured behaviorally) predicted marital saCsfacCon 4 years later

C. Whereas, explicit raCngs of autudes toward ones spouse did not

D. All of the above

Implicit & explicit attitud..

Implicit attitudes (measur..

Where

as, explicit ratings ..

All of the above

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There is considerable evidence that

A. Trait-like dierences in T&P interact with trait-relevant cues to produce states

B. Trait measures predict state raCngs

C. E/PE predicts pos aect elicited by humorous lm clips; N/NE predicts fear and anxiety elicited by aversive lm clips

D. All of the above Tra

it-like differen

ces in

T..

Trait m

easures predict st...

E/PE pred

icts pos affect el...

All of the above

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Traits predict

A. More intense states in the presence of relevant cues

B. This reects heightened peak acCvaCon in the underlying neural systems

C. Both More inten

se states in th...

This reflects heighte

ned ... Bo

th

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But, T&P also predicts A. MoCvated behavior: Approach

or avoid B. EmoCon regulaCon & recovery

following challenges C. AnCcipatory thoughts and

feelings (e.g., worry) before challenges

D. All of the above; the common denominator is the ABSENCE of trait-relevant cues in the immediate environment; therefore, the T&P x Context = States model is true but incomplete Mo

tivated behavior: App...

Emotion regulation & rec...

Anticipatory thoughts and...

All of the above; th

e co...

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Longitudinal research studies

A. Provide strong evidence that antecedants (childhood) predict consequences (adulthood), a precondiCon for establishing causaCon

B. Complex, costly, and Cme-consuming

C. Can not prove causaCon, because they do not manipulate the putaCve cause of the outcome

D. All of the above Pro

vide strong evidence t...

Comp

lex, co

stly, and tim...

Can not pro

ve causa

tion,...

All of the above

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The End

Things to Consider Adding

Future take home quesCon

Alex add this here

ALEX SEE ALSO 69. Sakai, Y. et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism associated with a fear network in panic disorder. Neuroreport 16, 927931 (2005). 70. Semple, W. E. et al. Higher brain blood ow at amygdala and lower frontal cortex blood ow in PTSD paCents with comorbid cocaine and alcohol abuse compared with normals. Psychiatry 63, 6574 (2000). 71. Chung, Y. A. et al. AlteraCons in cerebral perfusion in posuraumaCc stress disorder paCents without re-exposure to accident-related sCmuli. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 637642 (2006). 72. Bremner, J. D. et al. Neural correlates of declaraCve memory for emoConally valenced words in women with posuraumaCc stress disorder related to early childhood sexual abuse. Biol. Psychiatry 53, 879889 (2003). 73. Shin, L. M. et al. ResCng metabolic acCvity in the cingulate cortex and vulnerability to posuraumaCc stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 66, 10991107 (2009). 74. Furmark, T. et al. Common changes in cerebral blood ow in paCents with social phobia treated with citalopram or cogniCve-behavioral therapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 59, 425433 (2002).

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Note the Cme-scale!! Wang et al PNAS 2005

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Shackman Psyc210 Module06 TraitsAndStates Part2