Shackman Psyc210 Module07 WhatDoTraitsDo Part3 022415b

Nuts & Bolts Plan for Today

Lecture (Davidson & Gable papers)

Take-home criAcal thinking quesAons

PSYC 210:

What exactly do trait-like individual dierences in T&P do?

(Part 3 of the Trait/State arc)

AJ Shackman

24 February 2015

Todays Conceptual Roadmap What does T&P do?

What does it mean to say that individuals dier in terms of the brains reacAvity to trait-relevant cues and contexts?

How does T&P inuence our daily experience? Does it inuence mood, exposure to rewards and punishments, or both?

What does it mean to say that individuals dier in terms of the brains reacAvity to trait-relevant cues and contexts?

What does it mean to say that individuals dier in their reacAvity to trait-relevant cues and contexts?

First, some background

Two Ideas

T&P is AcAve in the Absence of External Challenge; Embodied in the Ongoing AcAvity of the Brain; Tonic or Endogenous Model

Two Ideas

InteracAve/ReacAve/Phasic Model

Traits x Trait-Relevant Challenges States

Two Ideas

InteracAve/ReacAve/Phasic Model

Traits x Trait-Relevant Challenges States

Core idea is that trait = bigger reacAon in relevant brain systems

More trait, more acAvaAon

Hi Trait e.g. N/NE Lo Trait e.g. N/NE

Bigger Peak ReacDvity

But is it only a dierence in the peak?

Bigger Peak ReacDvity

Students?

What was Richies perspec?ve?

Not necessarily just the peak

Other parameters may be crucial

Recovery Time (RegulaAon/Decay) Mood Spillover

Peak Amplitude

Rise Time to Peak

Peak Amplitude

Rise Time to Peak

Threshold

Students How might you test whether individuals dier in their threshold to show an emo?onal (or neural) response?

Threshold

weak medium strong

Threshold schmeshold Maybe this is just some cockamamie idea of Richies Whats the larger relevance?

Hypothesized Brain Substrate for Behavioral InhibiAon Behaviorally inhibited children are born with a lower threshold for arousal of various brain regions, in parDcular the amygdala -- New York Times Magazine piece on Jerry Kagan

Yeah, but thats just Kagans theory What do the data show?

Not Necessarily the Peak

Bilateral Amygdala

React Recover

Bilateral Amygdala

React Recover

Bilateral Amygdala

Amygdala reac?vity was unrelated to N/NE In contrast, individuals with elevated levels of N/NE showed a prolonged recovery from aversive images in the amygdala

React Recover

Bilateral Amygdala

Amygdala reac?vity was unrelated to N/NE In contrast, individuals with elevated levels of N/NE show a prolonged recovery from aversive images in the amygdala

A Second Example

Jenni Blackford Vanderbilt

Amygdala

* Remember: behavioral inhibiDon is a facet of N/NE

more enduring acAvaAon in the amygdala to emoAonal faces There were not a signicant dierence in the peak response.

Behaviorally inhibited subjects show

Amygdala

* Remember: behavioral inhibiDon is a facet of N/NE

What about daily experience?

First, some theory

Jerey Gray

T&P: 2 Fundamental Dimensions Reward Cues

Punishment Cues

Behavior Approach (Passive) Avoidance e.g., freezing, BI

MoAvaAon AppeDDve Aversive

EmoAons Excitement, Joy (and Anger, when goals

are thwarted)

Anxiety

Substrate Behavioral AcDvaDon System (BAS)

Behavioral InhibiDon System (BIS)

WanDng (Not Liking or pleasure)

Punishment Cues

are thwarted)

Anxiety

Punishment Cues

are thwarted)

Anxiety

Punishment Cues

are thwarted)

Anxiety

Punishment Cues

are thwarted)

Anxiety

Punishment Cues

are thwarted)

Anxiety

Punishment Cues

Behavior Approach (Passive) Avoidance e.g., freezing, BI, cauDon, risk assessment/vigilance

are thwarted)

Anxiety

How do the BIS (punishment sensi?vity) and BAS (reward sensi?vity) map onto the consensual model of T&P? Are they synonymous with N/NE and E/PE?

Mapping to the Consensual Model: BIS

Caspi et al Ann Rev Psychol 2005

Are individual dierences in the BIS discernible in the brains ac?vity at rest?

Right vs. Lei Asymmetry = Dierence Score

resAng frontal EEG asymmetry

Right > Lei

resAng frontal EEG asymmetry and BIS

Shackman et al., 2009 N = 51; p < .05

Trait-like stability (like the phenotypic trait, BIS)

Heritable

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibiDon and corDsol in children and monkeys Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolyDc drugs Neurofeedback manipulaDons of resDng asymmetry can a^enuate threat-induced anxiety reviewed in Shackman et al., submi^ed; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Lei

Heritable (like BIS)

Right > Lei

Correlated with self-reported trait anxiety (BIS, STAI) and predicts threat-induced anxiety in adults Predicts threat-induced behavioral inhibiDon and corDsol in children and monkeys Associated with anxiety disorders and normalized by anxiolyDc drugs Direct manipulaDons of resDng EEG asymmetry using neurofeedback can a^enuate threat- induced anxiety

reviewed in Shackman et al., submi^ed; Nusslock, Shackman, Coan, Harmon-Jones, Alloy & Abramson, J Abnorm Psych, 2011

Right > Lei

Shackman et al., 2009

EEG source modeling: Es?mate generator

N = 51; p < .05, corr.

BIS and Right dlPFC

Shackman et al., 2009

What about the BAS?

Mapping to the Consensual Model: BASnot as clean

L > R has been linked to Individual dierences in E/PE and BAS (resDng EEG)

PosiDve emoDonal states elicited by lm clips

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach) WanDng (appeDDve drive) during the anDcipaDon of monetary reward in unselected Ss

WanDng during the anDcipaDon of smoking in nicoDne deprived smokers

WanDng during the anDcipaDon of moms return following brief separaDon in young children

Depressed (anhedonic) Pps show reducDon at baseline more about this later!

Lei > Right

resAng frontal EEG asymmetry and BAS

Lei > Right

Anger (thwarted or stymied approach) WanDng (appeDDve drive) during the anDcipaDon of monetary reward

Lei > Right

Depressed paDents show low wanDng (anhedonia) and reduced L>R (resDng EEG)

Lei > Right

BIS and BAS do not just reect ac?vity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

More details in future lectures

Measuring individual dierences in BIS/BAS

Students How is the BIS/BAS scale supposed to be dierent than other self-report measures of T&P?

Most T&P QuesAonnaires

Please answer each of the following items based on how you generally feel or how you typically behave I am generally anxious From day to day, I tend to be excited, proud, and condent Most days, most of the ?me, I am worried

Theory: Sensi?vity vs. Typical Experience

Carver & White JPSP 1994

Proneness; Not necessarily experience Gray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensiDvity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relaDvely straighiorward conceptually. The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensiDvity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situaDons, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situaDon much of the Dme and consequently experience relaDvely li^le anxiety on a day-to-day basis Behavior can change exposure to Rew/Pun and regulate daily emoAon one who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situaDons would not be especially prone to experience negaDve aect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the NegaDve EmoDonality scale.

Proneness; Not necessarily experience Gray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensiDvity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relaDvely straighiorward conceptually. The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensiDvity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situaDons, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situaDon much of the Dme and consequently experience relaDvely li^le anxiety on a day-to-day basis Behavior could change exposure to Rew/Pun, altering daily emoAon one who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situaDons would not be especially prone to experience negaDve aect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the NegaDve EmoDonality scale.

Proneness; Not necessarily experience Gray characterized the quality of personality deriving from BIS sensiDvity as anxiety proneness [not anxiety having-ness]. This dimension appears relaDvely straighiorward conceptually. The problem is that although a person with high BIS sensiDvity is vulnerable to anxiety in certain situaDons, this person may also learn to avoid anxiety-provoking situaDon much of the Dme and consequently experience relaDvely li^le anxiety on a day-to-day basis Behavior could change exposure to Rew/Pun, altering daily emoAon one who realized the vulnerability and arranged his or her life to avoid threatening situaDons would not be especially prone to experience negaDve aect moment to moment and thus would not have a high standing on the NegaDve EmoDonality scale. What does T&P do? Alters exposure via biases in approach and avoidance

Is this theory true?

Does it apply equally to the BIS (avoid punishments) and BAS (approach rewards)?

Daily Diary

Gables data support 3 key conclusions

Traits States Traits predict mood Higher BAS Increased daily PA Higher BIS Increased daily NA Consistent with the evidence reviewed in the Ma^hews

chapter indicaDng that Traits promote Trait-related States

Traits States Traits predict mood Higher BAS Increased daily posiDve emoDon Higher BIS Increased daily negaDve emoDon Consistent with the evidence reviewed in the Ma^hews

High BIS Enhanced Reac?vity BIS predicts reacAvity to daily hassles and stress High-BIS individuals showed increased negaDve aect

to negaDve life events and daily hassles Experienced the same stressors as more distressing This was above and beyond their generally higher level

of negaDve aect

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

High BIS

Low BIS

ReacAvity

General Mood

of negaDve aect

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

High BIS

Low BIS

ReacAvity

General Mood

of negaDve aect

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

High BIS

Low BIS

ReacAvity

General Mood

of negaDve aect

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

High BIS

Low BIS

ReacAvity

General Mood

High BAS More Posi?ve Events BAS predicts more frequent posiAve daily events

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

High BAS

Low BAS

High BAS More Posi?ve Events BAS predicts more frequent posiAve daily events

-1

1

3

5

7

9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

High BAS

Low BAS

High BAS More Posi?ve Events More frequent posiAve daily events explained increased PA in individuals with higher levels of BAS

Higher BAS More PosiAve Aect

More Frequent PosiAve Daily Events

High BAS More Posi?ve Events More frequent posiAve daily events explained increased PA in individuals with higher levels of BAS

Higher BAS More PosiAve Aect

More Frequent PosiAve Daily Events

In Summary Trait BIS: EmoAonal States Inuences NA (state) via dierenDal reac?vity to negaDve events

ReacDve

Trait BAS: Behavior EmoAon Inuences PA via dierenDal exposure to posiDve events

PosiDve events may be less likely to occur without acDve iniDaDon

PosiDve events must be sought out, and the BAS regulates approach (appeDDve moDvaDon; wanDng)

ProacDve

ReacDve

ProacDve

ReacDve

ProacDve

ReacDve

Trait BAS: Behavior EmoAonal States Inuences PA via dierenDal exposure to posiDve events

ProacDve

ReacDve

ProacDve

ReacDve

ProacDve

ReacDve

ProacDve

ReacDve

ProacIve

Key Take Home Points

T&PIt aint just the peak amplitude

Key Take Home Points for Todays MeeAng

In prior lectures, we discussed evidence that T&P represents a diathesis that leads to enhanced emoDon in the presence of trait-relevant cues

Today, we reviewed evidence that T&P can also alter the probability of encountering trait-relevant cues (rewards and punishments) in the environment This demonstrates that traits can inuence moDvated behavior (approach and avoidance)even when emoDonally-salient sDmuli are absent And it may reect enduring dierences in the spontaneous, on-going acDvity or connecDvity of the brain (EEG, FDG-PET, resDng-state fMRI)

Today, we reviewed evidence that T&P can also alter the probability of encountering trait-relevant cues (rewards and punishments) in the environment This suggests that traits can inuence moDvated behavior (approach and avoidance)even when emoDonally-salient sDmuli are absent And it may reect enduring dierences in the spontaneous, on-going acDvity or connecDvity of the brain (EEG, FDG-PET, resDng-state fMRI)

Today, we reviewed evidence that T&P can also alter the probability of encountering trait-relevant cues (rewards and punishments) in the environment This suggests that traits can inuence moDvated behavior (approach and avoidance)even when emoDonally-salient sDmuli are absent And it may reect enduring dierences in the spontaneous, on-going acDvity or connecDvity of the brain

4 Cri?cal Thinking Ques?ons

Please respond to any 2

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #1

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #1 Contrary to Gable, other research indicates that individuals with high levels of N/NE encounter (or create/evoke) more frequent negaDve life events and daily stressors (Magnus et al. 1993; Ormel & Wohlfarth, 1991; Aeck et al. 1994; Bolger & Schilling 1991; Bolger & Zuckerman 1995; David et al 1997; Gunthert et al 1999; Suls et al 1998; Middeldorp et al Psychol Med 2008 and cites therein; Fergusson & Horwood 1987; Poulton & Andrews APS 1992; Kendler et al PM 2003; Magnus, Diener et al JPSP 1993; van Os et al BMJ 2001).

E.g., Bolger & Schilling esDmated that the heightened negaDve mood characterisDc of high-N/NE individuals reects:

~60% baseline dierences in neg mood in the absence of trait-relevant sDmuli ~25% hyper-reacDvity to daily hassles and stressors ~15% increased exposure to negaDve events (mostly interpersonal conict)

Why didnt Gable see this dieren?al exposure? Might it reect her use of the BIS/BAS scales?

~60% baseline dierences in negaDve mood in the absence of trait-relevant sDmuli ~25% hyper-reacDvity to daily hassles and stressors ~15% increased exposure to negaDve events (mostly interpersonal conict)

The Scales

BIS Even if something bad is about to happen to me, I rarely experience fear or nervousness. I feel pre^y worried or upset when I think or know somebody is angry at me. If I think something unpleasant is going to happen I usually get pre^y "worked up." I feel worried when I think I have done poorly at something important. I have very few fears compared to my friends. I worry about making mistakes. CriDcism or scolding hurts me quite a bit. No?ce 1. Many of the items are focused on situa?ons where overt threat is absent, distal, or

ambiguous

2. None directly indexes avoidance or inhibi?on, contrary to The Theory

BAS I go out of my way to get things I want. When I'm doing well at something I love to keep at it. I'm always willing to try something new if I think it will be fun. When I get something I want, I feel excited and energized. When I want something I usually go all-out to get it. I will oxen do things for no other reason than that they might be fun. If I see a chance to get something I want I move on it right away. When I see an opportunity for something I like I get excited right away. I oxen act on the spur of the moment. When good things happen to me, it aects me strongly. I crave excitement and new sensaDons. When I go axer something I use a "no holds barred" approach. It would excite me to win a contest.

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #2 In prior lectures, we have discussed the potenDal limitaDons of introspecDve self-report measures of T&P (e.g., insensiDvity to processes that lie outside of conscious awareness, biases, mnemonic arDfacts, mash-up readout). To what degree might Gables results reect trait-like dierences in the way that people think about, rate, appraise, or label their emoDons and daily experiences, rather than true dierences in emoDonal states or stress exposure? How might one circumvent this in future research?

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #3 Individuals characterized by low BAS are vulnerable to depression Briey describe why this might be so using the key results from the Gable study. Briey describe a study that would allow you to test your hypothesis.

Low BAS Increased p(MDD Dx)

Watson Ann Rev Clin Psychol 2009

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #3 Individuals characterized by low BAS are vulnerable to depression Briey describe why this might be so using the key results from the Gable study. Briey describe a study that would allow you to test your hypothesis.

Low BAS Increased p(MDD Dx) Why ????

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #4 In prior lectures, we have discussed the potenDal limitaDons of introspecDve self-report measures of T&P (e.g., insensiDvity to processes that lie outside of conscious awareness, biases, mnemonic arDfacts, mash-up readout). To what degree might Gables results reect trait-like dierences in the way that people think about, rate, appraise, or label their emoDons and daily experiences, rather than true dierences in emoDonal states? How might one circumvent this in future research?

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #4 Today, I suggested that BAS inuences exposure to posiDve events via approach behaviors (e.g., a^ending or organizing a party) Briey describe another possible explanatory mechanisms For example, might high-BAS individuals evoke more posiDve reacDons from others?

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #4 Today, I suggested that BAS inuences exposure to posiDve events via approach behaviors (e.g., a^ending or organizing a party) Briey describe another possible explanatory mechanism. For example, might high-BAS individuals evoke dierent reacDons from other individuals? Does it feel dierent to interact with people who are prone to approach and pos a?

CriAcal Thinking QuesAon #4 Today, I suggested that BAS inuences exposure to posiDve events via approach behaviors (e.g., a^ending or organizing a party) Briey describe another possible explanatory mechanism. For example, might high-BAS individuals evoke dierent reacIons from other individuals? Does it feel dierent to interact with people who are prone to approach and pos a?

The End

Stu for Future Semesters

Clark & Watson (1991) synthesized the accumulaDng evidence into their triparDte model of depression and anxiety. This model grouped depression and anxiety symptoms into three basic subtypes. First, many symptoms are strong indicators of a general distress or negaDve aect factor. This nonspecic group includes both anxious and depressed mood, as well as other symptoms that are prevalent in both depression and anxiety. The other two symptom groups represent the unique, disDnguishing aspects of each syndrome: somaDc hyperarousal (e.g., shortness of breath, dizziness) is specic to anxiety, whereas anhedonia and low posiDve mood (e.g., loss of interest, feeling that nothing is enjoyable) are relaDvely specic to depression. Barlow and his colleagues subsequently arDculated a similar three-factor model (Barlow et al. 1996, Chorpita et al. 1998).

Shackman et al., Psychol Sci, 2009

xx

Moods, thoughts, and behavior are determined by

A. The situaDon B. T&P C. Both

The situation T&

PBoth

0% 0%0%

Longitudinal research studies

A. Provide strong evidence that antecedants (childhood) predict consequences (adulthood), a precondiDon for establishing causaDon

B. Complex, costly, and Dme-consuming

C. Can not prove causaDon, because they do not manipulate the putaDve cause of the outcome

D. All of the above Pro

vide strong evidence t...

Comp

lex, co

stly, and tim...

Can not pro

ve causa

tion,...

All of the above

0% 0%0%0%

The key take home point from Blocks criAque is that the FFM

A. Is a bunch of hooey B. Reects the

fundamental nature of T&P

C. Is a convenient short-hand, a someDmes useful cDon that begs for addiDonal research

Is a bu

nch o

f hooey

Reflects the fundame

ntal...

Is a convenien

t short-han..

0% 0%0%

The Five Factor Model (FFM) is predicated on the lexical hypothesis, the assumpAon that the deep structure of T&P is embedded in our natural language, waiAng to be discovered.

What are some concerns with this assumpAon?

A. Meaningful aspects of T&P may not be captured by single word

B. Key aspects of T&P might be too complex for single words, requiring phrases, sentences, or even whole paragraphs of words

C. No guarantee that words (natural language) will permit the expression of scienDcally crucial aspects of personality

D. All of the above

Meaningful aspects of T..

Key aspects of T&P might ..

No guarantee that words...

All of the above

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