sfdbceakt,f - liberty.ge · winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmis araRZvras swored axali kanonis norma daedo safuZvlad. saqmeze mamuka nozaZe saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg kaspis raio-nulma

Tavisuflebamarti/2005/#3(39)

2

marTlmsajulebislogika

dasjadia Tu araeqspresiuli qmedeba

Tamar kinwuraSvili

sasamarTlo dacvisZiriTadi ufleba

maiko oqruaSvili

saxelmwifosazRvrebs gareSe

#3 (39), marti, 2005sfdbceakt,f

03

22

30

15

kote kublaSvili

3


Tamar kinwuraSvili

marTlmsajulebislogika

amboben, karg iurists ori ram moeTxoveba _ logikis unari

da imis codna, Tu sad romeli kanoni unda eZebo. am ori

komponentis aucileblobaSi sityvis TavisuflebasTan

dakavSirebuli qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikis gacnobac

dagarwmunebT, romelic erTgvari testia logikaSi. testis

pasuxebis saZebnelad, albaT, mizanSewonilia gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis maregulirebel saerTaSoriso standartebs

CavxedoT. da ara imitom, rom yvelafris gasaRebi sadRac

Cvengan Sorsaa. ubralod imitom, rom gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

leba Tavisi bunebiT universaluri uflebaa, romelic geog-

rafiuli sazRvrebiT ar izRudeba da misi regulireba saerTa-

Soriso samarTals eqvemdebareba. adamianis uflebaTa univer-

saluri deklaraciis me-19 muxli calsaxad gansazRvravs, rom

azrisa da gamoxatvis Tavisufleba moicavs adamianis

sityvis Tavisuflebada qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika


4

Tavisuflebas, daubrkoleblad

misdevdes Tavis mrwamss da moiZios

da gaavrcelos informacia da

ideebi nebismieri saSualebiT,

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis miuxedavad.~

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi saqarT-

velos bolo rvawliani gamocdileba Tval-

naTliv warmoaCens, rom sityvisa da azris

gamoxatvis uflebis erTgvarovani gageba

qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi jer kidev

did problemad rCeba. 2004 wlis 24 ivniss

sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

kanonis miRebiT radikalurad Seicvala am

sferos maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo

reformis Sedegad gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

maRali saerTaSoriso standartebiTaa

daculi, uaxlesi sasamarTlo praqtika

cxadyofs, rom am uflebiT sargeblobaSi

dausabuTebel Carevas xSirad im mosamarT-

leTa msoflmxedvelobrivi problema ganapi-

robebs, romelTac uWirT liberaluri

Rirebulebebis gaTaviseba da dResac

sabWoTa kodeqsebiT xelmZRvaneloben.

winamdebare publikacia efuZneba Tavisuf-

lebis institutis mier Catarebul kvlevas1,

romelic rva wlis (1996-2004) ganmavlobaSi

saerTo sasamarTloebis mier sityvis Tavi-

suflebasTan dakavSirebiT ganxiluli sasa-

marTlo gadawyvetilebebis2 analizs

moicavs. publikaciaSi asaxulia is ZiriTadi

tendenciebi, romelic bolo periodSi qar-

Tul marTlmsajulebaSi sityvisa da gamo-

xatvis Tavisuflebis sferoSi gamoikveTa.

ciliswamebis dekriminalizacia

erT-erT mniSvnelovan novaciad, romelic

axalma kanonma Semoitana, difamaciis

dekriminalizacia iTvleba. sityvisa da

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonma

gaauqma sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e

muxli, romelic ciliswamebisTvis sisxlis

samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswineb-

da. saxeldobr, ciliswameba danaSaulis

dabralebiT isjeboda jarimiT an sazogado-

ebisaTvis sasargeblo SromiT, vadiT asidan

oras saaTamde anda gamasworebeli samuSa-

oTi, vadiT erT wlamde.

pirveli pozitiuri Sedegi, rac sityvisa da

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonis

amoqmedebis Sedegad sasamarTlo praqtikaSi

gamovlinda, iyo is, rom Jurnalistis

winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmis

araRZvras swored axali kanonis norma

daedo safuZvlad. saqmeze mamuka nozaZe

saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg kaspis raio-

nulma sasamarTlom sityvisa da gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb axali kanonis safuZ-

velze ganacxada, rom sakanonmdeblo cvli-

lebebis Sedegad difamacia sisxlis samarTlis

wesiT dasjadi danaSauli ar aris, sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxli ki, rome-

lic iTvaliswinebda sasjels cilismwameb-

luri gancxadebebis gamo gauqmebulia.

imisaTvis, rom gavaanalizoT, Tu ramdenad

arsebobda ciliswamebis dekriminalizaciis

aucilebloba im pirobebSi, roca gasuli

wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi arc

erTi piri ar CausvamT cixeSi ciliswamebis

braldebiT, mizanSewonilia, mimovixiloT

wina wlebis sasamarTlo praqtika.

Tu Cvens xelT arsebul sisxlis samarTlis

saqmeebis statistikas gavaanalizebT,

davinaxavT, rom sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsSi arsebuli normis gamoyenebis

negatiuri efeqti ufro sawyis periodSi

aRiniSneboda, rodesac Jurnalist klara

,,

5


abramias deputat nestan kirTaZis koruf-

ciaSi mxilebis3, xolo moqalaqe klara

Sukvans politikuri Sexedulebis gamoTqmis

gamo4 , aRmkveTi RonisZieba miusajes da

Semdeg pirobiTi sasajeliT Seucvales.

rvawliani periodis ganmavlobaSi cxra

sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan mxolod klara

abramiasa da klara Sukvanis zemoxsenebul

saqmeebze gamoitana sasamarTlom saboloo

gadawyvetileba sisxlis samarTlis saqmis

aRZvris Sesaxeb, kanonis moTxovnaTa darR-

veviT; erTjer qalaqis prokuraturam lav-

renti naWyebiasa da klara abramias saqmeze,

rac sabolood gaauqma kidec generalurma

pro-kuraturam da ganmcxadeblis moTxovna

arc sasamarTlom daakmayofila; erTjer

raionulma da saolqo sasamarTloebma

saqmeze buaCiZe l. lomsaZis winaaRmdeg,

rodesac sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaved

cnes piri im gancxadebebis gamo, romelic

mxareebs Soris sajaro polemikis dros ga-

moiTqva. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba sabolo-

od uzenaesma sasamarTlom procesualuri

darRvevebis motiviT 2004 wlis dasawyisSi

gaauqma.

aseTi statistikis miuxedavad, arsebuli

praqtika iZleva imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom

sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis

�gamyinavi efeqti� mainc moqmedebda.

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 148-e muxlSi

arsebuli norma, Tavisi bunebidan


6

gamomdinare, sityvis Tavisuflebis gakont-

rolebis gansakuTrebul cdunebas aRZravda

saxelmwifo organoebSi, politikosebsa da

sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebSi. ganvlili peri-

odis statistikac swored am tendenciaze

metyvelebs. kerZod, am periodSi ganxilu-

li cxra sisxlis samarTlis saqmidan:

mxolod or SemTxvevaSi mimarTa kerZo

pirma sasamarTlos sisxlis samarTlis

wesiT Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad;

oTx SemTxvevaSi kerZo bralmdeblad

sajaro politikuri Tanamdebobis piri

mogvevlina: ori saxelisuflebo

politikuri Zalis warmomadgeneli,

saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrebi _

nestan kirTaZe da guram SaraZe;

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis

Sinagan saqmeTa ministri _ lavrenti

naWyebia; q. foTis sakrebulos

Tavmjdomare _ T. wurwumia;

or saqmeSi sajaro Tanamdebobis piri:

axalcixis ganaTlebis ganyofilebis

gamge _ nana ioseliani, liaxvis saolqo

saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomare _

mamuka nozaZe;

orSi ki bralmdebeli saxelmwifo iyo:

klara Sukvanisa da lavrenti naWyebiasa

da klara abramias saqmeebSi.

amdenad, rvawliani periodis analizi iZleva

imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom qveyanaSi cilis-

wamebis dekriminalizaciis aucilebloba

imisda miuxedavad arsebobda, Tu ramdeni

adamiani gaamweses an ar gaamweses sakuTari

azris gamoxatvis gamo drois am monakveTSi

sasjelaRsrulebiT dawesebulebebSi. am

sakanonmdeblo cvlilebis aucileblobas

ufro is garemoeba gansazRvravs, amgvari

araliberaluri sakanonmdeblo normisa da

Tundac Sesabamisi sisxlissamarTlebrivi

sasamarTlo praqtikis simwiris pirobebSi,

Tu ramden adamians daekarga sakuTari

Sexedulebis gamoxatvis survili.

msoflmxedvelobrivi problema

axali kanonis miRebam sasamarTlo praqtikaSi

gamoavlina rogorc pozitiuri tendencia,

aseve is msoflmxedvelobrivi problema,

romelic mosamarTleTa korpusis nawils

liberaluri Rirebulebebis miRebaSi

uSlis xels. yvelaze TvalsaCino magali-

Tad goris raionuli sasamarTlos mier

saqmeze mamuka nozaZe `TrialeTis~ winaaR-

mdeg gamotanili gadawyvetileba gamodgeba.

mosamarTle g. goCitaSvilma antikonstitu-

ciurad da evropis adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis konvenciasTan Seusabamod gamoacxa-

da axali kanoni sityvisa da gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.

amave gadawyvetilebiT mosamarTlis mier

sainformacio saSualebisaTvis bodiSis

moxdis dakisreba isev da isev msoflmxed-

velobrivi konfliqtis Sedegad unda miviC-

nioT. am instituts arc saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo kodeqsi da arc ukve gauqmebu-

li presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva

saSualebebis Sesaxeb kanoni icnobda.

bodiSis moxdas iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa

kanonmdebloba, kerZod, 1964 wlis saqarT-

velos ssr samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi,

romelic 1997 wels axali samoqalaqo

kodeqsis miRebis Semdeg Zaladakargulad

gamocxadda. Tumca, rogorc rvawliani

sasamarTlo praqtika cxadyofs, saerTo

sasamarTloebi isev sabWoTa kanonmdeblo-

bas aniWebdnen upiratesobas da cnobierad

Tu gaucnobiereblad, sakmaod xSirad

mimarTavdnen pasuxismgeblobis am formas.

7


axali kanonis miRebamde sasamarTloebma

TerTmet saqmeSi5 gamoitanes gadawyveti-

leba bodiSis moxdis dakisrebis Sesaxeb da

mxolod xuT SemTxvevaSi gadasinjes aseTi

kanonSeusabamo gadawyvetilebebi zemdgomma

instanciebma.

swored arsebuli maxinji pratika gaxda

safuZveli imisa, rom axal kanonSi Caido

specialuri norma (17-e muxlis me-3 punqti),

romelic krZalavs piris iZulebas, moixados

bodiSi. aRniSnul normas iTvaliswinebs

saqar-Tvelos konstituciac, romlis me-19

muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia

adamianis iZuleba, gamoTqvas sakuTari

mrwamsisa da Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdego

mosazrebebi.

mamuka nozaZisa da `TrialeTis~ saqmeze

kanonmdeblobis reformirebis Semdeg gamo-

tanili gadawyvetileba wamoWris, erTis

mxriv, mosamarTleTa korpusis gadasinjvis,

xolo, meores mxriv, axali kanonmdeblobis

popularizaciis aucileblobis sakiTxs.

politikuri koniunqturis gavlena

aRniSnuli periodis sasamarTlo praqtika

yvelaze naTlad asaxavs qveyanaSi ganviTa-

rebul politikur cvlilebebs. 2003 wlis

23 noembris vardebis revoluciamde tele-

kompania `rusTavi-2~-is eTeriT moZraoba

`kmaras~ klipebis translirebis akrZalva,

klara Sukvanis saqmis Semdeg, politikuri

gamoxatvis yvelaze uxeSi xelyofis nimuSi

iyo. sasamarTlo xelisufleba politikuri

dakveTis Semsruleblad mogvevlina, rode-

sac saqmeze saqarTvelos antimonopoliuri

samsaxuri rusTavi 2-is winaaRmdeg, yovel-

gvari samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe,

araeTikurad gamoacxada da akrZala

`kmaras~ klipebis Cveneba, aseve aragonivru-

li finansuri sanqcia _ 127 716, 96 aSS

dolaris ekvivalenti larebSi _ daakisra

sainformacio saSualebas. is garemoeba,

rom aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva

qveyanaSi politikuri xelisuflebis

Secvlis Semdeg procesualuri darRvevebis

motiviT moxda, ukve metyvelebs vake-sabur-

Talos raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyveti-

lebis politikur mizanSewonilobaze.

politikuri koniunqturis gavlenisagan

sasamarTlo Tavisufali arc revoluciis

Semdeg aRmoCnda. saqmeze Temur SaSiaSvili

daviT kupreiSvilisa da àxali versiis~

winaaRmdeg erTi da igive sasamarTlo

kolegiis mier drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi

(2003 wlis 23 noembramde da 23 noembris

Semdeg) gamotanili gadawyvetileba Tval-

naTliv warmoaCens im saSiS tendencias, ro-

melic eWvqveS ayenebs saerTod sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis damoukideblobis sakiTxs.

Temur SaSiaSvilis saqme

Tanamedrove qarTuli sasamarTloebis

praqtikaSi Znelad Tu moiZebneba iseTi

kuriozuli gadawyvetileba, rogoric

quTaisis saolqo sasamarTlom mocemul

saqmeze gamoitana. Tavad is faqti, rom

Temur SaSiaSvilis pativisa da Rirsebis

gamo, sasamarTloSi daibares daviT mumla-

Ze, romelmac misi winamorbedisagan (Temur

SaSiaSvilisagan) mxolod imereTSi preziden-

tis saxelmwifo rwmunebulis uflebamosi-

leba gadaibara, Rimilis momgvrelicaa da

im samwuxaro realobis amsaxveli, romlis

Tanaxmad, revoluciamdec da revoluciis

Semdegac sasamarTlo xelisufleba poli-

tikuri koniunqturis Sesatyvisad ufro

moqmedebda, vidre kanonierebis.


8

im droisaTvis, roca Temur SaSiaSvili

sajaro Tanamdebobis pirs _ imereTSi

prezidentis saxelmwifo rwmunebuls

warmoadgenda, quTaisis saolqo sasamarT-

lom miiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTac

SaSiaSvilis sasargeblod biznesmen daviT

kupreiSvils 1 338 000 aSS dolaris Sesabamisi

Tanxis gadaxda daakisra, am ukanasknelis

mier gubernatoris mimarT gazeT �axali

versiis� furclebze gakeTebuli gancxade-

bebis gamo. es iyo yvelaze didi finansuri

sanqcia, rac ki difamaciur saqmeebze

sasamarTloebs aqamde daukisrebiaT.

qveyanaSi politikuri xelisuflebis

cvlilebis Semdeg ki, rasac SaSiaSvilis

Tanamdebobidan wasvla mohyva, uzenaesi

sasamarTlos miTiTebiT, quTaisis saolqo

sasamarTlos imave kolegias xsenebuli

gadawyvetilebis gadasinjva mouwia. quTa-

isis saolqo sasamarTlom ki am SemTxvevaSi

martivi gamosavali ipova _ man ganuxilve-

li datova saqme im motiviT, rom Temur

SaSiaSvilis uflebamonacvle, daviT

mumlaZe procesze ar gamocxadda da ar

daakmayofila Temur SaSiaSvilis Suamdgom-

loba im sababiT, rom es ukanaskneli saku-

Tar pativsa da Rirsebas rwmunebulis

rangSi icavda, sarCelis ganxilvis momen-

tisTvis ki Sesabamisi Tanamdeboba sul sxva

pirs, saxeldobr, daviT mumlaZes ekava.

aseTma logikam, SesaZloa, iseT absurdul

mdgomareobamde migviyvanos, rom prezident

SevardnaZis misamarTiT gavrcelebuli

cnobebis gamo, mis uflebamonacvle prezi-

dent saakaSvils mouwios SevardnaZis pati-

visa da Rirsebis dacva, SevardnaZes _

gamsaxurdias da a. S.

aRniSnuli ganCineba ewinaaRmdegeba ara

marto logikas, aramed saqarTvelos

samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobasac.

Temur SaSiaSvilis sasarCelo gancxadeba

marTalia, saxelmwifo rwmunebulis

blankze iyo dabeWdili, magram mosarCled

miTiTebuli iyo fizikuri piri _ Temur

SaSiaSvili, gancxadebaSi aseve aRniSnuli

iyo mosarClis sacxovrebeli misamarTi. es

faqtobrivi garemoeba Tavidanve gamoric-

xavda imis albaTobas, rom sarCeli saxel-

mwifo rwmunebulis saxeliT iyo Setanili.

TavisTavad pativi da Rirseba ar SeiZleba

axasiaTebdes Tanamdebobas, gavrcelebuli

cnobebis gamo garkveuli fizikuri Tu

sulieri tanjvebi SesaZloa, miadges mxo-

lod fizikur pirs. gadawyvetilebidan

gamomdinare bundovani darCa, Tu vis daekis-

ra 5 aTasi laris odenobiT baJis gadaxda _

Temur SaSiaSvils Tu mis uflebamonacvle

daviT mumlaZes, romelmac, SesaZloa, arc

ki icoda daviT kupreiSvilis mier Temur

SaSiaSvilis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli

cnobebis Sinaarsi.

albaT, saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba

imazec, Tu ramdenad kanonieri iyo quTaisis

saqalaqo sasamarTlos revoluciamdeli

dauswrebeli gadawyvetileba, romelic

uprecedento finansuri kompensaciis gamo

sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis Sesaxeb

sakuTari azris gamoxatvis survils

daukargavda nebismier adamians. anu saxeze

iyo gadawyvetilebis �gamyinavi efeqti�.

pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlos mxedvelobaSi

unda mieRo is, rom daviT kupreiSvilsa da

Temur SaSiaSvils Soris sajaro polemika

sadavo sagazeTo publikaciamde gacilebiT

adre mimdinareobda da mopasuxis sagazeTo

gamonaTqvamebi ar warmoadgenda e.w. �pirvel

Tavdasxmas� gubernatoris misamarTiT.

daviT kupreiSvilis cnobiT, mopasuxe mas

9


kacis mkvlels, yaCaRsa da

bandits uwodebda. sajaro

interesis saganze _ siliko-

manganumis Temaze mxareebs

Soris mimdinare sajaro

diskusia ukve Tavad ganapi-

robebda sityvis Tavisufle-

bis dacvis gacilebiT maRal

standarts. amasTanave dis-

kusiis erT-erTi mxaris

Tanamdebobrivi statusi am

ukanasknels Tmenis gacile-

biT met valdebulebas

akisrebda.

rac Seexeba sakiTxs imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis cnoba

gaavrcela mopasuxem _ faqti

Tu mosazreba, unda aRiniS-

nos, rom daviT kupreiSvilis

braldeba, rom saxelmwifo

rwmunebuli qarxanaSi 6%-s

flobda, mtkicebiT formaSi

ar iyo gadmocemuli. man

mxo-lod is aRniSna, rom

�rogorc qarxnis muSebi

amboben, Temur SaSiaSvili

wilis 6%-s flobda.�

mopasuxis mier gavrcele-

buli cnobebi warmoadgenda

ara faqtebs, aramed erT

SemTxvevaSi _ SefasebiT

msjelobas, meore SemTxve-

vaSi ki _ asaxavda qarxnis

muSebSi moarul xmebs.

amdenad, im droisaTvis

moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeq-

sis me-18 muxli ar iZleoda

cnobebis uaryofis dakisre-

bis SesaZleblobas, radgan

pasuxismgeblobis am formas


10

mxolod sinamdvilesTan Seusabamo

faqtebis gavrcelebis dros mimarTavdnen.

cxadia, calke saubris Temaa is sanqciebi,

romelic sasamarTlom mopasuxes daakisra.

kerZod, bodiSis moxda, rasac ar iTvaliswi-

nebda da arc amJamad iTvaliswinebs moqmedi

kanonmdebloba; moraluri zianis kompensacia

da kompensaciis odenobad 1 338 000 aSS-is

gansazRvra.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi moraluri zianis

dakisrebis araviTari safuZveli ar arse-

bobda: gavrcelebuli cnoba ar warmoad-

genda faqts, amdenad, ver Selaxavda mosar-

Clis pativsa da Rirsebas, xolo mopasuxis

braleul moqmedebaze Tavad mosarClesac

ki ar hqonia warmodgenili raime argumenti

sasarCelo gancxadebaSi. rac Seexeba kom-

pensaciis gansazRvras, proporciulobis

principi am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad darRveuli

iyo. mopasuxes marTlac rom gaevrcelebina

difamaciuri cnobebi, anu saxeze rom

yofiliyo sanqciis dakisrebis kanonieri

mizani, aseTi zomis sanqciis dakisreba

maSinac ki gaumarTlebeli iqneboda da

bevrs daukargavda xelisuflebis

warmomadgenlis gakritikebis survils.

aragonivruli finansuri sanqciebis dakisre-

bis saSiS tendenciaze dawvrilebiT Cven

qvemoT visaubrebT. rac Seexeba gansaxilvel

saqmes, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis gamartiveba iqnebo-

da, Tu problemas martooden `telefonis

marTlmsajulebaSi� davinaxavdiT. sasamarT-

lo xelisuflebis tradiciis ararsebobam

garkveulwilad ganapiroba is, rom mosa-

marTleTa korpusis nawili Tavadve cdi-

lobs moargos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebi

yoveli morigi saxelisuflebo Zalis

interesebs, rac kidev erTxel cxadyofs,

rom kompetenciaze metad xSir SemTxvevaSi

saqme isev da isev mosamarTleTa msoflmxe-

dvelobriv problemasTan gvaqvs.

aragonivruli finansuri

sanqciebi

zogadad finansuri sanqciebis mkveTri

zrdis tendencia, ramac 2003 wlis 23 noem-

bramde iCina Tavi, ukve imis momaswavebeli

iyo, rom im droindeli politikuri xeli-

sufleba Tavisufali sityvis Sezrudvas

represiuli meTodebiT cdilobda da

represiul aparatad swored sasamarTlo

xelisuflebas iyenebda.

politikuri xelisuflebis survili,

sasamarTlos meSveobiT gaekontrolebina

sityvis Tavisufleba, CxartiSvili-berZe-

niSvilis saqmis6 Semdeg, yvelaze TvalnaT-

liv 2003 wels gamovlinda. swored drois am

monakveTs, anu wina xelisuflebis mmarTve-

lobis krizisis periods ukavSirdeba

yvelaze maRali da aragonivruli finansu-

ri sanqciis dakisrebis sami SemTxveva:

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlom saqmeSi

akaki CxaiZe `rusTavi 2~-is, akaki gogiCaiS-

vilisa da aleqsandre maRlaferiZis wina-

aRmdeg mopasuxeebs daakisra 1 000 000

laris gadaxda; quTaisis saolqo sasamarT-

lom wina TavSi ganxilul saqmeSi Temur

SaSiaSvili daviT kupreiSvilisa da àxali

versiis~ winaaRmdeg daviT kupreiSvils _

1 338 000 aSS dolaris Sesabamisi Tanxis

gadaxda larebSi; vake-saburTalos rai-

onulma sasamarTlom ki saqmeSi saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo antimonopoliuri samsa-

xuri `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg daavalde-

bula telekompania, gadaexada 127 716, 96

aSS dolaris Sesabamisi Tanxa larebSi.

11


cxadia, Tavad dakisrebuli finansuri san-

qciebis moculoba gansazRvravs pasuxis-

mgeblobis amgvari formis gonivrulobasac

da daniSnulebasac. gamoikveTa saSiSi

tendencia im mxriv, rom imJamindelma

politikurma xelisuflebam gansxvavebul

azrTan angariSsworebis procesi

sasamarTlo sistemis xeliT daiwyo.

aragonivruli maRali sanqciis dakisrebam

SesaZloa, gamoiwvios media saSualebis

gakotreba, rac saxifaToa demokratiuli

saxelmwifosaTvis. amave dros aseT

sanqciebs axlavs �gamyinavi efeqti�, rac

sxva sainformacio saSualebebsa Tu

calkeul individebs sakuTari azris

gamoxatvis survils unelebs. saxelmwifo,

romelic dainteresebulia qveynis demokra-

tiuli ganviTarebiTa da pluralizmis

SenarCunebiT, pasuxismgeblobis amgvar

zomebs ar mimarTavs.

diskriminaciuli gadawyvetileba

vaxtang xmalaZisa da

`jorjian Taimsis~ saqme

aRniSnul saqmeze sasamarTlos mier

miRebuli gadawyvetileba uprecedentoa im

mxriv, rom Seuracxmyofelad acxadebs

konkretul erovnebas. es gadawyvetileba

aratipiuria qarTuli sasamarTloebis

praqtikisTvis im TvalsazrisiTac, rom

wamoWris sakiTxs, romelic ufro TviTre-

gulirebis sferoa, vidre samarTlebrivis.

marTalia, jerjerobiT saqarTveloSi

TviTregulireba institucionalizebuli

saxiT ar arsebobs, magram es srulebiTac

ar amarTlebs imgvar gadawyvetilebebs,

rogoric aRniSnul saqmeze jer krwanisi-

mTawmindis raionulma, xolo Semdeg

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloebma miiRes.

erT SemTxvevaSi, roca sakiTxi mosarClis

mier gvaris gamocvlas Seexeboda, gazeTma

`jorjian Taimsma~ gaavrcela araswori

informacia. kerZod, is rom vaxtang

xmalaZes gvari hqonda gadakeTebuli da

me-8 klasamde igi manukianad iwodeboda.

daSvebuli Secdoma sasamarTlo procesze

Tavad sainformacio saSualebamac aRiara,

Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi araswori

cnobis gavrceleba ar SeiZleba gamxdariyo

Jurnalistis pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli.

saqmis ganxilvis momentisTvis moqmedi

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom

mopasuxes dakisreboda pasuxismgebloba

araswori cnobebis gavrcelebis gamo,

sadavo cnobebi erTdroulad unda yofi-

liyo sinamdvilesTan Seusabamoc da imavd-

roulad Seuracxmyofelic. aseTi iyo samo-

qalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxlis moTxovna.

Semdegi SekiTxva, romelzec sasamarTlos

unda gaeca pasuxi, iyo is, Tu ramdenad

SeiZleba xelyofdes piris pativsa da

Rirsebas araswori informaciis gavrcele-

ba mis mier sakuTari erovnebis Secvlis

Sesaxeb. Tuki mosarCle da sasamarTlo

Tvlian, rom TavisTavad somxuri gvaris

gadakeTeba qarTul gvarad SeiZleba warmo-

adgendes pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxvel,

Seuracxmyofel informacias, maSin isini

apriori amboben, rom somxoba TavisTavad

aris sircxvili. amiT ki Tavad avlenen dis-

kriminaciul damokidebulebas am erovnebis

warmomadgenelTa mimarT da aSkara

moralur zians ayeneben maT.

sasamarTlom arasworad daakisra pasuxis-

mgebloba sainformacio saSualebas im zo-

gadi msjelobis gamo, romelic garkveuli

deputatebis mxridan antiqarTuli poli-

tikis gatarebas Seexeboda. publikaciis am


12

epizodTan dakavSirebiT mxedvelobaSia

misaRebi is, rom mosarCle am SemTxvevaSi

calsaxad identificirebuli ar yofila,

anu gazeTs konkretulad masze ar miuTi-

Tebia. es garemoeba ki ar iZleoda samarT-

lebriv safuZvels imisaTvis, rom pirs

edava iseTi gamonaTqvamebis gamo, romleb-

Sic igi calsaxad identificirebuli ar

yofila. xsenebul gamonaTqvamSi mosarCle

identificirebuli kidevac rom yofiliyo,

sasamarTlos mainc ar eqneboda mopasuxi-

saTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis

ufleba, radganac sadavo fraza warmoad-

genda SefasebiT msjelobas, azrs da ara

mtkicebas faqtis Sesaxeb. xolo mosazrebis

gamo, rac ar unda kritikuli da miuRebeli

iyos igi vinmesTvis, dauSvebelia pasuxis-

mgeblobis dakisreba, radganac azris

Tavisuflebas icavs rogorc saqarTvelos

konstitucia, aseve evropis adamianis

uflebaTa konvencia.

zemoT ganxiluli garemoebebis gaTvalis-

winebiT, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom saolqo

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gavrcelebu-

li cnobebis uaryofisa da moraluri

zianis anazRaurebis saxiT 1000 laris

dakisrebis Sesaxeb warmoadgenda kanonis

uxeS darRvevas. moraluri zianis dakisreba

SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tu gavrcele-

buli cnobebi laxavs piris pativsa da

Rirsebas, rasac mocemul SemTxvevaSi

adgili ar hqonia.

regulirebis ra meqanizmebi moqmedebs iseT

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gavrcelebuli cnoba

ar Seesabameba sinamdviles, an sxva tipis

eTikur problemasTan gvaqvs saqme?

unda iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18

muxlis me-4 punqti iTvaliswinebs pasuxis

uflebas, magram am normis amoqmedebis

winapirobac pativisa da Rirsebis Semlax-

veli araswori cnobebis gavrcelebis faqti

unda yofiliyo. amdenad, erTaderTi

gamosavali aseT SemTxvevaSi TviTreguli-

rebis meqanizmebis amoqmedebaa.

tradiciuli demokratiisa da zogierTi

gardamavali demokratiis qveynebSi apro-

birebulia sazogadoebis winaSe mediis

angariSvaldebulebis sxvadasxva sistema.7

amerikuli modeli iTvaliswinebs calkeul

sainformacio saSualebaSi media ombuds-

menis institutis arsebobas. ama Tu im

sainformacio saSualebis ombudsmeni

ixilavs mkiTxvelTa saCivrebs da axdens

reagirebas araswori cnobis gavrcelebis

Tu sxva eTikuri normis darRvevis faqtze,

mkiTxvelis werilis gamoqveynebis an sxva

formiT. evropaSi aprobirebuli modeli

Svedur gamocdilebas efuZneba da

iTvaliswinebs mkiTxvelTa saCivrebis

ganxilvas koleqtiuri organos _ presis

sabWos mxridan. saCivrebis ganxilvas

mediisa da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi-

sagan Semdgari organo mediis mierve

aRiarebuli eTikis kodeqsebis safuZvelze

axdens8. TiTqmis yvela qveynis eTikis ko-

deqsi iTvaliswinebs iseT normas, rogori-

caa sizustis dacva da araswori faqtebis

gamoqveynebis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxis saSuale-

bas aZlevs mkiTxvels sainformacio saSu-

alebis mier daSvebuli uzustobis gamo.

Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom am tipis nor-

mebs savaldebulo Zala ara aqvT da maTi

dacva ufro mediis keTil nebazea damoki-

debuli.

swored profesiuli standartisa da eTi-

kuri normebis darRvevis kuTxiT unda gan-

xiluliyo aRniSnuli dava. saqarTveloSi

13


TviTregulirebis institutis ararseboba

ki ver gamodgeba Tbilisis saolqo sasamar-

Tlos mier gamotanili kanonSeusabamo

gadawyvetilebis gamarTlebad.

araerTgvarovani sasamarTlo

praqtika

dasasruls unda iTqvas im negatiuri

tendenciis Sesaxebac, rac sasamarTloebis

mier kanonis araerTgvarovan interpreta-

ciaSi gamoixata. miuxedavad imisa, rom

sakuTriv saqarTvelos Sida kanonmdebloba

precedentul samarTals ar iTvaliswinebs,

es garemoeba srulebiTac ar ganapirobebs

kanonis araerTgvarovani interpretaciis

dasaSvebobas. yvelaze paradoqsuli, albaT,

is aris, rom araerTgvarovan da winaaRmde-

gobriv praqtikas xSirad amkvidreben ara

mxolod sxvadasxva donis sasamarTlo

instanciebi, aramed erTi da igive sasamar-

Tlos erTi da igive mosamarTleebi. maga-

liTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlos samoqalaqo,

samewarmeo da gakotrebis saqmeTa palatam

(mosamarTleebi _ m. wiqvaZe, l. goCelaSvi-

li, r. nadiriani, m. gogiSvili) drois

sxvadasxva monakveTSi analogiuri tipis

saqmeebze miiRo arsobrivad winaaRmdegob-

rivi gadawyvetilebebi. esenia: vladimer

kereseliZe nodar jaianis winaaRmdeg;

Tamaz wivwivaZe da saqarTvelos mweralTa

saerTo erovnuli kavSiri akaki gogiCaiSvi-

lisa da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg; Tamaz

nadareiSvili jondi baRaTurias winaaRm-

deg; ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSvilis

winaaRmdeg; kaxa TargamaZe, avTandil

CxaiZe, vasil daviTaia, zaqaria varaziSvili,

nikoloz ivaniSvili, zurab urotaZe, revaz

maWavariani `rezonansisa~ da eliso CafiZis

winaaRmdeg.

aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi praqtika, rodesac

ara Tu sxvadasxva sasamarTloebi, erTi da

igive mosamarTleebi ar arian SeboWili maT

mierve miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT, wamoW-

ris kanonis erTgvarovani gagebis damkvid-

rebis aucileblobis sakiTxs, rac konsti-

tuciuri principebis _ Tanasworobisa da

winaswarganWvretadobis dasacavad aris

saWiro.


14

1 dawvrilebiT ix. `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~, tomi I I , Tavisuflebis

instituti, 2005.2 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos, aWaris a/r umaRlesi

sasamarTlos, Tbilisisa da quTaisis saolqo sasamarTloebis,

Tbilisis raionuli sasamarTloebis, quTaisis, foTis, rusTavis

saqalaqo sasamarTloebis, goris, gurjaanis, Coxatauris, xaragaulis

raionuli sasamarTloebis mier gamotanili 133, sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos mier gamotanili erTi gadawyvetileba da prokuraturaSi

warmarTuli erTi saqme.3 ix. nestan kirTaZe klara abramias winaaRmdeg.4 ix. prokuratura klara Sukvanis winaaRmdeg.5 bela SalvaSvili �qarTuli maxvilisa� da jemal davlianiZis

winaaRmdeg (gldani-naZaladevis raionuli sasamarTlo); i. orjonikiZe

n. xoferiasa da q. qurdovaniZis winaaRmdeg (vake-saburTalos

raionuli sasamarTlo); mevlud egrisaSvili mayvala berianiZis

winaaRmdeg (vake-saburTalos raionuli sasamarTlo); Tamaz wivwivaZe

da saqarTvelos mweralTa saerTo erovnuli kavSiri akaki

gogiCaiSvilisa da `rusTavi 2~-is winaaRmdeg(Tbilisis saolqo

sasamarTlo, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo); telekompania `rioni~

telekompania `quTaisis~ winaaRmdeg(quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo);

giorgi jiSkariani badri kapetivaZis, daviT liklikaZisa da eliso

kilaZis winaaRmdeg(quTaisis saqalaqo sasamarTlo); roman kvaWaZe

`lanCxuTi Plus~-is, qeTevan da zaza nakaSiZeebis winaaRmdeg

(Coxatauris raionuli sasamarTlo); evgeni juRaSvili griSa onianis

winaaRmdeg (krwanisi-mTawmindis raionuli sasamarTlo); aWaris

soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro avTandil gadaxabaZis,

`pres-klub baTumisa~ da àxali versiis~ winaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqo

sasamarTlo); paata SavaZe tariel qaTamaZisa da àWara P.S.~-is

winaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqo sasamarTlo); nugzar maRularia da

`besana da giorgi~ guram ximSiaSvilis winaaRmdeg (baTumis saqalaqo

sasamarTlo).6 ix. ivane CxartiSvili levan berZeniSvilis winaaRmdeg.7 ix. `Jurnalisturi eTika da TviTregulirebis meqanizmebi~,

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2003.8 ix. `mediis TviTregulirebis qrestomaTia~, Tavisuflebis instituti,

2004.

SeniSvnebi:

15


SeerTebul StatebSi boi-skautebi

yovelwliurad aTasobiT gacveTil

da gamousadegar droSas wvaven,

Sesabamisi ceremoniis TanxlebiT. erTaderTi

gansxvaveba maTsa da grZelTmian, anarqist

demonstrantebs Soris maTi azrebia.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis sakanonmdeblo iniciativa, romelic

saxelmwifo simboloebis dacvis mizniT administraciuli

zomebis dadgenas iTvaliswinebs, parlamentis iuridiul

komitetSi winaaRmdegobas waawyda. miuxedavad imisa, rom

sakanonmdeblo organos dRis wesrigidan aRniSnuli

proeqtis ganxilva moixsna, Tavad sakiTxis aqtualobidan

gamomdinare, albaT, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT, rogorc

sakuTriv momzadebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi, aseve am

maiko oqruaSvili

dasjadia Tu araeqspresiuli

qmedeba?


16

sferos maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso

normebi da rac mTavaria, pasuxi gavceT

SekiTxvas _ SesaZloa Tu ara SeizRudos

gamoxatvis Tundac iseTi ukiduresi forma,

rogoric saxelmwifo simboloebis xelyofaa.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simboloebis `dad-

genili wesis darRveviT gamoyenebisaTvis~

administaciul samarTladarRvevaTa kodeqsSi

SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi iTvaliswinebda

Semdegi saxis pasuxismgeblobas :

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gerbis,

saxelmwifo droSisa da saxelmwifo

himnis dadgenili wesis darRveviT

gamoyeneba _ gamoiwvevs moqalaqis

dajarimebas 50 laris odenobiT,

xolo Tanamdebobis piris

dajarimebas 100 laris odenobiT.~

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia

droSis, himnis da gerbis gamoyenebis wesebi

saxelmwifo organoebSi da Tanamdebobis

pirebis mier. Tumca Cveni ganxilvis sagans ar

warmoadgens kanonmdeblobis es aspeqti.

SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebis Tanaxmad,

administraciuli pasuxismgeblobis subieqti

SeiZleba, gamxariyo nebismieri moqalaqe,

romelic gadawyvetda, `dadgenili wesis

darRveviT~ gamoeyenebina saxelmwifo

simbolika. kanonmdeblobaSi arsad aris

miTiTebuli, Tu ras warmoadgens aRniSnuli

simbolikis dadgenili wesiT gamoyeneba

Cveulebrivi moqalaqisaTvis. Sesabamisad,

nebismieri qmedeba, magaliTad, saxelmwifo

himnis remiqsuli variantiT Sesruleba,

saxelmwifo gerbis an droSis motivebze

raime sxva gamosaxulebis Seqmna, saxelmwifo

droSis gamosaxulebis tansacmlis, TeTreulis

tareba an misi daxeva SeiZleba, administra-

ciuli wesiT dasjadi gamxdariyo. ufro

metic, dRevandeli sisxlis samarTlis

kanonmdeblobiT, dasjadia saxelmwifo

`droSis SebRalva~ da Sesabamisi sasjeli,

sxva sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjad danaSa-

ulebTan SedarebiT sakmaod mkacria _

Tavisuflebis SezRudva or wlamde an tusa-

Roba samidan eqvs Tvemde an or wlamde

Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis

343-e muxlis (ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï

ÂÄÒÁÉÓ ÀÍ ÃÒÏÛÉÓ ÛÄÁÙÀËÅÀ) Tanaxmad:

ÓÀØÀÒÈÅÄËÏÓ ÓÀáÄËÌßÉ×Ï ÂÄÒÁÉÓ ÀÍÃÒÏÛÉÓ ÛÄÁÙÀËÅÀ, _ ÉÓãÄÁÀÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÆÙÖÃÅÉÈ ÅÀÃÉÈ ÏÒßËÀÌÃÄ ÀÍ ÔÖÓÀÙÏÁÉÈ ÅÀÃÉÈ ÓÀÌÉÃÀÍÄØÅÓ ÈÅÄÌÃÄ ÀÍÃÀ ÈÀÅÉÓÖ×ËÄÁÉÓÀÙÊÅÄÈÉÈ ÅÀÃÉÈ ÏÒ ßËÀÌÃÄ.~

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsSi Zalian bevri da SeiZleba iTqvas,

bevrad ufro seriozuli danaSauli gacilebiT

msubuq sasjels iTvaliswinebs, vidre iseTi

gamoxatva, rogoricaa saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifo gerbis an droSis SebRalva. gaurkveve-

lia, Tu ra gaxda am qmedebis danaSaulad

Seracxvis da Semdeg aseTi sasjelis dawesebis

kriteriumi.

simboluri gamoxatva gamoxatvis Tavisufle-

bis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani formaa.

simbolizmi ideebis komunikaciis sakmaod

Zlieri meqanizmia. simbolur gamoxatvas

xSirad Raribi kacis sagazeTo gamocemas

uwodeben. samxedro bileTis an droSis dawva

mediis da sazogadoebis yuradRebas ufro

metad izidavs, vidre preskonferenciis

gamarTva. es forma farTod gamoiyeneba

sxvadasxva demonstraciebis, protestis Tu

piketirebisas. simboluri gamoxatva verbalur

gamoxatvasTan garkveuli qmedebebis naerTs

warmoadgens. cxadia, rom simboluri

gamoxatvac, sxva formebTan erTad, daculia

saqarTvelos konstituciiT da sityvisa da

,, ,,

17


gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanoniT. rac

Seexeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas, ismis

kiTxva, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba sisxlis samar-

Tlis kodeqsSi droSis da gerbis SebRalvis

Sesaxeb arsebuli norma da administraciul

samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsSi SemoTavaze-

buli cvlilebebi sityvisa da gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb kanonsa da saerTaSo-

riso standartebs?

axlad miRebuli kanoni sityvisa da gamoxat-

vis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb Seicavs debulebas,

romlis mixedviTac, nebismieri norma, rome-

lic am kanoniT dacul uflebebs zRudavs,

�viwrod mizanmimarTuli~, �naTeli da

ganWvretadi~ unda iyos. Tu ras niSnavs es

ori definicia, advilad gasagebi gaxdeba,

evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos

precedentuli samarTlis gacnobisas.

saqmeSi sandi taimsi gaerTianebuli samefos

winaaRmdeg, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

kanoni, romelic gamoxatvis da sityvis

Tavisuflebas zRudavs, imgvarad unda iyos

formulirebuli, rom moqalaqes SeeZlos

misi qmedebebis Sedegis winaswar daaxloebiT

mainc ganWvreta. swored evropuli preceden-

tuli samarTlidan gaCnda qarTul kanonm-

deblobaSi msgavsi testi, romelic avalebs

kanonmdebels, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba

mxolod viwrod formulirebuli, naTeli da

ganWvretadi normebiT SezRudos.

SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi da sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsSi droSis SebRalvis Sesaxeb

arsebuli muxli ki Cvens kanonmdeblobaSi

yvelaze farTod formulirebuli normaa.

rac Seexeba mis ganWvretadobas, igi advilad

dasadgenia: nebismier moqalaqes ecodineba,


18

rom sakuTari saxelmwifos simbolikas

saerTod ar unda Seexos, radgan Tu ras niS-

navs droSis an gerbis SebRalva an saxelmwifo

simbolikis dadgenili wesiT gamoyeneba, ro-

gorc ukve aRvniSneT, gansazRvruli ar aris.

cxadia, sainteresoa saerTaSoriso gamocdi-

lebis gacnoba. miT ufro, rom bevr qveyanaSi

droSis, gerbis da sxva saxelmwifo simbolo-

ebisa da sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis erT-

maneTTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxi dRemde gada-

uWrel problemad rCeba. SeerTebuli Statebis

senatSi prezident buSis iniciativa, romelic

droSis SeuracxyofisTvis pasuxismgeblobis

dawesebas iTvaliswinebda, samjer Cavarda.

safrangeTSi aseTi kanonis miReba SedarebiT

advilad moxerxda, Tumca am nabijs sazoga-

doebaSi uaryofiTi reaqcia mohyva. qvemoT

detalurad mimovixilavT am sferoSi

ramdenime qveynis gamocdilebas.

safrangeTi

2003 wels, rodesac prezidenti Siraki

safexburTo matCs eswreboda, igi Seuracxyo

im faqtma, rom safrangeTis gundis mier

matCis wagebis Semdeg gundis gulSematkiv-

rebma stadionis tribunaze safrangeTis

droSa dawves. Sirakma stadioni swrafad

datova da safrangeTis Sinagan saqmeTa

ministrs axali sakanonmdeblo iniciativis

momzadeba daavala. saxelmwifo himnis da

droSis Seuracxyofa, imJamindeli kanonmdeb-

lobis Tanaxmadac isjeboda 6 Tvemde patim-

robiT da 6000 frankamde jarimiT. safran-

geTSi farTo kampania daiwyes am kanonmdeb-

lobis winaaRmdeg. maSin opoziciurma partiebma

sakonstitucio komisiaSi sarCelic Seitanes

da axalgazrdulma jgufebma da organiza-

ciebma demonstraciebi gamarTes. am kanonmdeb-

lobas dRemde aqtiurad akritikeben adami-

anis uflebebis damcveli jgufebi evropaSi.

aSS

SeerTebul StatebSi droSis dawvasTan

dakavSirebul seriozul debatebs 1984 wels

daedo saTave, rodesac dalasSi, texasis

StatSi respublikuri partiis erovnuli

Sekreba gaimarTa. gregori li jonsoni am

SekrebasTan dakavSirebul saprotesto

demonstraciaSi monawileobda. demonstraci-

is mizani iyo reiganis administraciisa da

dalasSi arsebuli ramdenime korporaciis

politikisadmi protestis gamoxatva. demon-

strantebi dalasis quCebSi politikuri

`sloganebiT~ gamovidnen. isini ramdenime

adgilze gaCerdnen, raTa birTvuli omis

Sedegebis dramatizirebis mizniT sikvdilis

inscenireba moexdinaT. demonstrantebma

ramdenime adgilze Senobebs saRebavi Seasxes

da quCaSi mdgari yvavilebis qoTnebi gadaat-

riales. aRniSnul qmedebebSi gregori li

jonsons monawileoba ar miuRia. demonst-

racia dasrulda dalasis meriis Senobis win,

sadac jonsonma demonstrantebis SeZaxile-

bis TanxlebiT SeerTebuli Statebis droSas

cecxli waukida da dawva. demonstraciis

dros aravin daSavebula, Tumca iq myofi

ramdenime adamiani sakmaod Seuracxyofili

darCa droSis dawvis faqtiT. 100 demonst-

rantidan brali mxolod jonsons wauyenes.

texasis Statis kanonis safuZvelze, pativ-

sacemi obieqtis (am SemTxvevaSi, droSis)

SeuracxyofisaTvis sasamarTlom mas orwli-

ani patimroba miusaja da 2000 dolariani

jarimis gadaxda daakisra. saapelacio sasa-

marTlom ZalaSi datova pirveli instanciis

gadawyvetileba, Tumca texasis uzenaesma

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom saxelmwifos ar

hqonda ufleba, sisxlis samarTlebrivi

pasuxismgebloba daekisrebina jonsonisTvis,

radgan droSis dawva iyo eqspresiuli qme-

deba, romelic pirveli SesworebiT aris

daculi. Statis uzenaesma sasamarTlom aseve

aRniSna, rom kanoni ar iyo formulirebuli

viwrod, mxolod im mizniT, rom daesaja

19


droSis dawva, rac safrTxes Seuqmnida

sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da simSvides.

jonsonis mier droSis dawva ki sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis TvalsazrisiT safrTxes ar qmnida.

mosarClem SeerTebuli Statis uzenaes

sasamarTlos mimarTa.

uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavdapirvelad gani-

xila sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad aris

daculi eqspresiuli qmedebebi konstituci-

is pirveli SesworebiT, romelic sityvisa da

presis Tavisuflebis garantiebs adgens.

sasamarTlos mosazreba warmoadgina mosa-

marTle brenanma. kerZod, man aRniSna:

jonsons sisxlis samarTlis

pasuxismgebloba daakisres droSis

dawvisaTvis da ara sityvebis

gamoTqmisaTvis. es faqti ramdenadme

arTulebs Cvens mier jonsonis

pasuxismgeblobis gadaxedvis sakiTxs.

Tavdapirvelad Cven unda

davadginoT, aris Tu ara droSis

dawva eqspresiuli qmedeba, romelsac

pirveli Sesworeba icavs. Tuki es

dadgindeba, Semdgom sasamarTlo

miubrundeba im sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad

SeeZlo Stats am gamoxatvis

akrZalva. sityvasityviT, pirveli

Sesworeba krZalavs `sityvis~

Tavisuflebis SezRudvas. Tumca

uzenaes sasamarTlos mravaljer

uRiarebia, rom pirveli SesworebiT

dadgenili garantiebis moqmedeba ar

mTavrdeba gamoTqmul an daweril

sityvaze. Cven davadgineT, rom

saWiroa, qmedeba sakmarisad

gajerebuli iyos komunikaciuri

elementebiT, raTa is pirveli da

meToTxmete Sesworebebis dacvis qveS

moeqces. imis gadasawyvetad, Tu

ramdenad saTanado komunikaciur

elements Seicavs qmedeba, saWiroa

dadgindes, arsebobs Tu ara

garkveuli `mesijis~ gadacemis mizani

da imis albaToba, rom am qmedebis

mayurebeli pirebi `mesijs~

adekvaturad gaigeben.~

amis Semdeg sasamarTlom ganixila, Tu

ramdenad amarTlebda Statis interesi _

daecva droSa, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis

da eris mTlianobis simbolo _ jonsonis

,,

gregori li jonsoni


20

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobaSi

micemas. sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo is

garemoeba, rom eqspresiuli qmedeba ufro

metad SeiZleba SeizRudos, vidre gamoTqmu-

li sityvebi; Tumca, saxelmwifos ar aqvs uf-

leba, SezRudos garkveuli qmedeba mxolod

imis gamo, rom is eqspresiul elementebs

Seicavs. SezRudvis kanonierebis gansasazRv-

rad mniSvneloba eniWeba ara gamoxatvis ver-

balur Tu araverbalur xasiaTs, aramed saxel-

mwifos interess, moawesrigos es qmedeba.

amrigad, imis gasamarTleblad, rom jonsonis

sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba

Seesabameboda konstitucias, saxelmwifos

unda eCvenebina, rom moqmedebda legitimuri

miznis misaRwevad da dasacavad, rac ar iyo

dakavSirebuli droSis dawviT gamoxatul

politikur gancxadebasTan. mosarClem am

saqmeSi warmoadgina ori interesi: pirveli _

sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva; da meore _

droSis, rogorc saxelmwifoebriobis da

eris mTlianobis simbolos dacva. pirvel

interesTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos,

rom am saqmeSi sazogadoebriv wesrigs safr-

Txe ar Seqmnia. mxolod imis albaToba, rom

auditorias SesaZloa, Seuracxmyofelad mi-

eRo gamoxatva da amis gamo safrTxe Seqmnoda

sazogadoebriv wesrigs, arasakmarisi iyo ga-

moxatvis SesazRudad. sasamarTlom aRniSna,

rom sityvis Tavisuflebis funqciaa diskusiis

inicireba. am funqciam SesaZloa, miaRwios

piks maSin, rodesac igi iwvevs xalxis mRelva-

rebas, gabrazebas da qmnis ukmayofilebas:

Cven ufleba ar migvicia mTavrobisTvis,

rom provokaciuli ideis yovelgvari

gamoxatva man areulobis gamomwvevad

miiCnios. amis nacvlad, saWiroa, rom

ganxilul iqnes garemoebebi,

romlebSic xdeba gamoxatva da

dadgindes, mimarTulia Tu ara es

gamoxatva ukanono qmedebis myisieri

gamowvevisken, an, Tundac, waqezebisken.

rac Seexeba arguments, rom jonsonis

dasja saWiro iyo droSis, rogorc

simbolos dasacavad, sasamarTlo

,,

21


adgens: jonsonis dasjaSi igulisxmeba,

rom igi daisaja im politikuri

mesijis gamo, ris gamoxatvasac droSis

dawviT cdilobda. dauSvebelia misi

dasja mxolod imitom, rom misi qmedeba

Seuracxmyofelia; radgan saxelmwifos

ufleba ar aqvs, akrZalos an

SezRudos gamoxatva mxolod imitom,

rom sazogadoeba aseTi gamoxatviT

Seuracxyofilia da mas miuReblad

miiCnevs. Tundac saxelmwifoebriobis

iseTi centraluri simbolo, rogoric

saxelmwifo droSaa, ar dgas

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze maRla.~

am gadawyvetilebam amerikul sazogadoebaSi

did diskusias daudo saTave. prezidentma

buSma ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo arasworad

moiqca da saxelmwifo droSis dasacavad,

saWiro iyo kanonSi Sesworebis Setana. Sesa-

bamisad, 1989 wels kongresma miiRo kanoni,

romelic dasjadad acxadebda SeerTebuli

Statebis droSis ganzrax ganadgurebas,

dagdebas, dawvas, iatakze an miwaze ganTavse-

bas, masze fexiT Sedgomas. rogorc Cans,

arsebobda imedi, rom mosamarTleebi brenani,

kenedi da skalia, romlebmac warmoadgines

sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba saqmeze texasi

jonsonis winaaRmdeg1, azrs Seicvlidnen da

kanons ZalaSi datovebdnen. Tumca es imedebi

ar gamarTlda. saqmeSi SeerTebuli Statebi

aixmanis winaaRmdeg2 imave mosamarTleebma

antikonstituciurad cnes 1989 wlis kanoni.

mosamarTle brenanma am gadawyvetilebaSi

ganacxada, rom kanonis realuri mizani ko-

munikaciis da ideebis SezRudva iyo, radgan

aravin dainteresdeboda raime qsovilis _

droSis bediT, romelic adamianebis sakuT-

rebaa; samagierod, am kanons gamoiyenebdnen

droSis meSveobiT Cadenili eqspresiuli

qmedebebis dasasjelad.

dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi kvlav

daiwyo kampania droSis damcavi sakanonmdeb-

lo Sesworebis misaRebad, rasac adamianis

uflebebis damcavi jgufebi aqtiurad

ewinaaRmdegebian.3 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

droSis dacvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebis

wardgena ramdenjerme warumatebeli

aRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis kongresSi da

savaraudod, mis miRebas seriozuli

perspeqtivebi ar gaaCnia.

* * *

dasasruls SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo

simboloebis ganadgurebiT moqalaqem

SesaZloa, gamoxatos sakuTari kritikuli

damokidebuleba xelisuflebis ama Tu im

qmedebis mimarT. demokratiuli saxelmwifo

ki, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, pluraliz-

mis waxalisebazea orientirebuli, rac,

pirvel rigSi, gansxvavebuli azris sxvadas-

xva formiT gamoxatvisTvis xelsayreli

garemos Seqmnas gulisxmobs.

1 ix. `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~, tomi I,

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005.2 United States v. Eichman. 496 US 310 (1990). Docket

Number: 89-1433. Abstract. Argued: May 14, 1990.

Decided: June 11, 19903 ixileT amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebis kavSiris

peticia http://www.aclu.org/FreeSpeech

FreeSpeech.cfm?ID=16355&c=50

SeniSvnebi:


22

internetis gaCenasTan erTad informaciis miRebisa da gavrcelebis

meTodebi radikalurad Seicvala. informaciis gadacemis yvela

uwindeli saSualebisagan gansxvavebiT, internetis meSveobiT yvelas,

visac aqvs kompiuteri da CarTulia qselSi SeuZlia, myisierad

daamyaros kavSiri adamianebTan mTels msoflioSi. interneti

urTierTobis unikaluri saSualebaa. misi unikaluroba Semdeg

TvisebebSi vlindeba:

globaluroba _ eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT SeiZleba,

gavagzavnoT Setyobineba sxva kontinentze iseve advilad, rogorc,

vTqvaT, mezobel SenobaSi. World Wide Web-is qseli xelmisawvdoms

xdis aTasobiT gazeTsa Tu informaciis asiaTasobiT sxva

wyaros mTels msoflioSi.

decentralizacia _ interneti gamiznulia, rogorc

decentralizebuli saSualeba. igi moqmedebs im `sainformacio

modarajeebis~ gareSe, romlebic yovelTvis arian mauwyeblobaSi,

sakabelo televiziasa da informaciis TanamgzavriT gadacemisas.

yvela masala erTnairad xelmisawvdomia nebismieri adgilidan.

saxelmwifo mowyobis an politikuri reJimis formas mniSvneloba

ara aqvs.

`saxelmwifo

sazRvrebs gareSe~gamoxatvis Tavisufleba da interneti _amerikuli da evropuli praqtika

23


Riaoba � internetis meSveobiT

kompiuterisa da modemis nebismieri

mflobeli SeiZleba, gaxdes gamomcemeli.

telekomunikaciebis sferoSi

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier

gatarebuli politika gansazRvravs

internetis xelmisawvdomobis siiafes.

informaciuli resursebis Seqmnisa da

gavrcelebisaTvis gasawevi xarjebi Zalian

dabalia.

informaciis siuxve _ internetSi

informaciis SeuzRudavi moculobis

sacavebi arsebobs. mauwyeblobis

saSualebebisagan gansxvavebiT, interneti

araa damokidebuli SezRudul

sixSireebze, romlebic nawildeba

erTmaneTis konkurent mauwyeblebs Soris.

interaqtiuroba _ interneti ormxriv

kavSirzea gamiznuli. internetis yvela

momxmarebeli SeiZleba iyos rogorc

oratori, aseve msmeneli. interneti

saSualebas iZleva, ganxorcieldes

informaciis aqtiuri gacvla

erTidan meorisken, erTidan

bevrisken da bevridan

erTisken.

kontroli momxmareblis mxridan _

interneti momxmarebels gacilebiT

farTo arCevans sTavazobs, vidre

sakabelo televizia an mokletalRovani

radio. momxmarebeli SeiZleba,

mogzaurobdes saitidan saitze

sainformacio resursis momwodeblisa an

provaideris miuxedavad. individualurma

momxmarebelma SeiZleba, gamoiyenos

Setyobinebebis daSifvris sakuTari

teqnologia.

msoflios yvela qveyanaSi cdiloben

internetis kontrolisa da regulirebis

arsenalis gazrdas. meTodebi mravalgvaria:

pirdapiri TvalTvali, dosieebis Sekreba,


24

arasasurveli veb-gverdebis daxurva an maTi

xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva. lamazi sityvebis

ukan (rogoricaa magaliTad, wesrigis

damyarebis aucilebloba) imaleba xelisu-

falTa survili _ `daicvas~ mosaxleoba

`negatiuri informaciisagan~ da aRkveTos

nebismieri opoziciuri gamovlineba. samwuxa-

rod, yvelaferi es adamianTa uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis Selaxvis xarjze xdeba. ase

magaliTad, CineTsa da indoeTSi saxelmwifo

awarmoebs im moqalaqeTa registracias, rom-

lebsac aqvT internetTan dakavSirebis

SesaZlebloba, aseve blokaven arasasurvel

saitebs. amas garda CineTSi saxelmwifos

mxridan waxalisebulia momxmareblis mier

saxelmwifosaTvis pornosaitebis misamarTebis

miwodebis praqtika, maTi Semdgomi blokire-

bis mizniT. indoeTSi cdilobdnen internet-

kafeebis momxmareblebis registraciis

SemoRebas, Tumca uSedegod. zog qveyanaSi

miiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs

garkveuli xasiaTis masalebis gavrcelebas

internetis meSveobiT. sxvebi cdiloben

internetis xelmisawvdomobis gakontrolebas

da moiTxoven saxelmwifos SigniT informaciis

damfiltravi `brandmauerebis~ (Suamavali

serverebis) dayenebas. aris qveynebi, sadac

xelisuflebis mier waxalisebulia TviTkon-

trolis garkveuli formebi, romelic

sinamdvileSi gamiznulia provaideris mier

klientis saqcielis gasakontroleblad.

interneti Slis barierebs informaciis nakadis

Tavisuflad gavrcelebis gzaze, is yvela

sxva teqnologiaze ukeT iZleva saxelmwifo

sazRvrebis gadalaxvis saSualebas, anu avrce-

lebs informacias da ideebs saxelmwifo

sazRvrebis miuxedavad. uneburad gaxsendeba

adamianis uflebaTa

deklaraciis me-19 muxli.

swored am muxlSi Camoyali-

bebuli uflebis realiza-

ciis srulfasovan SesaZleb-

lobas iZleva interneti:

yovel adamians

aqvs ufleba,

Tavisuflad gamoxatos

sakuTari azri; es

ufleba moicavs

adamianis Tavisuflebas,

daubrkoleblad

misdevdes Tavis

mrwamss da moiZios,

miiRos da gaavrcelos

informacia da ideebi

nebismieri

saSualebebiT,

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis

miuxedavad~.

,,

25


es teqnologia aramarto WeSmaritad globa-

luria _ is, informaciis, xelovnebis nawar-

moebis da sxva inteleqtualuri masalis Seq-

mnasa da gavrcelebaze kontrols calkeul

adamianebs gadascems.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT adamianis uflebebisa

da Tavisuflebebisadmi miZRvnili saerTaSo-

riso da regionuli dokumentebis formuli-

rebebs, xelisufalTa qmedebebi internetTan

mimarTebaSi uTuod SeiZleba gasaCivrdes

saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebidan gamom-

dinare. interneti ar cnobs sazRvrebs,

amitom cneba `saxelmwifo sazRvrebis

miuxedavad~, romelic figurirebs adamianis

uflebebis umniSvnelovanes dokumentebSi,

axlebur gaazrebas saWiroebs. maSin, rodesac

nebismieri adamiani SeiZleba gaxdes gamomce-

meli, informaciis gavrcelebis ufleba axal

azrs iZens, vinaidan erT qveyanaSi moqmedma

cenzuram SeiZleba, daarRvios meore qveyanaSi

adamianis mier informaciis gavrcelebis da

miRebis ufleba.

internetis decentralizebulobis meSveobiT

xelisuflebis mxridan internetis kontrolis

bevri saSualeba naklebefeqturi da uazroc

ki xdeba, radgan momxmarebeli amgvari

kontrolisagan Tavis daRwevis bevr meTods

flobs. amasTan erTad, imis gamo, rom momxma-

rebeli mimarTavs teqnikuri saSualebebis

kontrols, saxelmwifos mxridan kontroli

zogjer aucileblobas aRar warmoadgens.

magaliTad, mSoblebs SeuZliaT, Tavad miiRon

zomebi sakuTari Svilebis dasacavad. es zomebi

SeiZleba moicavdes kontrols, swavlebas da

Tu es aucilebeli xdeba, gamfiltravi prog-

ramuli saSualebebis gamoyenebas. amasTan,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT internetis usazRvro

moculobas, saxelmwifos Carevis naklebi

safuZveli arsebobs samarTlianobis an vinmes

reputaciis dacvis mizniT. kargi ideebi imde-

nad vrceldeba, ramdenadac isini amas imsaxu-

rebs. SeiZleba, magaliTad, Secdomis gasworeba

da dauyovneblivi pasuxis gacemis uflebis

gamoyeneba. swored amitom, internetis

meSveobiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas arsebulidan

yvelaze srulyofili ìdeaTa Tavisufali

bazari~, rac xels uwyobs demokratiis

winsvlasa da sxva sasargeblo miznebis

ganxorcielebas saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe.

amerikuli da evropuli midgomebi

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasa-

marTlos mier 1997 wels miRebul Rirsaxso-

var gadawyvetilebaSi, saqmeze reno ACLU-s

winaaRmdeg aRiarebulia, rom kongresis mier

gatarebuli zomebi internetSi uxamsi an

aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli masalebis akrZalvis

mizniT arakonstituciuria, konstituciis

pirveli Sesworebidan gamomdinare.1

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kanonmdeblo-

bis mixedviT, ùxamsoba~ samarTlebrivi ter-

minia, romelic gamoiyeneba aSkarad seqsualu-

ri masalis mimarT da igi SeiZleba, aikrZalos

konstituciis normebidan gamomdinare. maga-

liTad, Tavisi arsiT uxamsi da ukanonoa bav-

SvTa pornografia. meores mxriv, uxamsi an

aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli pornografiuli

masala konstituciurad daculia zrdasrul

adamianebTan mimarTebaSi.

saqmeSi reno ACLU-s winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom

miiCnia, rom interneti _

mTels msoflioSi adamianebis

urTierTobis unikaluri da sruliad

axali saSualebaa, romlis sainformacio

resursebi iseve mravalferovania,

rogorc adamianis azrovneba~.

sasamarTlo mivida im daskvnamde, rom es sa-

Sualeba Zalian maRal doneze unda iyos da-

,,


26

culi da rom kanonis formulirebebi arasak-

marisad konkretulia, raTa daakmayofilos

saxelmwifos interesi bavSvTa dasacavad.

Tavis mkafiod Camoyalibebul reziumeSi,

romelic kargad axasiaTebs amerikul midgomas

am sakiTxisadmi, sasamarTlo askvnis, rom

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi azris

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis waxalisebis

interesi gadaswonis nebismier jer

daumtkicebel Teoriul mosazrebas,

romelic cenzuris sargeblianobas

amtkicebs.~

im dros, rodesac aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo

axdenda Tavisi gadawyvetilebis formuli-

rebas saqmeze reno ACLU-s winaaRmdeg,

miunhenelma prokurorebma brali dasdes

provaideruli samsaxuris _ CompuServe-is

germanuli ganyofilebis xelmZRvanels

feliqs zoms kanonsawinaaRmdego masalebis

gavrcelebaSi Tanamonawileobis gamo. zomi

gaasamarTles da damnaSaved cnes imis gamo,

rom man kompuservis abonentebisaTvis xel-

misawvdomi gaxada sami tipis masalebi:

axali ambebi, romelic Seicavda

masalebs bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxeb

da aSkarad seqsualur scenebs;

kompiuteruli TamaSi, romelic xotbas

asxamda hitlers da Seicavda nacistur

simbolikas;

kompiuteruli TamaSebi Zaladobis

scenebiT.

zomis devna sasamarTlos mier provaiderebis

qmedebebis gamoZiebis kampaniis kulminacia

gaxda, ramac ramdenime provaiderisaTvis

zogierTi saitis xelmisawvdomoba SezRuda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es ori magaliTi

gviCvenebs germaniisa da aSS-is sasamarTlo-

ebis gansxvavebul midgomebs kibersivrcis

reglamentirebisadmi, zog SemTxvevaSi

kontrasti arcTu ise mkveTria. miuxedavad

imisa, rom reno ACLU-s winaaRmdeg saqmem

mniSvnelovani precedenti Seqmna, aSS-is

kongresi ar wyvetda internetis masalebis

Sinaarsis reglamentirebis mcdelobebs.

grZeldeba sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba,

romelic Tavs axvevs skolebs da sajaro

biblioTekebs safiltracio programuli

saSualebebis gamoyenebis moTxovnas.

aSS-Si sasamarTlo devnas internetSi

aSkarad seqsualuri masalebis gavrcelebis

winaaRmdegac hqonda adgili. gemaniaSi ki

miiRes sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic gark-

veul valdebulebebs akisrebda provaiderebs,

raTa maT gaekontrolebinaT sainformacio

resursebi. magram kanoni ar gulisxmobda

provaiderebis pasuxismgeblobas im masalebis

Sinaarsis gamo, romelTac provaiderebi

mxolod ganaTavseben, amitom, zomis zemoT

xsenebuli sabraldebulo ganaCeni gasaCivrda,

rogorc axali kanonisadmi Seusabamo.

internetis momavali da adamianis

uflebaTa saerTaSoriso principebi

ramdenad Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa

saerTaSoriso principebs zemoT ganxiluli

gansxvavebuli midgomebi. cifruli

teqnologiebis Suqze adamianis uflebaTa

fuZemdeblur dokumentebSi mocemuli

formulirebebi SesaniSnavad esadageba inte-

rnetis funqcionirebas. adamianis uflebaTa

sayovelTao deklaraciis me-19 muxlSi

naxmari gamoTqma _ `nebismieri saSualebiT~

aSkarad Seesatyviseba azris gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebas internetis saSualebiT.

,,

27


informaciis `moZiebis~ da `gavrcelebis~

ufleba, rogorc Cans, pirdapir kavSirSia

internetSi `mogzaurobasTan~ da informaci-

ebis saitebze gadagzavnasTan, raTa is sayo-

velTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. informaciis

`miRebis~ ufleba ki moicavs mis gacvlas

eleqtronuli fostis meSveobiT da

informaciis atvirTvas.

imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT internetis mimarT

azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli principis gamoyenebis SesaZleb-

loba, SeiZleba mivmarToT precedentuli

samarTlis normebs, romlebic SemuSavebulia

adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavisufle-

baTa evropis konvenciis me-10 muxlis safuZ-

velze. adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebebi safuZvlianad amyarebs

mosazrebas, rom azris gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

leba internetis saSualebiT dacvis umaR-

lesi xarisxiT unda iyos uzrunvelyofili.

aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos msgavsad, evropis

sasamarTlom mkafiod mianiSna, rom me-10 mux-

liT aRiarebuli azris gamoxatvis Tavisuf-

lebis principi, sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba

iqnes gamoyenebuli masobrivi informaciis

sxvadasxva saSualebebis mimarT. daSvebuli

SezRudvebis xasiaTi da xarisxi damokidebu-

lia konkretuli masobrivi informaciis

saSualebis xasiaTze. kerZod, rodesac xdeba

gadawyvetilebis miReba me-10 muxlis

debulebebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb

mniSvnelovani faqtoria, Sefasdes

gansaxilveli saSualebis potenciuri

gavlena~.2

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom masalebi, romlebic

ar SeiZleba gadaices mauwyeblobis meSveobiT,

ar aris aucilebeli, aikrZalos presaSic.

interneti, Tavisi Zalmosilebis miuxedavad

gamoirCeva zemoqmedebis kidev ufro

naklebad uSualo, naklebad wamqezebluri

xasiaTiT. ase magaliTad, xalxis masis win

warmoTqmulma Seuracxmyofelma an mgznebare

sityvam SeiZleba, safrTxe Seuqmnas sazoga-

doebriv wesrigs, magram igive Sinaarsis masala

SeiZleba, ar warmoadgendes raime safrTxes

internetSi, sadac mkiTxvelebi gafantulni

arian sivrceSi da SesaZloa, droSic.

internetis elementebis unikaluroba moiTxovs

im ori koncefciis axleburad gaazrebas,

romelic sasamarTlos mier me-10 muxlis

Sefasebas udevs safuZvlad. jer erTi, rom

gamoxatvis SezRudvisaTvis saWiroa calke-

uli qveynebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswine-

ba, meores mxriv, yovelgvari SezRudva unda

iyos àucilebeli demokratiul sazogado-

ebaSi~. pirveli principi internetTan

mimarTebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,

radgan am saSualebisaTvis saxelmwifo

sazRvrebi ar arsebobs. amitom, saxelmwifos

mxridan SezRudvis zomebi ver iqneba

efeqturi. zogierT saqmeebSi adamianis

uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlom uari Tqva,

eRiarebina akrZalva garkveuli masalebis

publikaciaze, Tu Sesabamisi informaciis

miReba sxva saSualebebiT SeuZlebeli iyo.

termin àucilebelia~-s ganmarteba inter-

nets uSualod exeba, radgan Tuki saxelm-

wifo an provaideri xuravs romelime saits,

misi (saitis) masalebis dublireba xSirad

xdeba sxva saitebze, romlebsac saxelmwifo

an provaideri ver akontrolebs.

eWvgareSea, rom odesme arsebul masobrivi in-

formaciis saSualebebs Soris interneti yve-

laze pluralisturia. misi mravalferovneba,

Riaoba da masalebis siuxve gvaiZulebs axle-

burad SevxedoT konfliqts azris gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebasa da rasistuli da antidemok-

ratiuli gamonaTqvamebis SezRudvas Soris.

,,


28

daskvna

odesRac iTvleboda, rom saxelmwifos

xelewifeba masobrivi informaciis saSuale-

bebis kontroli sakuTari sazRvrebis farg-

lebSi. Sesabamisad, Tu konkretul qveyanaSi

aris SezRudvebis safuZvlebi, is vrceldeba

rogorc adgilobriv, ise ucxour masalebze,

Tundac isini sakuTar qveyanaSi kanonis sa-

fuZvelze iyos gamocemuli. Tu germaniaSi

vinmes unda gaavrcelos an hqondes sakuTari

moxmarebisaTvis Jurnali, romelic kanoni-

erad aris dabeWdili niderlandebSi, aRniS-

nuli gamocema mainc germaniaSi arsebuli

normebis safuZvelze fasdeba. magram es

doqtrina, aSkara winaaRmdegobaSia

terminTan `saxelmwifo sazRvrebis

miuxedavad~.

erT-erTi mTavari faqtori, romelic uzrun-

velyofs azris gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas

internetis saSualebiT aris is, rom infor-

29


macia aRar aris mibmuli fizikur obieqtebze

an geografiul punqtebze. amitom, arc xeli-

suflebas, arc gamomcemlobas aRara aqvT

informaciis kontrolis is saSualebebi,

romlebsac isini Cveulebriv iyenebdnen.

rogorc aRniSna mosamarTle martensma

(Martens) saqmeSi obzerveri da gardiani

gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg,3

dRevandel informaciis saukuneSi

saxelmwifo sazRvrebs aRar ZaluZT

informaciisa da ideebis SeCereba~.

moamzada

fridon sayvareliZem

,,

1 saqme Reno v ACLU SeiZleba ixiloT

misamarTze: http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/iclp/

reno.html

2 adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlos

saqmeTa sruli teqstebis gacnoba

SesaZlebelia veb gverdze:

http://hudoc.echr.coe.int HUDOC-is Zebnis

sistemis meSveobiT. sakmarisia Sesabamis

grafaSi SevitanoT saqmis dasaxeleba,

aplikaciis nomeri, ganaCenis gamotanis

TariRi, an nebismieri sxva miTiTebuli

informacia.

3 ix. `gamoxatvis Tavisufleba~, tomi I,

Tavisuflebis instituti, 2005.

SeniSvnebi:


30

kote kublaSvili

sasamarTlodacvis

ZiriTadi ufleba

3. m. 40 - udanaSaulobis prezumfcia

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, saqarTvelos konstitucia me-40 muxliT

aRiarebs Tavisufal adamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTo-

baTa ganmsazRvrel erT-erT umniSvnelovanes princips _ udanaSa-

ulobis prezumfcias. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 42-e muxliT kons-

titucia aRiarebs samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTad uflebas da

mis Semadgenel im calkeul uflebebsa Tu principebs, romlebic

adamianis saproceso uflebaTa ZiriTadi birTvia, zRudavs saxel-

mwifo xelisuflebas da adgens pirovnebisa da xelisuflebis

urTierTobis safuZvlebs. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia

da gabatonebuli samarTlebrivi Sexeduleba udanaSaulobis

prezumfcias miiCnevs samarTliani sasamarTlos ZiriTadi uflebis

arsebiT, ganuyofel Semadgenel nawilad da erT-erT fundamentur

principad, xolo saqarTvelos konstitucia xazs usvams am prin-

cipis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da calke, damoukidebeli

muxliT aRiarebs mas (m. 40). amave dros, konstitucia iziarebs

gagrZeleba. dasawyisi ix. `Tavisufleba~ #2(38)

31


evropuli konvenciis midgomasac, radgan

me-40 muxliT aRiarebuli udanaSaulobis

prezumfcia konstituciur-samarTlebri-

vad 42-e muxliT gansazRvruli samarTli-

ani sasamarTlos uflebis erT-erTi Ziri-

Tadi komponentia.

konstituciis me-40 muxlis mixedviT:

1. adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba,

vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar

damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli

sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT.

2. aravin ar aris valdebuli, amtkicos

Tavisi udanaSauloba. braldebis

mtkicebis movaleoba ekisreba

bralmdebels.

3. dadgenileba braldebulis saxiT

piris pasuxisgebaSi micemis Sesaxeb,

sabraldebo daskvna da

gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni unda

emyarebodes mxolod utyuar

mtkicebulebebs. yovelgvari eWvi,

romelic ver dadasturdeba kanoniT

dadgenili wesiT, unda gadawydes

braldebulis sasargeblod.~

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principi

ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos sisxlis

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiTac, romelic

afarToebs konstituciis me-40 muxlis

debulebis Sinaarss da acxadebs, rom

braldebuls ufleba aqvs, uari Tqvas

braldebaze, xolo kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT daudasturebeli eWvi unda

gadawydes ara marto braldebulis, aramed

eWvmitanilis sasargeblodac.1

zemoaRniSnuli debulebebidan gamomdinare,

cxadi xdeba, rom udanaSaulobis prezumf-

cia moqmedebs piris dakavebis momentidan

sisxlissamarTlebrivi ganxilvis mTeli

periodis ganmavlobaSi. gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania sasamarTlo stadia, radgan

nebismieri SeniSvna, romelsac mosamarTle

gaakeTebs saqmis ganxilvis damTavrebis an

piris gamarTlebis dros, udanaSaulobis

prezumfciis darRvevad CaiTvleba. garda

amisa, marTalia, es principi ZiriTad

saproceso garantias warmoadgens, magram

misi moqmedebisa da gamoyenebis sfero

gacilebiT farToa. udanaSaulobis pre-

zumfciis dacva Tanabrad savaldebuloa

rogorc sisxlis samarTlis procesis

monawile yvela saxelmwifo organosa da

mosamarTlisaTvis, ise nebismieri sxva

saxelmwifo organosa da Tanamdebobis

pirisaTvis. anu, iseve rogorc mosamarT-

leebi TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebisas

ar unda eyrdnobodnen winaswar Camoyali-

bebul azrs braldebulisa Tu gansasjelis

mimarT, sxva saxelmwifo organoTa Tanam-

debobis pirebic ar unda gamoTqvamdnen

mosazrebebs piris braleulobis Sesaxeb.

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevad

unda CaiTvalos iseTi SemTxvevebic,

rodesac sasamarTlo procesis mimdina-

reobisas an mis dawyebamde qveyndeba

mikerZoebuli da araobieqturi sagazeTo

publikaciebi, sadac braldebuli ukve

damnaSaved aris Seracxuli. am dros

saxelmwifos valdebulebaa, braldebuls

Seuqmnas yvela piroba imisaTvis, rom man

aseve presis saSualebiT gaabaTilos

sagazeTo publikaciebis argumentebi.

me-40 muxliT adamiani ar aris daculi

saxelmwifos im moqmedebebisagan,


32

romlebic Tan sdevs sisxlissamarTlebriv

devnas (magaliTad, winaswari dakaveba an

dapatimreba). magram udanaSaulobis

prezumfcia icavs adamians sxva pirTa mier

Cadenili danaSaulis gamo pasuxismgeblo-

bis dakisrebisagan. garda amisa, udanaSa-

ulobis prezumfciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

elementi _ `yovelgvari eWvi _ braldebu-

lis sasargeblod~ (in dubio pro reo) _ erT-

erTi umTavresi kriteriumia mtkicebule-

baTa Sefasebisas. mosamarTle valdebulia,

ar aRiaros iseTi faqtebisa da mtkicebu-

lebebis utyuaroba, rodesac neitraluri

mxridan obieqturi Sefasebisas rCeba am

mtkicebulebaTa utyuarobis eWvi.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarT-

los mravalwliani praqtika adasturebs

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis zemoaRniS-

nul Sinaarss. upirveles yovlisa, sasamar-

Tlo xazs usvams, rom udanaSaulobis

prezumfcia samarTliani sasamarTlo

ganxilvis uflebis Semadgeneli nawilia,2

da acxadebs, rom am principis dacva

evaleba yvela saxelmwifo organosa da

Tanamdebobis pirs. saqmeSi alene de

ribemoni safrangeTis winaaRmdeg3 sasamar-

Tlom konvenciis me-6 muxlis me-2 punqtis

darRvevad miiCnia Sinagan saqmeTa minist-

risa da kriminaluri policiis direqto-

ris gancxadeba, romlebmac qalbatoni

ribemoni mkvlelobis Tanamonawiled da

wamqezeblad moixsenies, Tumca am dros

qalbaton ribemons oficialurad jer

kidev ar hqonda wayenebuli brali da,

Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo ganxilvac ar iyo

dawyebuli.

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis dacva saWiroa

gamamarTlebeli ganaCenis gamotanis drosac.

evropulma sasamarTlom udanaSaulobis

prezumfciis darRvevad miiCnia avstriis

erovnuli sasamarTloebis gadawyvetileba

da aRniSna, rom, roca gamotanilia gama-

marTlebeli ganaCeni, dauSvebelia erovnuli

sasamarTlo eyrdnobodes piris brale-

ulobis eWvs da am safuZvliT uari uTxras

mas kompensaciaze. evropulma sasamarTlom

xazi gausva, rom, radgan piri gaamarTles

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principis

safuZvelze, anu imis gamo, rom yvela eWvi

gadawyda misi, rogorc braldebulis

sasargeblod, erovnulma sasamarTlom ar

SeiZleba ar daakmayofilos piris moTxov-

na im safuZvliT, TiTqos mainc àrsebobs

eWvi piris braleulobis Sesaxeb~.4 evro-

pulma sasamarTlom aseve daadgina uda-

naSaulobis prezumfciis principis darR-

veva saqmeSi mineli Sveicariis winaaRmdeg,5

romelSic Jurnalisti sasamarTlos ga-

dawyvetilebis gareSe daajarimes ciliswa-

mebisaTvis im safuZvliT, rom igive bral-

debiT sxva Jurnalists sasamarTlom ja-

rimis gadaxda daakisra. sasamarTlom aRniSna,

rom, roca adamians ar eZleva samarTleb-

rivi dacvis saSualeba, es niSnavs

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevas.

evropulma sasamarTlom gaafarTova am

principis moqmedebis sfero da ganacxada,

rom zog SemTxvevaSi igi vrceldeba samo-

qalaqo saqmeebzec, romlebsac sasamarTlo

ganixilavs `sisxlissamarTlebrivis~ kon-

teqstSi (aRniSnulis erT-erTi magaliTi

SeiZleba iyos profesiul saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebuli disciplinuri samarTal-

warmoeba).6 garda amisa, sasamarTlom

gaiTvaliswina udanaSaulobis prezumf-

33


ciis is komponenti, romliTac igi icavs

adamians sxva piris mier Cadenili danaSa-

ulis gamo pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisa-

gan da saqmeSi a. p., m. p. da T. p. Sveicariis

winaaRmdeg7 am principis darRvevad miiC-

nia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesabamisi

organoebis moqmedeba. am organoebma

jarimis gadaxda daakisres fizikur pirebs,

romlebsac daqiravebuli hqondaT im

pirTa sacxovrebeli binebi, romlebic

damnaSaved cnes gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa-

gan Tavis aridebis gamo.

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principis

darRvevad iTvleba nebismieri SemTxveva,

rodesac xelyofilia misi erT-erTi

ZiriTadi komponenti, romelic acxadebs:

`braldebis mtkicebis movaleoba ekisreba

bralmdebels.~ upirveles yovlisa, es

niSnavs, rom aravin ar aris valdebuli,

amtkicos Tavisi udanaSauloba (me-40 mux-

lis me-2 punqtis pirveli winadadeba).

aqedan gamomdinare, udanaSaulobis pre-

zumfciis darRveva iqneba nebismieri

SemTxveva, rodesac sasamarTlo

mtkicebis tvirTs braldebis mxridan

gadaitans dacvis mxareze da

gadawyvetilebas daasabuTebs imiT,

rom braldebulma ver daamtkica

Tavisi udanaSauloba. evropulma

sasamarTlom swored am nawilis

da, Sesabamisad, udanaSaulobis

prezumfciis principis darRveva

daafiqsira saqmeSi telfneri

avstriis winaaRmdeg8 da ganac-

xada, rom sasamarTlos wevrebi

Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas

ar unda Seudgnen winaswar

Camoyalibebuli azriT, rom

gansasjelma Caidina misTvis bralad

Seracxuli danaSauli, maT unda axsovdeT,

rom braldebis mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba

braldebis mxares da yoveli eWvi unda

gadawydes braldebulis sasargeblod;

udanaSaulobis prezumfcia irRveva im

SemTxvevaSi, roca mtkicebis tvirTi gada-

tanilia braldebis mxridan dacvis mxareze.

gansaxilvel saqmeSi erovnulma sasamarT-

loebma, romlebmac ver daadgines prima

facie damajerebeli SemTxveva braldebu-

lis sawinaaRmdegod, mtkicebis tvirTi

braldebis mxridan gadaitanes dacvis

mxareze, riTac daarRvies udanaSaulobis

prezumfciis principi.


34

4. m. 42, p. 4 - erTi da imave

danaSaulisaTvis orjer dasjis

dauSvebloba (ne bis in idem)

ne bis in idem, anu erTi da imave danaSauli-

saTvis orjer dasjis dauSvebloba aseve

saproceso ZiriTadi ufleba da erT-erTi

uZvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi samarTleb-

rivi principia. saqarTvelos konstitucia

aRiarebs am princips 42-e muxlis me-4

punqtiT, romlis mixedviTac, àravis ar

SeiZleba ganmeorebiT daedos msjavri

erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis~.

aRniSnuli uflebiT daculia nebismieri

fizikuri piri, miuxedavad misi moqalaqe-

obisa Tu moqalaqeobis arqonisa. daculi

sikeTe aris erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis

orjer dasjis dauSvebloba. èrTi da

igive danaSauli~ niSnavs warsulSi

arsebul garemoebebs, romelTa safuZvel-

zec aRiZra da sasamarTlom ganixila

sisxlis samarTlis saqme, xolo sasamarT-

lo ganaCenis mixedviT, konkretuli bral-

debuli piri cnobil iqna damnaSaved an

Tanamonawiled. anu mocemuli principis

amoqmedebis aucilebeli winapirobaa

kanonis safuZvelze miRebuli da kanonier

ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos ganaCenis

arseboba. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT axali

garemoebebis gaCena, magaliTad, danaSa-

ulis CadenisaTvis piris dasjidan garkve-

uli drois Semdeg, danaSaulis msxverplis

janmrTelobis gauareseba an misi gardac-

valeba, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqmis

ganaxlebis da am àxali~ danaSaulisaTvis

piris dasjis safuZvlad. dasjili piri-

saTvis damatebiTi an ufro mkacri sasje-

lis dakisreba dauSvebelia da ewinaaRmde-

geba princips ne bis in idem. im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac sisxlissamarTlebriv sasjelTan

erTad pirs daekisreba disciplinuri sas-

jelic, magram orive saxis sasjelis safuZ-

veli erTi da igive danaSaulia, aseve saxeze

gvaqvs ne bis in idem principis darRveva.

ne bis in idem principi moqmedebs im SemTx-

vevaSic, Tu sasamarTlom gamoitana piris

gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba. dauSvebe-

lia imave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT axali

saqmis aRZvra da sisxlissamarTlebrivi

devna. es dadasturebulia saqarTvelos

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis

28-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `m~ qvepunqtiT,

romlis mixedviTac, sisxlis samarTlis

saqme ar SeiZleba aRiZras, xolo aRZruli

unda Sewydes, Tu àrsebobs kanonier ZalaSi

Sesuli ganaCeni imave braldebis gamo anda

sasamarTlos (mosamarTlis) ganCineba (dad-

genileba) imave braldebiT aRZruli sisxlis

samarTlis saqmis Sewyvetis Taobaze~. gamo-

naklisia SemTxveva, roca saqmeSi gamoikve-

Teba da warmoiSoba axali garemoebebi,

romelTa samarTlebrivi ganxilva da Sefa-

seba ar momxdara sasamarTlo procesze.

ne bis in idem principis amoqmedebis auci-

lebel winapirobaSi, romlis mixedviTac

unda arsebobdes sasamarTlos kanonier

ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeni, igulisxmeba, rom

es unda iyos saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis

gadawyvetileba. anu sxva saxelmwifoTa sa-

samarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa arseboba

ar iwvevs ne bis in idem principis amoqmede-

bas da pirs SeiZleba, daekisros pasuxis-

mgebloba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT im

danaSaulisaTvis, romelic man ucxo

saxelmwifoSi Caidina. amas adasturebs

35


saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi,

romelic acxadebs, rom `saqarTvelos

moqalaqes, agreTve saqarTveloSi mudmi-

vad mcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone pirs,

romlebmac sazRvargareT Caidines am

kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi qmedeba,

romelic danaSaulad iTvleba im saxelmwi-

fos kanonmdeblobiT, sadac is Cadenilia,

sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba

daekisrebaT am kodeqsiT~.9

42-e muxlis me-4 punqtis teqstidan kargad

Cans, rom ne bis in idem principi absolu-

turad uzrunvelyofilia, anu konstitucia

ar adgens am principis SemzRudav farg-

lebs. Sesabamisad, am principis nebismieri

darRveva antikonstituciuria da SeuZle-

belia misi konstituciur-samarTlebrivi

gamarTleba raime safuZvliT.

5. m. 42, p. 5 _ araviTari sasjeli

kanonis gareSe (nulla poena

sine lege), kanonis ukuZala

a) nulla poena sine lege

kanonierebis umniSvnelovanesi principi ne

bis in idem (sityvasityviT: araviTari

sasjeli kanonis gareSe) niSnavs adamianis

dasjis dauSveblobas im moqmedebisaTvis,

romelic misi Cadenis dros kanoniT ar iyo

gansazRvruli samarTaldarRvevad.

saqarTvelos konstitucia am princips,

romelic, imavdroulad, saproceso

ZiriTad uflebas warmoadgens, 42-e muxlis

me-5 punqtiT aRiarebs: àravin ar agebs

pasuxs im qmedobisaTvis, romelic misi

Cadenis dros samarTaldarRvevad ar

iTvleboda~. es principi aseve aRiarebu-

lia saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsis me-2 muxlis pirveli nawiliT,

romlis mixedviTac, `qmedebis danaSauleb-

rioba da dasjadoba ganisazRvreba sisxlis

samarTlis kanoniT, romelic moqmedebda

misi Cadenis dros~.

aRniSnuli ZiriTadi uflebiT daculia

yvela fizikuri piri, agreTve kerZo

samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi. garda amisa,

am ZiriTad uflebas safuZvlad udevs

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos sami

umniSvnelovanesi principi:

kanonierebisprincipi

kanonisaraorazrovnebisa

da gansazRvrulobisprincipi

sisxlis samarTliskanonis ukuZalis

principi

kanonierebis principis mixedviT, sisxlis

samarTlis danaSaulis saxeebi da sasjeli

mxolod kanoniT unda ganisazRvros; sas-

jelis gamoyeneba unda moxdes aseve mxo-

lod kanonis safuZvelze, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, miRebuli da amoqmedebulia konsti-

tuciiTa da kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili

sakanonmdeblo normebis dacviT.


36

kanonis araorazrovnebisa da gansazRv-

rulobis principi kanonmdeblisagan mo-

iTxovs gasagebi, araorazrovani da konk-

retuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi normebis

dadgenas, raTa moqalaqeTaTvis SesaZle-

beli iyos kanonis normaTa gageba da am

normaTa Sesabamisad moqmedeba. dauSvebe-

lia sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi analogiis

gamoyeneba piris sazianod, Tumca aRsaniS-

navia, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsSi dasaSvebadaa miCneuli analogia

piris sasargeblod, rac SeiZleba ganxor-

cieldes samosamarTleo samarTalSemoqme-

debiT, romelsac safuZvlad SeiZleba

daedos kodeqsis 32-e da 38-e muxlebiT

aRiarebuli marTlwinaaRmdegobis

gamomricxveli da bralis gamomricxveli

zekanonuri garemoebebi.10

kanonis araorazrovnebisa da gansazRvru-

lobis principis sawinaaRmdego iqneba,

magaliTad, kanonis aseTi norma: `yvela

qmedeba, romelic ar Seesabameba zneobis

normebs, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT~.

kanonis ukuZalis principis gansakuTre-

buli mniSvneloba gaiTvaliswina konsti-

tuciis kanonmdebelma da 42-e muxlis me-5

punqtis meore winadadebiT aRiara igi:

`kanons, Tu is ar amsubuqebs an ar auqmebs

pasuxismgeblobas, ukuZala ara aqvs~. es

principi srulad aisaxa da ganimarta

saqarTvelos axali sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsis me-3 muxlSi:

`1. sisxlis samarTlis kanons, romelic

auqmebs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas, amsu-

buqebs sasjels an sxvagvarad aumjobesebs

damnaSavis mdgomareobas, aqvs ukuZala.

sisxlis samarTlis kanons, romelic

awesebs qmedebis danaSaulebriobas,

amkacrebs sasjels an sxvagvarad auaresebs

damnaSavis mdgomareobas, ukuZala ara aqvs.

2. Tu axali sisxlis samarTlis kanoni

amsubuqebs sasjels qmedebisaTvis, romlis

gamoc damnaSave mas ixdis, es sasjeli unda

Semcirdes am sisxlis samarTlis kanonis

sanqciis farglebSi.

3. Tu danaSaulis Cadenidan ganaCenis

gamotanamde sisxlis samarTlis kanoni

ramdenjerme Seicvala, gamoiyeneba

yvelaze msubuqi kanoni~.

konstituciis zemoaRniSnuli debulebidan

da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-3 mux-

lidan ikveTeba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

garemoeba, kerZod, Tu axali kanoni sxvag-

varad aumjobesebs an sxvagvarad auaresebs

damnaSavis mdgomareobas, maSin axal kanons

ukuZala eqneba. magaliTad, Tu axalma

kanonma daawesa xandazmulobis an nasamar-

Tlobis gaqarwylebis axali vadebi an gan-

sxvavebuli wesi, ukuZala eqneba axal nor-

mebs, imisda miuxedavad, amsubuqebs Tu

amkacrebs igi piris mdgomareobas. es wesi

savsebiT Seesabameba konstituciis 42-e

muxlis me-5 punqtis debulebas, radgan

danaSaulis Camden pirs konstitucia da

sisxlis samarTlis kanoni garantias

aZlevs mxolod or SemTxvevaSi. Tu:

a) qmedebis danaSaulebriobis dawesebas

qmedebis Cadenis Semdeg ar aqvs

ukuZala;

b) qmedebis dasjadobis gamkacrebas

qmedebis Cadenis Semdeg ar aqvs ukuZala.

37


yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi sisxlis samarTlis

kanons ukuZala aqvs.

aRniSnul saproceso ZiriTad uflebaSi

Careva dauSvebelia. konstitucia ar adgens

am ZiriTadi uflebis SezRudvis raime

safuZvels. igi absoluturad uzrunvelyo-

fili ZiriTadi uflebaa. aseve ar arsebobs

am ZiriTadi uflebis koliziuri konsti-

tuciuri ufleba an samarTlebrivi sikeTe.

b) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da

ndobis dacvis principi

kanonis ukuZalis konstituciur princip-

Tan erTad aucilebelia samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos erT-erTi ZiriTadi principis

_ ndobis dacvis _ ganxilva. es principi

konkretulad ar aris miTiTebuli konsti-

tuciis romelime muxlSi, magram igi

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, konstituciiT Seq-

mnili axali qarTuli saxelmwifos safuZ-

vels warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare,

Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia Tavad samar-

Tlebrivi saxelmwifos Sinaarsis mokled

ganxilva da misi mniSvnelobis warmoCena.

saqarTvelos konstituciis arc erTi

muxli ar Seicavs uSualo miTiTebas

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principze,

magram sakonstitucio samarTali Sedgeba

ara marto konstituciaSi uSualod moce-

muli debulebebisagan, aramed agreTve am

debulebebis Semkvreli, Sinaarsobrivad

maTi gamaerTianebeli sayovelTao princi-

pebisa da ideebisagan, romlebic kanonmde-

belma ar daakonkreta arc erT winadade-

baSi. saqarTvelos konstituciis mier

aRiarebul erT-erT aseT ZiriTad prin-

cips ganekuTvneba samarTlebrivi saxelm-

wifos principi.

yvelaze mokle da martivi ganmartebiT,

samarTlebrivia saxelmwifo, romelSic

saxelmwifo xelisufleba SezRudulia

samarTliT. ufro konkretulad,

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba

gadmoscems konstituciis Sesabamisad

miRebuli kanonebiT saxelmwifos (aRmas-

rulebeli xelisuflebis) SezRudvis,

xolo konstituciiT mTeli saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis SezRudvis ideas.

saqarTvelos konstitucia preambulaSi

garkveviT miuTiTebs, rom saqarTvelos

moqalaqeTa uryevi nebaa samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos damkvidreba, ZiriTad nawilSi

ki upirobod iziarebs samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos zemoaRniSnul fundamentur

debulebas da acxadebs, rom `saxelmwifo

xelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT

dadgenil farglebSi~ (m. 5, p. 1). miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom aRniSnuli debuleba sul

ramdenime sityvisagan Sedgeba, swored is

Seicavs samarTalze orientirebuli saxel-

mwifos ideas. am debulebis ganmartebis

Sedegad samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos

principi gamoxatulia Semdegi saxiT:

kanonmdebloba SeboWilia konstituciiT,

ufro konkretulad _ konstituciiT

Seqmnili da ganmtkicebuli samarTlebrivi

wesrigiT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da

marTlmsajuleba ki � konstituciis Sesa-

bamisad miRebuli kanonebiT, anu samarT-

liT (me-6 muxlis pirveli punqtiT dadas-

turebulia konstituciis uzenaesoba da

misi upiratesi Zala yvela sxva aqtis mi-

marT: `saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelm-


38

wifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva samarT-

lebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konsti-

tucias~). aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas

ekrZaleba Tavisufali, mxolod sakuTari

Sexedulebebis Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebe-

bis miReba. igi aucileblad unda iyos

orientirebuli moqmedi samarTlis nor-

mebze, gansakuTrebiT _ konstituciasa da

kanonebze, es ki, anu kanonis upiratesoba,

kanonis normis upiratesi Zala, samar-

Tlebrivi saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli erT-erTi umTavresi niSania. konsti-

tuciiT ganmtkicebuli aRniSnuli norma

niSnavs, rom kanonis saxiT gadmocemul

saxelmwifos nebas upiratesi Zala aqvs

nebismieri sxva formiT gamoxatuli saxel-

mwifos nebis mimarT (ra Tqma unda, konsti-

tuciis garda). saqarTvelos konstituciis

Sesabamis muxlebSi miTiTebulia, rom

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudva

dasaSvebia mxolod kanonis safuZvelze

(magaliTad: m. 19 _ sityvis, azris, sindi-

sis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisuf-

lebebi; m. 20 _ piradi cxovrebisa da saq-

mianobis Tavisufleba; m. 21 _ sakuTrebisa

da memkvidreobis ufleba; m. 22 _ Tavisu-

fali mimosvlisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis

Tavisufali arCevis ufleba; m. 24 _ infor-

maciis Tavisufleba; m. 25 _ Sekrebisa da

manifestaciis ufleba da a.S.), anu saxelm-

wifo xelisuflebis mxridan pirovnebis

mimarT yovelgvari moqmedebis ganxorci-

elebis, mis cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi

Carevis aucilebeli winapirobaa kanonis

arseboba, rac aseve samarTlebrivi saxel-

mwifos ganuyofeli niSania. aRniSnuli

debulebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos (am Sem-

TxvevaSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas)

SeuZlia moqalaqeTa TavisuflebaSi an

maTi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi Careva

mxolod maSin, Tu igi kanoniT iqneba

uflebamosili.

me-5 muxlSi mocemuli umniSvnelovanesi

debulebis garda, samarTlebrivi saxel-

mwifos principi dakonkretebulia

konstituciis sxva muxlebSic:

a) upirveles yovlisa, am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

konstituciis debulebebi saxelmwifo

organoebis Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis,

agreTve maTi uflebamosilebebis

Sesaxeb, romelTa mixedviTac,

saxelmwifo xelisufleba safuZvelSive

samarTliT aris SezRuduli;

b) samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo

warmoudgenelia saxelmwifos ZiriTadi

kanoniT, anu konstituciiT aRiarebuli

da ganmtkicebuli adamianis ZiriTadi

uflebebis gareSe. konstituciis me-2

TavSi mocemulia adamianis ZiriTadi

uflebebi, romlebic uSualod moqmed

samarTals warmoadgens da romlebiTac

SezRudulia xalxi da saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas (m. 7).

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs

konstituciis me-18 da 42-e muxlebis

debulebebs, romlebiTac garantirebulia

yoveli adamianis ufleba _ Tavisi

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis

dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos, aqve

mocemulia e.w. saproceso ZiriTadi

uflebebi;

g) xelisuflebis danawilebis principi

(m. 5, p. 4);

d) 82-e_91-e muxlebis debulebebi,

romlebic gansazRvravs damoukidebeli

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Seqmnisa da

39


funqcionirebis safuZvlebsa da

uflebamosilebebs, agreTve afuZnebs

Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebiT

aRWurvil sakonstitucio kontrolis

sasamarTlo organos _ saqarTvelos

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos cneba Seicavs

samarTlianobis ideas. es idea yoveli saxel-

mwifoebrivi moqmedebis miznad saxavs

materialuri samarTlianobis miRwevasa da

SenarCunebas. samarTlianobis idea moiTxovs

samarTlianobisaken swrafvas ara zogadad,

aramed yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. es

imas niSnavs, rom kanonebi samarTlian normebs

unda Seicavdes, samarTlian wesebs unda

adgendes da am normaTa gamoyenebas yovel

konkretul SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis or-

ganoTa an sasamarTloTa mxriv samarTlian,

anu Sinaarsobrivad gamarTul gadawyveti-

lebamde da Sedegebamde unda mivyavdeT.

Tu ra aris mocemul SemTxvevaSi samarTli-

ani, amis Tqma SesaZlebelia mxolod yvela

mniSvnelovani garemoebis gaTvaliswinebisa

da Sefasebis Semdeg. samarTlianobis

moTxovnis darRvevaa, magaliTad, sisxlis

samarTlis damnaSavis mimarT misi bralis

Seusabamo, zedmetad mkacri sasjelis

gamoyeneba, anu Tu ar iqneba gaTvaliswine-

buli misi bralis sidide. aseve usamarTlo

iqneba samxedro piris an sajaro moxelis

disciplinuri wesiT ramdenjerme dasja

erTi da imave samsaxurebrivi gadacdomi-

saTvis an piris iseTi qmedebisaTvis, rome-

lic erTdroulad samsaxurebriv gadacdo-

masa da sisxlissamarTlebriv danaSauls

warmoadgens, agreTve pirisaTvis erTdro-

ulad disciplinuri saxdelisa da sisxlis-

samarTlebrivi sasjelis dakisreba.

samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, samarTli-

anobis msgavsad, samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-

fos principis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli

nawilia. misi mizania, sazogadoebaSi

samarTlebrivi mSvidobisa da stabiluro-

bis uzrunvelyofa. moqalaqeebma unda

icodnen, Tu ras SeiZleba daeyrdnon isini

da risi ndoba unda hqondeT. samarTlebri-

vi usafrTxoeba niSnavs, rom ar SeiZleba

mudmivad ganaxldes yoveli samarTlebrivi

dava da rom samarTlebrivi mSvidoba

myardeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT.

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes da gadaisinjos mxolod maSin,

roca igi usamarTloa; amisaTvis aucile-

belia kanoniT gansazRvruli pirobebis

Sesruleba. kanonmdebelma am sferoSi

samarTlianobis idea gamoxata imiT, rom

dasaSvebad miiCnia sasamarTlos mier gan-

xiluli davis xelaxali ganxilva da saqmis

gadasinjva mxolod ramdenime zustad

gansazRvruli garemoebis arsebobisas.

amas adasturebs saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis 84-e muxlis me-5 punqtic: `sasamarT-

los gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, Secvla an

SeCereba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlos

kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT~.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principidan

gamomdinareobs agreTve Tanazomierebis

(igive proporciulobis) principi. am

principis mixedviT, fizikuri piri daculi

unda iyos misi cxovrebisa da saqmianobis

sxvadasxva sferoSi sajaro xelisuflebis

zedmeti, arasaWiro Carevisagan. Tu aseTi

Careva gadaudebeli da aucilebelia, mas

unda hqondes kanoniT gansazRvruli

safuZveli, amasTan, es safuZveli Tavisi

Sinaarsis, formis, miznisa da gavrcelebis


40

mixedviT, unda iyos sakmarisad gansazRv-

ruli, naTeli da araorazrovani, raTa

moqalaqem advilad Seicnos igi. Tanazomi-

erebis principi saSualebasa da mizans

Soris urTierTobis safuZvelia. ZiriTadi

uflebis SezRudva raime saSualebiT

dasaSvebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca

igi gamosadegi da aucilebelia dasaxuli

miznis misaRwevad. saSualeba gamosadegia,

Tu misi daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia dasaxu-

li miznis miRweva. saSualeba aucilebelia,

Tu ar arsebobs sxva gza, romelsac msgavsi

moqmedebis Zala aqvs, magram gacilebiT

ufro naklebad zRudavs ZiriTad uflebas.

Sesabamisad, aucilebelia yovelTvis

yvelaze ufro rbili, moqnili, araradika-

luri saSualebis gamoyeneba. amasTan,

yvela SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebuli saSualeba

misaRwevi miznis proporciuli unda iyos.

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principis

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli

nawilia udanaSaulobis prezumfcia,

romelic ukve ganvixileT da romelic

aRiarebulia konstituciis me-40 muxlis

pirveli da me-2 punqtebiT: àdamiani

udanaSaulod iTvleba, vidre misi damnaSa-

veoba ar damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarT-

los gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT~; àravin ar

aris valdebuli, amtkicos Tavisi udanaSa-

uloba. braldebis mtkicebis movaleoba

ekisreba bralmdebels~.

udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principiT

aseve akrZalulia braldebulisaTvis

sasjelis dakisreba bralis dadasturebis

gareSe, anu yoveli sasjelis ucilobeli

winapirobaa bralis arseboba (nulla poena

sine culpa), braldebis mtkicebis movaleoba

ki bralmdebels ekisreba. dauSvebelia

piris dasja, Tu mas brali ar miuZRvis.

saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavisi saerTo

koncefciis Sesabamisad, garkveviT aRiarebs

xelisuflebis danawilebis princips.

yoveli demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos arsebobis safuZvlad

miCneuli es principi gacxadebulia

konstituciis me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtiT:

`saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba

xelisuflebis danawilebis principze

dayrdnobiT~. konstituciis debulebebiT

gansazRvrulia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasru-

lebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa

Seqmnisa da saqmianobis wesi da maTi ufle-

bamosilebebi, rogorc damoukidebeli

saxelmwifo xelisuflebebisa. konstitu-

ciis 82-e muxlis me-3 punqti sasamarTlo

xelisuflebis Sesaxeb pirdapir miuTiTebs,

rom `sasamarTlo xelisufleba damouki-

debelia da mas axorcieleben mxolod

sasamarTloebi~.

Tu xelisuflebis danawilebis principis

istoriul ganviTarebas gadavxedavT, mis

fesvebs isev aristotelesTan vnaxavT.

aristotele ganasxvavebda e.w. rCevebis

(sadac rCevebs aZleven, bWoben sxvadasxva

sakiTbze) xelisuflebas (sakanonmdeblo

xelisufleba), magistrats (aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba) da marTlmsajulebas. jon

loki xelisuflebas anawilebda xalxze,

parlamentze, monarqsa da adgilobriv

TviTmmarTvelobaze (Two treatises of govern-

ment, 1690). Sarl lui monteskies saqveynod

cnobil naSromSi _ `kanonTa goni~ (1748) _

mocemuli debulebebis Sesabamisad,

41


saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dayofa sakanon-

mdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo

xelisuflebebad pirvelad gvxvdeba

pensilvaniis Statis konstituciaSi (1776),

Semdeg _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

konstituciaSi (1787), me-18 saukunis bolos

ki mas imeorebs imanuel kanti (`samarTlis

Teoriis metafizikuri safuZvlebi~, 1798).

xelisuflebis danawileba miznad ar isaxavs

mxolod xelisuflebis organizaciul

ganawilebas sxvadasxva saxelmwifo orga-

noze. is ZiriTadad mimarTulia Zalmomre-

obiTi, erTpirovnuli, diqtatoruli

mmarTvelobis safrTxis Tavidan acilebis

an Semcirebisken mainc. xelisuflebis uzur-

paciisa da usamarTlo mmarTvelobis safr-

Txe minimumamdea dasuli, rodesac saxelm-

wifo xelisuflebas axorcielebs ara erTi

piri an erTi saxelmwifo organo, aramed

roca saxelmwifos amocanebi ganawilebu-

lia sxvadasxva saxelmwifo organos Soris.

xelisuflebis organizaciuli danawilebi-

sas saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqciebi gana-

wilebulia sxvadasxva organoze imgvarad,

rom arc erT maTgans ar SeuZlia legalu-

rad, kanonieri gziT moipovos mTeli saxel-

mwifo xelisuflebis kontroli. amasTan,

erTi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi ar

SeiZleba iyvnen sxva xelisuflebis Tanam-

debobis pirebi (xelisuflebis personalu-

ri danawileba). magaliTad, dauSvebelia

moqmedi mosamarTle imave dros iyos par-

lamentis wevri an ministri, iseve rogorc

dauSvebelia, moqmedi saxelmwifo moxele

iyos mosamarTle an parlamentis wevri.

xelisuflebis danawilebis principis

mizania erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel

xelisuflebis sam sxvadasxva ganStoebas

Soris urTierTkontrolisa da urTierT-

gawonasworebis meqanizmis (checks and

balances) Seqmna. saqarTvelos konstitucia

iziarebs xelisuflebis danawilebis

principis am ZiriTad ideas da amitom

xelisuflebaTa absolutur gayofas ki ar

axdens, aramed qmnis urTierTkontrolisa

da gawonasworebis sistemas. konstituciis

mixedviT, xelisuflebis danawilebis azria

ara saxelmwifo xelisuflebis funqciebis

mkacri gayofa, aramed is, rom sakanonmdeb-

lo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo orga-

noebi erTmaneTs akontroleben da zRu-

daven, raTa gawonaswordes saxelmwifos

Zalaufleba da daculi iyos pirovnebis

Tavisufleba. aRniSnuli sistema gamoxa-

tulia konstituciis sxvadasxva muxlSi,

magaliTad: parlamenti akontrolebs

mTavrobis saqmianobas (m. 48, m. 56, m. 59, m.

60, p. 2, m. 64), sasamarTloebi (saerTo

sasamarTloebi da saqarTvelos sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlo) axorcieleben aRmas-

rulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-

bebis aqtebis kontrols kanonebsa da

konstituciasTan maTi Sesabamisobis

TvalsazrisiT; Tavis mxriv, sakanonmdeblo

procesSi monawileobs prezidenti e.w.

vetos uflebiT, amave dros, asamoqmedeb-

lad xels awers da aqveynebs kanons (m. 68).

urTierTkontrolisa da urTierTgawonas-

worebis sistemaSi ZiriTadad erTi xeli-

suflebis organo niSnavs an irCevs sxva

xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirebs da pi-

riqiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis 77-e

muxlis Sesabamisad, mTavrobis

Semadgenlobas amtkicebs parlamenti, 90-e


42

muxlis mixedviT ki, uzenaesi sasamarTlos

mosamarTleebs prezidentis wardginebiT

irCevs parlamenti.

garkveul SemTxvevebSi, xelisuflebis

specifikuri amocanebi SeiZleba aRsasru-

leblad gadaeces samarTlebrivad TviTm-

yofad da damoukidebel organos, romelic

uflebamosilia moawesrigos Sesabamisi

urTierTobebi sakuTari pasuxismgeblobi-

Ta da Sexedulebisamebr. aseT organoebad

saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs

saqarTvelos erovnul banksa da kontro-

lis palatas, romelTa damoukideblobis

garantiebi da uflebamosilebebi aRweri-

lia 95-e da 97-e muxlebSi. am muxlebiT

gansazRvrulia, rom erovnuli banki da

kontrolis palata TavianT saqmianobaSi

damoukidebeli arian. maTTvis gadacemuli

saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebis mniSvnelobi-

dan gamomdinare da xelisuflebis danawi-

lebis principis zemoaRniSnuli niSnis

gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos erovnuli

bankis sabWosa da saqarTvelos kontrolis

palatis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobebze

pirTa gamwesebaSi monawileoben sakanonm-

deblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebi.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifos kidev erTi Semadgeneli nawi-

lia ndobis dacvis principi, romelic arse-

biTadaa dakavSirebuli konstituciis 42-e

muxlis me-5 punqtiT aRiarebul sisxlis

samarTlis kanonis ukuZalis principTan.

Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom ndobis

dacvis principi mWidrod aris dakavSire-

buli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos kidev

erT ZiriTad Semadgenel nawilTan _ samar-

Tlebriv usafrTxoebasTan. xSir SemTxve-

vaSi samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba, upirve-

les yovlisa, swored ndobis dacvas niS-

navs, kerZod, moqalaqis im ndobis dacvas,

rom mis moqmedebas mogvianebiT ar mohy-

veba misTvis arasasurveli is samarTleb-

rivi Sedegebi, ris gaTvaliswinebac

SeuZlebeli iyo moqmedebis ganxorci-

elebisas. swored aqedan gamomdinare,

ndobis dacva exeba ukuZalis mqone da ara

momavalSi moqmed samarTlebriv normebs.

ndobis dacvis principidan gamomdinare,

dauSvebelia e.w. `namdvili ukuZalis~

mqone kanonebisa Tu kanonqvemdebare

aqtebis miReba. namdvili ukuZala saxeze

gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, roca axali kanoni

exeba warsulSi ganxorcielebul da arse-

biTad ukve damTavrebul moqmedebebs Tu

garemoebebs da adgens axal normebs am

garemoebaTa Sesaxeb. aseTia, magaliTad,

kanoni, romelic warsulSi ganxorciele-

bul moqmedebebze awesebs gadasaxads da

moiTxovs maT gadaxdas fizikuri Tu

iuridiuli pirebisagan. es kanoni ewinaaR-

mdegeba ndobis dacvis princips, radgan

aryevs moqalaqeTa ndobas samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifosadmi da, Sesabamisad, antikon-

stituciuria. magram xSiria SemTxveva,

roca kanonis normebi exeba ara marto

warsulSi momxdar an momavalSi gansaxor-

cielebel moqmedebebs, aramed awmyoSi

mimdinare movlenas, romelic warsulSi

warmoiSva, awmyoSi agrZelebs moqmedebas

da Sewydeba momavalSi. aseT kanonebs

mxolod nawilobriv aqvs ukuZala da maT

e.w. àranamdvili ukuZalis~ mqone

normebi hqvia. magaliTad, kanonma SeiZleba

daawesos amJamad arsebuli sagadasaxado

43


SeRavaTebis momavalSi gauqmebis TariRi.

aseTi normebi ZiriTadad ar ewinaaRmdege-

ba ndobis dacvis princips, magram mainc,

yovel aseT SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia

mocemuli konkretuli SemTxvevis garemo-

ebebis Sefaseba da imis garkveva, Tu ramde-

nad mniSvnelovnad Seicvala (gauaresebis

TvalsazrisiT) moqalaqis samarTlebrivi

mdgomareoba. am Sefasebisas gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba aqvs moqalaqis interesis

(romelsac surs moqmedi normis momavalSi

arseboba) Sedarebas saxelmwifos interes-

Tan, romelsac garkveuli mosazrebis gamo

surs arsebuli normis Secvla.

swored samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos prin-

cipis aRniSnul umniSvnelovanes normas

efuZneba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeq-

sis me-6 muxli, romlis mixedviTac, `kano-

nebsa da kanonqvemdebare normatiul

aqtebs ara aqvT ukuqceviTi Zala, garda im

SemTxvevisa, roca es pirdapir aris kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli. ar SeiZleba kanons

mieces ukuqceviTi Zala, Tu igi zianis

momtania an auaresebs piris mdgomare-

obas~. amdenad, ndobis dacvis principisa

da saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis

zemoxse-nebuli muxlis safuZvelze

SeiZleba ganisazRvros kanonis ukuZalis

principis namdvili Sinaarsi.

6. m. 42, p. 7 - kanonis darRveviT

mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi

a) Sesavali

saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis

me-7 punqtis mixedviT, `kanonis darRveviT

mopovebul mtkicebulebas iuridiuli


44

Zala ara aqvs~. es debuleba meordeba

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproce-

so kodeqsis me-7 muxlis me-6 punqtSi da

uSualod ukavSirdeba konstituciis me-20

muxliT uzrunvelyofil adamianis piradi

cxovrebis, mimowerisa da sacxovreblis

xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTad uflebebs.

amasTan, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs sisxlissamarTleb-

riv pasuxismgeblobas piradi an ojaxuri

saidumlos xelyofis (m. 157), kerZo saub-

ris saidumloebis (m. 158), piradi mimowe-

ris, telefoniT saubris an sxvagvari

xerxiT Setyobinebis saidumloebis (m. 159),

binis an sxva mflobelobis xelSeuxeblo-

bis (m. 160) darRvevisaTvis. es pasuxismgeb-

loba ekisrebaT ara marto kerZo pirebs,

aramed saxelmwifos warmomadgenel im

oficialur pirebsac, romlebic kanonis

moTxovnaTa darRveviT iWrebian adamianis

pirad cxovrebaSi. zemoT ukve aRiniSna,

rom adamianis piradi cxovrebis, mimowe-

risa da sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis

ZiriTadi uflebebi mxolod kanonis safuZ-

velze da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul

konkretul SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba SeizRu-

dos, es SezRudva ki saxelmwifom SeiZleba

ganaxorcielos mxolod kanoniT dadgeni-

li wesebis Sesabamisad (rac dawvrilebiT

aris aRwerili 46-e muxlis komentaris

farglebSi). yovelive amis erT-erTi mTa-

vari safuZveli ki konstituciis 42-e mux-

lis me-7 punqtia, romelic zRudavs saxel-

mwifos da avaldebulebs mas, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, mxolod kanonis moTxovnaTa

Sesabamisad, da ara sakuTari survilisa-

mebr Caerios adamianTa cxovrebaSi. amave

dros, aRniSnuli debuleba afrTxilebs

saxelmwifos, rom kanoniT dadgenili wese-

bis darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebas

ar eqneba iuridiuli Zala da igi pasuxs

agebs am darRvevisaTvis, iseve rogorc

nebismieri kerZo piri, romelic sxva ada-

mianis pirad cxovrebaSi ukanonod Caereva.

b) braldebulis gamamarTlebeli

mtkicebulebebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom gansaxilvel sakiT-

xTan dakavSirebiT TiTqos yvelaferi

naTeli da garkveulia, mainc unda SevCer-

deT konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7 punq-

tis debulebaze. es norma yuradRebiT

unda ganimartos. Tavdapirvelad ise Cans,

rom am normiT iuridiuli Zalis armqoned

aris gamocxadebuli nebismieri mtkicebu-

leba, romelic kanonis darRveviT iqneba

mopovebuli. konstituciis miRebis Semdeg

saqarTvelos sasamarTloTa samarTalSe-

moqmedeba cxadyofs, rom mosamarTleebi,

konstituciisa da sisxlis samarTlis

kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT, aseT mtki-

cebulebebs uaryofen, ar miiCneven dasaS-

vebad da gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ar

iTvaliswineben maT. roca saqme exeba

saxelmwifos (sagamoZiebo organoebis)

mier braldebis sasargeblod (anu

braldebulis sawinaaRmdegod) kanonis

darRveviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs,

bunebrivia, aseTi midgoma aucilebelia da

savsebiT Seesabameba konstituciis moTxov-

nas. magram, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Cvens

qveyanaSi konstituciiTa da kanonmdeblo-

biT aRiarebul samarTalwarmoebis Tanas-

worobisa da SejibrebiTobis princips, es

imas niSnavs, rom dacvis mxaresac aqvs

ufleba da Seecdeba moipovos braldebu-

lis gamamarTlebeli mtkicebulebebi.

swored aseT mtkicebulebebze ar

45


vrceldeba konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7

punqtiT dadgenili zogadi norma, radgan

am normis mTavari mizania daisajos mxo-

lod damnaSave; igi ukrZalavs sasamarT-

los ukanonod mopovebuli mtkicebule-

bis gamoyenebas swored imitom, rom ar

moxdes udanaSaulo adamianis dasja.

aqedan gamomdinare, roca dacvis mxare

waradgens braldebulis aSkarad gamamarT-

lebel mtkicebulebebs, romlebic namdvi-

lad kanonis darRveviT aris mopovebuli,

sasamarTlom unda gamoiyenos es mtkicebu-

lebebi da gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, sxva

mtkicebulebebsa da garemoebebTan erTad,

gaiTvaliswinos maTi mniSvnelobac. maga-

liTisaTvis SeiZleba warmovidginoT

sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec gansas-

jels brali edeba mezoblis mkvlelobaSi,

romelTanac mas sxvadasxva sayofacxovre-

bo problemis gamo metad rTuli da

daZabuli urTierToba hqonda. sasamarTlo

procesze dacvis mxares moaqvs mtkicebu-

leba _ videofiri, romelic ukanonod aris

mopovebuli. videofiris ukanonobas Tavad

dacvis mxarec aRiarebs, radgan acxadebs,

rom videofiri moipares im sacxovrebeli

korpusis erT-erTi mobinadris binidan,

romlis sadarbazosTanac moxda mkvlelo-

ba. am mobinadres ki, Tavis mxriv, aseve

kanonis darRveviT hqonda damontaJebuli

sadarbazos SesasvlelTan faruli vide-

okamera, romelic afiqsirebda yvela

Semsvlelsa da gamomsvlels, agreTve

quCaSi gamvlel moqalaqeebs. am videofir-

ze aRbeWdili iyo mkvlelobis faqtic da,

gviani Ramisa da sibnelis miuxedavad,

garkveviT Canda, rom mkvleli sul sxva

piri iyo. bunebrivia, rom aseTi mtkicebu-

leba, romelic amarTlebs braldebuls,

aucileblad unda gamoiyenos sasamarTlom

da miiRos Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba. Tu

sasamarTlo aseT SemTxvevebSi uars ityvis

im (ukanonod mopovebuli) mtkicebulebis

gamoyenebaze, romelic aSkarad abaTilebs

braldebas da amarTlebs braldebuls,

miviRebT viTarebas, roca realuri

damnaSave dausjeli darCeba, udanaSaulo

adamiani ki usamarTlod daisjeba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi 2004 wlis

13 Tebervals Sevida damateba, romelic

Seesabameba konstituciis 42-e muxlis me-7

punqtis debulebis zemoT ganmartebul

moTxovnebs. am damatebis mixedviT,

`sisxlis samarTlis procesSi piris Cvene-

bis sarwmunoobis Sesafaseblad dasaSvebia

faruli audio- an videoCanaweri, Tu igi

dafiqsirebulia: a) farulad im piris mier,

romlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli iyo danaSa-

uli da romelic aris saubris an qmedebis

monawile; b) teqnikuri saSualebiT

SemTxveviT, rac asaxvs ganxorcielebul

qmedebas.~ rac Seexeba faruli audio- an

videoCanaweris dasaSvebobis sakiTxs, misi

`ganxilva da gadawyveta xdeba sasamarT-

los gadawyvetilebiT~.11

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT metad sainte-

resoa dasavleTis demokratiul saxelmwi-

foTa Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobisa da

sasamarTlo praqtikis mokle mimoxilva,

rac saSualebas mogvcems SevadaroT isini

saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis

me-7 punqtis debulebis zemoT mocemul

ganmartebas. am saxelmwifoebSi mosamarT-

leebi avtomaturad da formalurad ar

uaryofen ukanonod mopovebul mtkicebu-


46

lebebs. magaliTad, SotlandiaSi moqmedebs

ZiriTadi principi, romlis mixedviTac,

yvela mtkicebuleba dasaSvebia, Tu mas

Sexeba aqvs saqmesTan. inglissa da uels-

Sic esaa mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis

mTavari kriteriumi. ukanonod mopovebul

mtkicebulebas dauSveblad cnobs

sasamarTlo Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr,

magram ara avtomaturad. yovelTvis dauS-

veblad cnoben mtkicebulebas, romelic

zians ayenebs dacvis mxaris interesebs.

Zalian gansxvavebulia holandiis kanon-

mdebloba, sadac ar arsebobs norma,

romelic krZalavs kerZo pirebis mier

ukanonod mopovebuli da saxelmwifo

organoebisaTvis gadacemuli mtkicebu-

lebis dauSveblobas, Tumca holandiaSic

sruliad dauSvebelia braldebulis

piradi cxovrebisa da interesebis damcve-

li normis darRveviT mopovebuli mtki-

cebulebis gamoyeneba sasamarTlos mier.

daniaSi kanonis darRveviT mopovebuli

mtkicebuleba aucileblad ar iwvevs mis

dauSveblobas. sasamarTlo, rogorc wesi,

mas mxedvelobaSi iRebs, magram es ar exeba

gamoZiebis mier mopovebul mtkicebule-

bebs da, amasTan, policiis moxele, romel-

mac ukanonod moipova mtkicebuleba,

pasuxs agebs amisaTvis. safrangeTSi

umTavresia mosamarTlis Sinagani rwmena.

mtkicebulebaTa Sefasebisas mosamarTle

sargeblobs sruli TavisuflebiT, magram

igi ver daeyrdnoba saxelmwifos mier

kanonis an braldebulis uflebaTa darR-

veviT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs.

germaniaSic aseve gadamwyvetia mosamarT-

lis Sinagani rwmena, ukanonod mopovebuli

mtkicebuleba ki avtomaturad dauSveblad

ar iTvleba. italiaSi mosamarTles SeuZ-

lia daeyrdnos iseT mtkicebulebas, rome-

lic kanonSi uSualod ar aris moxseni-

ebuli, Tu igi saqmes uSualod exeba da ar

xelyofs braldebulis uflebebs. bralde-

bulis mier warmodgenili ukanonod mopo-

vebuli mtkicebulebebi ki yovelTvis

dasaSvebia. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

xSiria SemTxveva, roca sasamarTlo gadawy-

vetilebas iRebs dacvis mxaris mier uka-

nonod mopovebul werilobiT da videodo-

kumentur mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT.

g) kerZo saubari da faruli Canawerebi

gansaxilvel sakiTxs mWidrod ukavSirdeba

adamianis piradi cxovrebis sferoSi da

kerZo saubrisas gamoyenebuli faruli

mosmenisa da Canaweris mtkicebulebad

aRiarebis problema. zemoT ukve dawvrile-

biT aRvwereT saxelmwifos mier adamiane-

bis piradi cxovrebisa da kerZo saubrebis

mosmenisa da Caweris konstituciuri da

sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi. konstituciis

me-20 muxli da kanonmdeblobis zemoT

dasaxelebuli debulebebi uzrunvelyofs

adamianis piradi cxovrebis, mimowerisa da

sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobas. saxelmwi-

fos am sferoSi SeWra SeuZlia mxolod

kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi da

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. kanonis moTxov-

naTa darRveviT adamianis piradi cxovre-

bidan rame detalebis dafiqsireba dauSve-

belia, am gziT mopovebul mtkicebulebebs

ara aqvT iuridiuli Zala da sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ar gaiTvalis-

winebs maT.

sxva viTareba iqmneba kerZo pirebis mxri-

dan individTa pirad cxovrebaSi Carevisas.

adamianis piradi cxovrebis, mimowerisa da

47


sacxovreblis xelSeuxeblobis ZiriTadi

uflebebi, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwi-

fos winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli da icavs

individs saxelmwifosagan. magram, amave

dros, es uflebebi (da saqarTvelos kanon-

mdeblobis Sesabamisi debulebebi) uzrun-

velyofs adamianis piradi cxovrebis

yovlismomcvel dacvas, romelic mimarTu-

lia kerZo pirebis mxridan Carevis winaaR-

mdegac. Tu ar arsebobs TviT individis

Tanxmoba, dauSvebelia romelime fizikuri

piri Caerios mis pirad cxovrebaSi, Tval-

yuri adevnos mas farulad, mousminos mis

saubars, farulad Caiweros da a.S. magram,

adamianis piradi cxovrebis sferos aseTi

yovlismomcveli dacvis miuxedavad, aqac

arsebobs gamonaklisi da igi, upirveles

yovlisa, sajaro pirebs exeba.

rogorc cnobilia, sajaro pirebis piradi

cxovrebis mimarT, romlebic mniSvnelovan

sajaro funqciebs asruleben da, Sesabami-

sad, gamudmebiT arian sazogadoebis

yuradRebis centrSi, Cveulebriv moqala-

qeebTan SedarebiT ufro sustad vrcelde-

ba ZiriTadi uflebebiT uzrunvelyofili

dacva. isini iZulebuli arian, Seeguon am

mdgomareobas, radgan es ganpirobebulia

maTive surviliT _ imuSaon mniSvnelovan

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze da Seasrulon

iseTi funqciebi, romelTac gansakuTrebu-

li mniSvneloba aqvT sazogadoebisaTvis.

aqedan gamomdinare, sajaro pirma unda

icodes, rom yoveli Secdoma da am funq-

ciebis arajerovani Sesruleba mkacrad

iqneba Sefasebuli da gakritikebuli sazo-

gadoebis mier presiTa da masobrivi infor-

maciis sxva saSualebebiT. swored amitom

unda ganvasxvaoT sajaro piris piradi


48

cxovreba Cveulebriv moqalaqeTa piradi

cxovrebisagan. sajaro piris piradi

cxovrebis sfero misi sacxovrebeli

saxlis karis zRurblTan mTavrdeba (amas

adasturebs demokratiul saxelmwifoTa

mravalwliani samarTalSemoqmedeba).

rogorc ki am zRurbls gadmoabijebs, igi

yvelasaTvis sajaro piria da misi saubre-

bisa Tu saqmianobis mimarT sazogadoebis

legitimuri interesi izrdeba. Sesabamisad,

kerZo saubari da urTierToba mas SeiZ-

leba hqondes ZiriTadad sakuTar saxlSi

Tavisi ojaxis wevrebTan da sxva uaxloes

naTesavebTan. magram, roca sajaro piri

samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas

esaubreba kerZo pirs, aris Tu ara es

kerZo saubari da misi piradi cxovrebis

sfero? ra Tqma unda, ara. sajaro piri am

dros Tavis sajaro funqcias asrulebs;

amitom es ar aris kerZo saubari da, Sesa-

bamisad, igi ar aris daculi piradi cxov-

rebis, kerZo saubrisa da mimoweris xelSe-

uxeblobis ZiriTadi uflebebiT. amasTan,

saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli

kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sajaro piris mier

nebismieri formiT miRebuli an gacemuli

informacia aris sajaro informacia.

aqedan gamomdinare, roca sajaro piri,

iqneba es ministri, prokurori, mosamar-

Tle Tu vinme sxva, individs saubrisas

mosTxovs qrTams da am yvelafers es indi-

vidi farulad Caiwers, cxadia, rom am

Canaweris safuZvelze unda aRiZras sisx-

lis samarTlis saqme, xolo sasamarTlom

unda gaiTvaliswinos misi mniSvneloba

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.

49


1 sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis m. 10.2 Barbera, Messegue and Jabardo v. Spain, 6 December, 1988.3 Allenet de Ribemon v. France, 10 February, 1995.4 Sekanina v. Austria, 25 June, 1993.5 Minelli v. Switzerland, 21 February, 1983.6 Albert and le Compte v. Belgium, 10 February, 1983.7 A.P., M.P. and T.P. v. Switzerland, 29 August, 1997; E.L., R.L. and J.O.-L.

v. Switzerland, 29 August, 1997.8 Telfner v. Austria, 20 March, 2001.9 sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis m. 5 _ `sisxlissamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgebloba sazRvargareT Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis~.10 m. 32 _ sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba

sxva marTlzomieri qmedebis dros: `marTlsawinaaRmdegod ar

moqmedebs is, vinc am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas Caidens

sxva iseTi garemoebis arsebobisas, romelic Tumca am kodeqsSi

saxeldebiT ar aris moxseniebuli, magram savsebiT akmayofilebs am

qmedebis marTlzomierebis pirobebs~.

m. 38 _ sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisufleba

sxva arabraleuli qmedebis dros: `braleulad ar moqmedebs is,

vinc am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul qmedebas Caidens sxva iseTi

garemoebis arsebobisas, romelic Tumca am kodeqsSi saxeldebiT ar

aris moxseniebuli, magram savsebiT akmayofilebs am qmedebis

arabraleulobis pirobebs~.11 sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, m. 110, naw. 21 da 22.

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sfdbceakt,f - liberty.ge · winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqmis araRZvras swored axali kanonis norma daedo safuZvlad. saqmeze mamuka nozaZe saba wiwikaSvilis winaaRmdeg kaspis raio-nulma