Introduction to Adhesives

UPACO Division of Worthen Industries

Barbara Strickland April 11, 2013

20,000 BCCavemen

Beeswax, Pine Sapfeathers on arrows

8000 BCNomadic TribesAnimal HidesRepair pottery

1500 BCEgyptians

Animal glues‐repairAsphalt‐mosaics

1000 BCGreeks & Romans

Albumin‐gold leafbeeswax/tar‐mortar

1500 ADSpaniards

Rubber‐bookbinding1841

GoodyearVulcanized Rubber

1905Baekeland

Balelite‐billiard balls1922BASF

Urea‐formaldehyde1928

Rohm & HaasPMMA

1937Bayer

Polyurethanes1920

DupontNeoprene rubberCommercialized 1940's, 50's, 60's 

Cyanoacrylates, Polyimides

1970'2, 80's, 90'sReactive hot melts, UV‐curable coatings & Adhesives, Silanes

2000'sReversion to natural, sustainableRM's for polymers, growth ofwater‐borne & 100% solids systems

Categories of Adhesives

• Solvent‐based:Solvent(s) + Polymer + resin + additives

• Water‐Borne:Water + Polymer + resin dispersion + wettingagent + thickener + preservative   

• 100% Solids:  Hot Melt or Reactive1 or 2 polymer system 

Pressure Sensitive

• Rubber based:  Natural (Isoprene)ButylBlock Copolymers:

SBS, SIS, SEBS, APAO

Thermoplastic

• Will soften with heat; may be in solvent or water

• Rubber/plastic based:PolyurethanePolychloropreneAcrylic Nitrile 

Thermoset

• Will not soften with heat• Rubber/plastic based:2 part polyurethanesSilicones Epoxies

Polymers Used to Manufacture Adhesives

• Polyurethanes• Acrylics• Epoxies• Polychloroprenes• Natural rubber• Styrenated Block Copolymers• Cyanoacrylates• Silicones

Polyurethanes

• Prepared by addition reaction of isocyanates and polyols.– May also include catalysts, chain extenders, plasticizers, flame retardants, fillers and other additives.

• Wide variety of end properties and uses.– Hard, soft, rigid, flexible.– Adhesives, coatings, sealants, foams, fibers.

Polyols and Chain Extenders

• Polyoxypropylene glycol• Polytetramethylene ether glycol• Polycaprolactones• Castor oil• Trimethylolpropane• 1,4‐Butanediol• Ethylenediamine• Triisopropanolamine

Isocyanates

• Diphenylmethane 4,4’‐Diisocyanate (MDI)

• Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI)

• Hexamethylene Diisocyanate (HDI)

• Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI)

• Bis(4‐Isocyanatocyclohexyl) Methane (HMDI)

Simple Polyurethane:  Reaction of Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI) 

with Ethylene Glycol

Acrylics

• Prepared by free radical polymerization of acrylic monomers.– Chain reaction steps: initiation, propagation and termination.

• Initiators are unstable compounds that decompose at elevated temperatures to form free radicals (molecules with unpaired electrons).

Acrylic Monomers

• Acrylic acid• Methyl acrylate• Ethyl acrylate• 2‐Ethylhexyl acrylate• Methyl methacrylate• Acrylonitrile

Free Radical Initiators

• 2,2’‐Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)• tert‐Butyl peroxide• Cumyl peroxide• Benzoyl peroxide• tert‐Butyl hydroperoxide• tert‐Butyl perbenzoate

Polyurethane AdhesiveFormulation

Ingredient Function %

Acetone Solvent (main dissolver) 45.00Methyl Ethyl Ketone Solvent (main dissolver) 16.42Toluene Solvent (diluent) 14.00Polyurethane polymer Base polymer 19.00Fumed Silica Filler/Flow control 0.08Phenolic Resin Specific adhesion 5.50

Contact Adhesive for RoofingMembrane Installation

Ingredient Function %

Toluene Solvent 45.00Acetone Diluent 18.00Heptane Diluent 11.80Magnesium Oxide Curative for Resin 0.20Zinc Oxide Curative for Rubber  0.20Tertiary Butyl Phenolic Tackifier Resin 7.55Polychloroprene Rubber Base Polymer 15.00Brominated Butyl Rubber Adhesion Promoter 2.00Phenolic Antioxidant Stabilizer 0.25

Pressure‐Sensitive AdhesiveFormulation

Ingredient Function %

Toluene Solvent (main dissolver) 40.00Hexane Solvent (diluent) 9.75Styrene‐isoprene‐Styrene

(SIS) Copolymer Base polymer 25.00Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

(C‐5 or C‐9) Resin Tackifier 20.00Paraffinic Oil Plasticizer/Tackifier 5.00Antioxidant Stabilizer 0.25

Hot melt Packaging Adhesive

Ingredient Function %

Ethylene‐Vinyl AcetateCoploymer Base Polymer 30.00

Pentaerythritol RosinEster Resin Tackifyier Resin 34.50

Paraffinic Wax Reduces Viscosity & Cost 20.00PE Homopolymer(Polyethylene) Improves Wetting 15.00

Phenolic Antioxidant Stabilizer 0.50

Water‐borne PolyurethaneAdhesive Formulation

Ingredients Function %

PU Dispersion Base polymer 70.00Resin Dispersion Tackifier/Softening point 25.00

depressionSilica or clay dispersion Filler/Flow control 2.50Modified soap dispersion Wetting/Leveling agent 0.50Preservative Antimold/Antifungal 1.40Sodium Polyacrylate Thickener 0.60

Product Composition Bonds to Activation Temp* Carrier Standard Thickness**

EVA Fabrics Metals Neoprene Polyester Some Rubber Vinyl Urethane Application Mil MM

Film 100-3, 5 Urethane √ √ √ √ 1 90ºC Paper + PE 3 / 5 0.08 / 0.13

FILM 156 Urethane √ √ √ √ 2 90ºC Paper or PET 1.5 / 4 / 7 0.08 / 0.13

FILM 803 Urethane √ √ √ √ 2 95ºC Paper or PET 3 0.08

Film 333 Urethane √ √ √ √ 3 95ºC Paper or PET 1.5 / 4 / 7 0.04 / 0.11 / 0.18

Film 1423 Urethane √ √ √ √ 1 110ºC Paper + PE 3 0.08

Film 339 Olefin Blend √ √ √ √ 2 110ºC Paper or PET 3 0.08

Film 453 Olefin Blend √ √ √ 3 110ºC Paper or PET 3 0.08

Film 240 Aliphatic TPU √ √ √ √ 4 110ºC Polyester 1.5 / 3 0.04 / 0.08

Film 375 Urethane √ √ √ √ 2,3 125ºC Paper or PET 1.5 / 4 / 7 0.04 / 0.11 / 0.18

Film 2603 Coextrusion √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 1 125ºC Paper or PET 6, 8, 10 0.15 / 0.20 / 0.25

Film 515 Blend √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 1,3 125ºC Paper 3 0.08

FILM 2608 Blend √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 1,2 125ºC Polyester 6, 10 0.20 / 0.25

Film 449 Proprietary √ √ √ √ √ √ 2,3 125ºC Paper 3 0.08

FILM 2609 Proprietary √ √ √ √ √ √ 1 125ºC Polyester 8, 10 0.20 / 0.25

FILM 2815 Coextrusion √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 1 125°C Polyester 4, 6, 8 0.11 / 0.15 / 0.20

Film 8618 Coex Printable TPU √ √ √ √ 4 125°C Polyester 10 0.25

Film 2743*** Polyester √ √ √ √ √ 2 130ºC Paper or PET 3 / 5 0.08 / 0.13

Film 218 Urethane √ √ √ √ √ √ 2,3 140ºC Paper or PET 6 0.15

Film 1413 Urethane √ √ √ √ 1 145ºC Paper + PE 3 0.08*Activation temperature can vary depending on applied pressure and the substrate permeability 1 = Sole Attaching**Worthen will customize films and/or carriers to meet a customer's specific requirements 2 = Lamination***Contains organo tin (DBT) 3 = Stichless

4 = Printable/Colored Updated: 05/18/12

Thank you for your attention

Questions ??