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Dear students
You are advised to read and do the exercises in this material.
1) WI-H students: Do exercises 3, 5 and read the section of Complex Sentence
2) WI-G students: Do exercises 1, 3, 5 and read the section of Complex Sentence
Kiet, Nguyen Tuan
383
Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
Tuan Kiet
Chapter 18
SENTENCE CLASSIFICATION BY STRUCTURE
115. Simple Sentences116. Compound Sentences117. Complex Sentences SELF-TEST
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
Simple Sentences
I. Affirmative Statements
1)
Subject Verb My head and neck The students
hurt.studied and worked.
2)
Subject Verb Complement His friends It The students We My father
Her younger sister
The children
Their daughter
The boy
are is snowingare learning don’t understand owns
wants
are playing
taught
wants
smart. (adjective)now. (adverb)English. (noun)her. (pronoun)his own business.(noun phrase)to study abroad. (verb phrase)in the front yard. (prepositional phrase)French at this school. (noun + prepositional phrase)to get married soon. (verb phrase + adverb)
3)
Subject VerbObject
Indirect ObjectDirect Object
He They
teachesbought
usMary
English.some flowers.
Notice that if the indirect object follows the direct object, it is introduced by a preposition (to or for).
They bought some books for Mary.He teaches English to us.
EXERCISE 1
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. their daughter / teach / French / this school / last year.
______________________________________________________________.
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2. boy / want / get married / soon.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Dave / one of / most prominent businessmen / this city.
______________________________________________________________.
4. today / I / celebrate / anniversary / my father's death.
______________________________________________________________.
5. He / speak / write / English / equal / well.
______________________________________________________________.
II. Negative Statements
The Negative Statement is expressed mainly in two ways:
1. With the Negative of Special Finite
Subject Special finite + not Complement
Alice
He
All of us
They
We
is not
cannot swim
are not working
will not be
have not arrived
an engineer.
across this river.
at this moment.
doctors.
yet.
2. With the Negative of other Verbs
Subject do/does/did + NOT + V(-to) Complement
I My teacher
Tom
do not know
does not enjoy
did not like
anybody here.
classical music.
coffee.
III. Interrogative Statements (Questions)
When forming a question, we place the auxiliary or the verb “be”
before the subject. If there is no auxiliary or “be”, we must use the
correct form of “do, does, did”. After “do, does, or did”, the simple
form of the verb must be used.
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
1. Yes / No questions
Auxiliary
Subject (Main Verb)
Complement?
Is Do Will
Ho Chi Minh Cityyouthe committee
believedecide
a major cultural center?what he tells you?on the proposal today?
2. Negative questions
Auxiliary
Subject (Main Verb)
Complement/object?
Is Isn't Did Doesn't
he Annayour parentsJohn
not
not findlove
a student?clever?the car key?animals?
3. WH-Questions
a) Who, What, Which in subject questions
Who What Which
Verb Complement?
Who What Which
washappenedis
the first to come?last night?your hat?
b) Whom, What, or Which in complement questions
Whom What Which
Auxiliary
Subject
Verb Complement?
Whom What
dodid
you Peter
likebuy
most?at the supermarket?
c) When, Where, How, and Why questions
When Where Why How
Auxiliary
Subject
Verb Object
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Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
Tuan Kiet
Why When
don'tshould
youI
buyend
some meat for dinner?a letter with "Yours sincerely”?
4. Indirect Questions
a)
Subject Verb Question word
Subject
Verb Complement
I Know why he Is worried.
b)
Aux
S V Question word
S Verb
Complement?
Do you know whyTom
was absent from class?
EXERCISE 2
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. you / receive / letter yet?
______________________________________________________________.
2. Who / going / drive?
______________________________________________________________.
3. How long / it / take / fly / New York / California?
______________________________________________________________.
4. you / know / when / they / go / build / new house?
______________________________________________________________.
5. who / you / talk / to / yesterday?
______________________________________________________________.
Compound Sentences
A. With Coordinating Conjunctions: AND, BUT, SO, FOR, OR, YET, …
Independent Clause, + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent
Clause
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
We’re making good progress, but we’ve still got a long way to go.
He obviously doesn’t have a plan, or he would have said something.
She was often sad, and sometimes she didn’t eat her food.
EXERCISE 3
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. You / cook / lunch / and / I look / after / children.
______________________________________________________________.
2. The novel / 800 pages / long / yet / it read / quickly / than / many
shorter books.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Solar heating system / economical / operate / but / cost /
installation / very high.
______________________________________________________________.
4. There / be / enough beds / so / I / have / sleep / floor.
______________________________________________________________.
5. We must / begin / plan / now / for / future / may / bring /
unexpected changes.
______________________________________________________________.
B. With Conjunctive Adverbs: HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, MOREOVER, FURTHERMORE, ACCORDINGLY...
Independent Clause; + Conjunctive adverb, + Independent Clause
No formal complaint was made; accordingly, the police took no action.
Many colleges do not have dormitories; however, they provide housing referral service.
EXERCISE 4
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Mr. Brown / earned / respect / farmers / everywhere / furthermore / know / they / trust / him.
______________________________________________________________.
2. His first response / be / say / no / however / change / mind / later.
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______________________________________________________________.
3. It / difficult race / nevertheless / about 1,000 / runners / participate /
every year.
______________________________________________________________.
4. There / be / growing opposition / capital punishment / moreover /
there / be / now / evidence / many executed prisoners / innocent.
______________________________________________________________.
5. It / be / too late / invite / any more people / besides / you / know /
how / Tim / hate parties.
______________________________________________________________.
C. With Semicolons
Independent clause; Independent clause
Bob dominated Dave; Ken dominated me.
The American way of life apparently does not foster happiness; half of all the American marriages end in divorce.
EXERCISE 5
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Some people / keep dogs / pets / others / have / cats.
______________________________________________________________.
2. My older brother / study / law / my younger brother / study / medicine.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Three hundred guests / attend / wedding / two / attend / funeral.
______________________________________________________________.
4. train / be / half / hour late / leave / station / we / not get / our destination / time.
______________________________________________________________.
5. I / always / sleep / alarm clock / my mother / have / wake / me / every morning.
______________________________________________________________.
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Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
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Complex Sentences
I. WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
1. With WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE
Subject Pronouns
(who, which, that)
The student is from China. He sits next to me.
The student who sits next to me is
from China.
The student that sits next to me is from China.
Object Pronouns
(who(m), which, that)
I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.
I liked the woman who(m) I met at the
party last night.
I liked the woman that I met at the party
last night.
I liked the woman I met at the party last night.
Object of a Preposition
(who(m), that, )
The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.
The man to who(m) I talked yesterday is
very kind.
The man who(m) I talked to yesterday is
very kind.
The man that I talked to yesterday is very
kind.
The man I talked to yesterday is very
kind.
Possessive
(whose) I know the boy. His bicycle was stolen.
I know the boy whose bicycle was stolen.
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I have a chair. One leg of which is broken.
I have a chair whose one leg is broken.
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Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
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EXERCISE 6
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. I’ve / think / questions / you / ask / me / last week.
______________________________________________________________.
2. I / want / speak / person / deal with / my account.
______________________________________________________________.
3. I / know / boy / bicycle / stolen.
______________________________________________________________.
4. The winner / a Brazilian player / name / I / forget.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Dr. Doran / secretary / resign / two weeks ago / have / had / do / all / own typing.
______________________________________________________________.
2. With WHERE, WHEN
Where = In which
The building is very old. He lives there. The building in which he lives is very
old. The building where he lives is very
old.
When = On which / At which
I’ll never forget the day. I met you then. I’ll never forget the day when I met you. I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
EXERCISE 7
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. I / work / full-time / days / I / not / have classes.
______________________________________________________________.
2. she / never / return / city / she / born.
_______________________________________________________________
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
3. lives / thousands of Germans / change / the night / East German soldiers / begin / build / the Berlin Wall.
______________________________________________________________.
4. he / not be / looking forward / time / he / have / give evidence / court.
______________________________________________________________.
5. beach / be / place / I / like most / be / summer.
___________________________________________________.
II. WITH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
1. Adverbial Clause of Time
CLAUSE
when, until, while, before,
after, as soon as, just as, since,
whenever
CLAUSE
My children had gone to bed
I won’t believe you
when
until
I came home.
I’ve seen it myself.
EXERCISE 8
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. Our friends / wait / us / until / we / get back.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Our eating habits / change / as soon as / food processing methods /
improve.
______________________________________________________________.
3. When / students / other countries / come / the United States / often / suffer / culture shock.
______________________________________________________________.
4. I / review / class notes / before / I took / final exam.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Robert / suddenly / feel / ill / while / he / do / examination.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Adverbial Clause of Place
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Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
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CLAUSEwherewherever
CLAUSE
We go fishing He slept
where wherever
we can find a lake.he could find a hotel.
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
EXERCISE 9
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Garlic / grow / wherever / there / be / warm climate.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Most people / prefer / shops / where / can / sure / quality.
______________________________________________________________.
3. There are / few / places / business / Viet Nam / where / credit card /
accept.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Wherever / you / go / I / be / right here / wait / you.
______________________________________________________________.
5. I / sitting / where / I / watch / athletes.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Adverbial Clause of Condition
Type I: FIRST CONDITIONAL
will If + Subject + Simple Present tense…+ can + [Verb in simple form] may
If I have money, I will buy a new car.If I see him at the meeting, I’ll give him your message.
NOTE:
UNLESS = IF ... NOT
If you don't come now, I am going to leave without you. Unless you come now, I’m going to leave without you.
EXERCISE 10
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. If / we / miss / last bus / we / have / walk / home.
______________________________________________________________.
2. I can’t help you / unless / tell me / what / wrong.
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Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
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______________________________________________________________.
3. I / only / stay / if / you / offer / me / more / money.
______________________________________________________________.
4. If it / necessary / I / come / here / 6:00.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Unless / it / rain / within / next week / water supplies / be / cut off.
______________________________________________________________.
Type II: SECOND CONDITIONAL
wouldIf + Subject + Simple Past tense…+ could + [Verb in simple form] might
If we caught the early train, we’d get there by lunch.If I were to win the lottery, I’d buy another house.
EXERCISE 11
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. If I / offer / job / I / take it
______________________________________________________________.
2. If someone / walk / in here / gun / I / very frightened
______________________________________________________________.
3. What / you / do / if / win / a million pounds?
______________________________________________________________.
4. Tom / angry / if / I / not visit / him
______________________________________________________________.
5. More tourists / come / this country / if it / have / better climate
______________________________________________________________.
Type III: THIRD CONDITIONAL
wouldIf + Subject + Past Perfect tense + could have + [V3/-ed] might
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you
a letter.If she had worked harder, she would have passed the exams.
EXERCISE 12
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. If I / see / you / yesterday / I / take / you / to / cinema.
______________________________________________________________.
2. If I / go / party / last night / I / see / Ann.
______________________________________________________________.
3. I / send / you / postcard / while / I was / holiday / if I / have / your
address.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Tom got / station / in time / If he / miss / train / he / be / late / his
interview.
______________________________________________________________.
5. If I had / realize / what / bad driver / you / be / I / not / come / you.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Adverbial Clause of Manner
CLAUSE as though, as if, as
CLAUSE
He acts The house was in such a mess - it looked.
as if as though
he were very sad.a bomb had dropped on it.
EXERCISE 13
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. Jack smile / as though / enjoying / private joke.
______________________________________________________________.
2. When I / tell them / my plan / they / look / me / as if / I / mad.
______________________________________________________________.
3. I / not / a child / but / sometimes / you / talk / me / as if / I / a child.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Kate / speak / as though / she / be / an authority / on / subject.
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Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
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______________________________________________________________.
5. She / look / me / as if / I / mad.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Adverbial Clause of Comparison
CLAUSEas…. as,“_er”…. than,more…. than
CLAUSE
The climate is not Is the world a
as bad as safer place than
it would be.it was a year ago?
EXERCISE 14
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. The storm / be / violent / than / we / expect.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Pat / jog / on / beach / as / far / she / can.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Many people / want / move / as / far / they / can / polluted / cities.
______________________________________________________________.
4. The examination / be / easy / than / we / expect.
______________________________________________________________.
5. you / know / laser / burn / billions / times / brightly / than / light /
sun / surface?
______________________________________________________________.
6. Adverbial Clause of Reason
CLAUSEsince, as, because
CLAUSE
I couldn’t phone you
You should talk to Karen
because
since
I hadn’t got your
number.
she’s the one responsible for authorizing payments.
EXERCISE 15
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. Since / Barbara / be / no longer / my wife / I’m / no longer / responsible / her debts.
______________________________________________________________.
2. As / they / live / near / we / see / quite often.
______________________________________________________________.
3. European nations / try / reduce / level / carbon dioxide / atmosphere / because / it / cause / global warming.
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________.
4. We / chose / Calvert / lead / us / as / he / say / he / know / way.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Since / all / cakes / look / good / she / not / decide / which / choose.
______________________________________________________________.
7. Adverbial Clause of Result
CLAUSE
so + adj. (adv.) + that
such (a/an) + noun + that
CLAUSE
New textbooks are
He speaks to me in
so expensive that
such a way that
many students buy used ones.
I always feel he is insulting me.
EXERCISE 16
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. We have / such / hard homework / I always / need / help.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Last night / I / tired / go to bed / 7 o'clock.
______________________________________________________________.
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3. It / lovely weather / we / spend / whole day / garden.
______________________________________________________________.
4. The book / good / I / couldn't / put it down.
______________________________________________________________.
5. He / commit / serious / crime / that / he / to stay / prison / life.
______________________________________________________________.
8. Adverbial Clause of Purpose
CLAUSE so that, in order that
CLAUSE
We planned for a long time Regular checks are required
so thatin order that
we had a good trip.safety standards are maintained.
EXERCISE 17
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. He / stand / shadow / so that / I / not see / his face clearly.
______________________________________________________________.
2. Chemicals / use / food / products / so that / stay / fresh / longer.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Most farmers / use / fertilizers / in order that / increase / food crops.
______________________________________________________________.
4. He / left / early / order that / he / will / arrive / on time.
______________________________________________________________.
5. you / give up / job / so that / you / take care / your mother?______________________________________________________________.
9. Adverbial Clause of Concession
CLAUSEthough, although, even though
CLAUSE
He bought the tickets although the price was high.
EXERCISE 18
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. Although / he / have got / good job / now / he still / complain.
______________________________________________________________.
2. I really / enjoyed / your lecture / though / there / be / some parts / I / not quite understand.
______________________________________________________________.
3. She / very popular / author / although / personally / I find / her books / rather boring.
______________________________________________________________.
4. Although scientists / know / why / earthquakes / happen / they / not able / predict them.
______________________________________________________________.
5. Even though / much / power / trade union / have / be / lose / their political influence / not be / underestimate.
______________________________________________________________.
III. WITH NOUN CLAUSES
That he will succeed is certain.
N.Cl V OWhat I need is a good long holiday. N.Cl V O
EXERCISE 19
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete
sentences.
1. What / you / do / seem / very difficult.
______________________________________________________________.
2. What / annoy / me / way / he / boast / what / he / done.
______________________________________________________________.
3. Where / temple / once / stand / there / be / now / multi-storey / car
park.
______________________________________________________________.
4. How I / spend / free time / be / private matter.
______________________________________________________________.
5. When / next earthquake / occur / California / be / unknown.
______________________________________________________________.
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1)
Noun Clause + Verb + Complement
Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
Tuan Kiet
2)
Subject + Verb + Noun Clause
Experts agree that women learn languages more easily than men (do) .
S V N.ClHe said (that) he was glad of your success . S V N.Cl
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
EXERCISE 20
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. Louis / be / only person / understand / how / system work.
______________________________________________________________.
2. We / suddenly / realized / what / happen.
______________________________________________________________.
3. My proudest moment / be / when / I / received / poetry prize.
______________________________________________________________.
4. I / not know / where / Jack / taking / me for / anniversary.
______________________________________________________________.
5. I / never / forget / when / we / use / stay here / holiday.
______________________________________________________________.
I was sure that I had left my keys on the counter .
S V A N.ClIt is necessary that all citizens comply with the new
restrictions . S V A N.Cl
EXERCISE 21
Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences.
1. It was / very clear / something / worrying / him.
______________________________________________________________.
2. The board / doubtful / whether / her estimates / be / realistic.
______________________________________________________________.
3. It / true / car / cost / a lot / but it / good investment.
______________________________________________________________.
4. It / seem / likely / interest rates / increase.
______________________________________________________________.
5. It / essential / every child / have / same / education opportunities.
______________________________________________________________.
405
3)
Subject + Verb + Adjective + Noun Clause
Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
Tuan Kiet
SELF-TEST
TEST 1
Identify the type of the sentences by writing one of the following abbreviations in the space on the left.
S if the sentence is simple
Cp if the sentence is compound
Cx if the sentence is complex
Example: __Cx_ Once the days grew longer, we often saw
picnickers in the park.
1. ______ Fred told us about the large crowds at the new seafood
restaurant, so we decided to be there at six o'clock.
2. ______ My neighbor has never had more beautiful irises than those
that are blooming on the north side of her house.
3. ______ I don't know which I prefer: the bright yellow ones or those
that are a gorgeous shade of purple.
4. ______ Their being planted in front of the split-rail fence makes
them all the more attractive.
5. ______ I immediately decided to gather together all those odds and
ends that I no longer used but that were taking up valuable space
in kitchen cabinets.
6. ______ My collection included four vases, two unusual pitchers,
several teacups of an unknown pattern, and one ceramic calico cat.
7. ______ After careful consideration I decided that these items were
more suitable for a yard sale than for a consignment shop.
8. ______ Jane has a new bicycle.
9. ______ Jane likes bicycles, but Lou prefers tricycles.
10. ______ The ice skates that you bought for Susan have dull blades.
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
TEST 2
Each sentence contains a clause in bold letters. Decide whether this clause is dependent or independent.
1. Tomorrow I will go on a trip if the car is in good working order. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
2. Since the tire is flat, we had better get it fixed before traveling. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
3. I want to see the Corning Glass Museum because I am interested in glass blowing. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
4. When we get there, I would like to look at the displays. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
5. I would like to leave home early unless the traffic is slow. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
6. He told me the museum was closed on Mondays, though it wasn't listed on the schedule. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
7. Even though it takes a long time to get there, we would still like to go. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
8. When we drove there, we got lost. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
9. Since the displays were great, I am glad we went. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
10. In case you are wondering how we get there, I will give you our map with the directions. A. dependent clause B. independent clause
TEST 3
Identify the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
1. I feel as if my head _________ on fire now, doctor.
A. was B. isC. were D. has been
2. I know a place _________ roses grow in abundance.
A. which B. thatC. when D. where
3. The teacher with _________ we studied last year no longer teaches
in our school.
A. who B. whom
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Grammar Time Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen
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C. whose D. that
4. _________ I realized that they hadn’t told us the truth at all.
A. After B. BeforeC. Until D. No word is needed
5. I wish I _________ all about this matter several weeks ago.
A. knew B. knowC. had known D. B and C are correct
6. He runs _________ I can’t catch him.
A. so quick that B. so quickly that C. such quick that D. so quickly as
7. They are _________ they are punished.
A. so lazy boys that B. so lazy boys as C. such lazy that D. such lazy boys that
8. _________ is a mystery.
A. Why exploded the plane B. Why did the plane explodeC. Why the plane exploded D. Why the plane’s explosion
9. Nobody knows _________.
A. how did language first start B. how language did first startC. how first language started D. how language first started
10. _________ that they are threatening their health, they continue to
overeat and to eat the wrong foods.
A. However many overweight people realize
B. Many overweight people realizing
C. Because of the fact that many overweight people
realizeD. Even though many overweight people realize
11. If you _________ this window, you would have to pay for it.A. broke B. breakC. have broken D. had broke
12. He would enjoy the concert if he _________ present.A. were B. beC. would be D. had been
13. If you _________ someone else, who would you like to be?A. can be B. could beC. are D. have been
14. If you _________ English, which language would you study?A. were studying B. are studyingC. weren’t studying D. have been studying
15. If you could choose your job, what _________?
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Nguyen Tri Tuan – Nguyen Tuan Kiet Chapter 18
A. would you have B. would have you gotC. would you be D. can you do
16. If you _________ in history, who would you like to meet?A. could meet one B. could meet himC. could meet anyone D. can meet one
17. He was _________ he could not wake up.A. very tired that B. such tired thatC. too tired that D. so tired that
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