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GERMAN LANGUAGE Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D American University

GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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Page 1: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D

American University

Page 2: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10. Word Order

Page 3: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure.

English uses word order to indicate word function

German uses cases instead → sentence structure matters far less in the German language.

Page 4: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

I shall illustrate this with examples soon. Either one of the case sequences below is correct.

Nominativ Dativ AkkusativNominativ Akkusativ Dativ Akkusativ Nominativ Dativ Dativ Nominativ AkkusativAkkusativ Dativ  Nominativ

Page 5: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.1 Main Clause

–––

10.2 Subordinate Clause/ Conjunctions

10.3 Jetzt üben wir!

Page 6: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D

American University

Page 7: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.1 Main Clause

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Page 8: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Das Kind fängt den Ball.

Den Ball fängt das Kind   → The ball catches the child

Doing the same in English is clearly not doable as it changes the meaning. Word order is not negotiable in the English language. In German it is. This is why:

Page 9: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.1.1 Sentence Elements, Cases, Word Order

–––10.1.2 Position of the Finite (conjugated) Verb

Page 10: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.

American University

Page 11: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.1.1 Sentence Elements, Cases, Word Order

–––

Page 12: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Which element is in first position in the following sentences? Cases are key, - let’s identify them.

1. Der Lehrer gibt dem Schüler gestern in der Schule den Test zurück.

Page 13: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

2. Den Test gibt der Lehrer dem Schüler gestern in der Schule zurück.

3. Dem Schüler gibt der Lehrer gestern in der Schule den Test zurück

Page 14: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

4. Gestern gibt der Lehrer dem Schüler in der Schule den Test zurück.

(time)

5. In der Schule gibt der Lehrer dem Schüler gestern den Test zurück.

(place)

Page 15: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

subject wer oder was? → der Lehrer → nominative

direct object who or what? → den Test → accusative

indirect object to/for whom? → dem Schüler → dative

time gestern

place In der Schule

Page 16: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Basic Rules to remember:

• Conjugated or finite verb is always in second position (not necessarily the 2d word).

• Infinite verb forms (infinitive, past participle) are at the end of the sentence.

Page 17: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

• Subject is often the first sentence element  but other sentence elements (direct/indirect object, place or time elements) can take that first position as well. If that is the case the subject follows the finite verb.

Page 18: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

• Verb and subject rotate around each other and always next to each other.

Page 19: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.

American University

Page 20: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.1.2 Position of the Finite Verb

–––

Page 21: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Hier ist mein Freund ↔ Mein Freund ist hier ↔ Ist mein Freund hier ?

Page 22: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Look at the sentence below, add the verb (war) please.

Unser Urlaub im Sommer in Hamburg war interessant.

1. Im Sommer unser Urlaub in Hamburg interessant.

2. In Hamburg unser Urlaub im Sommer   interessant.

3. Unser Urlaub  im Sommer in Hamburg    interessant.

Page 23: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

To summarize the flexibility when it comes to word sequence in the German language:

Sie fliegen morgen um 9 Uhr nach NY

Morgen um 9 Uhr fliegen Sie nach NY

Nach NY fliegen Sie morgen um 9 Uhr

Page 24: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.

American University

Page 25: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.1.3 Conjunctions: Und, Aber, Oder

–––

Page 26: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

When two clauses are connected by a coordinating conjunction, both follow normal subject-verb word order. Always use a comma before aber.

Page 27: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

1. Wir lernen Deutsch und studieren in Deutschland, aber wir vermissen Familie.

2. Er arbeitet, aber (er) macht nicht sehr viel und (er) sitzt nur am Computer.

Page 28: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

3. Es ist Montag und es geht ihm gut, aber er versteht das Problem nicht.

Page 29: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

One last example to practice. Correct the mistakes (only one sentence is correct) and rearrange the verbs reisen and sind in the three incorrectly written sentences below:

Page 30: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Wir oft reisen und gern in Berlin sind

Oft wir reisen und gern sind in Deutschland

Wir gern sind in Berlin und reisen oft

in Berlin sind wir gern und reisen oft

Page 31: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.

American University

Page 32: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.2 Subordinate Clauses/Conjunctions

–––

Page 33: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Subordinating conjunctions (weil, wenn, als) do affect word order. Any verb other than the main conjugated one in 2d position is kicked further down the sentence, remember?

Page 34: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Du bist krank. Gute Besserung! Ruf uns an, wenn du wieder gesund bist.

Du hattest Fieber, als du krank warst.

Page 35: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.

American University

Page 36: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.2.1 Position of the Conjugated Verb

–––

Page 37: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Subordinate conjunctions kick the verb all the way to the end of the sentence.

Page 38: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Er versteht nicht, weil es ist kompliziert (falsch) → Er versteht nicht, weil es kompliziert ist.

Sie sind müde, weil sie schlafen nicht (falsch) → Sie sind müde, weil sie nicht schlafen.

Page 39: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.

American University

Page 40: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.2.2 Questions and Answers

–––

Page 41: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Bist du krank, weil du Fieber hast? Ja, ich habe Fieber, weil ich krank bin.

Es ist so warm, weil die Sonne scheint, aber auch, weil es August ist.

Sie macht Urlaub an der Nordsee, weil sie das Meer liebt und gerne hier ist.

Page 42: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Warum spricht er so gut Deutsch? Er spricht gut Deutsch, weil er viel studiert.

Indirect question - Indirekte Frage:

Darf ich fragen, warum er so gut Deutsch spricht? Sie will wissen, warum es so warm ist.

Page 43: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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GERMANLANGUAGE

–––Tania Hinderberger-Burton, Ph.D.

American University

Page 44: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

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10.3 Jetzt üben wir!

–––

Page 45: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Write sentences using the elements provided, be mindful of all verb placements.

Schreiben Sie Sätze und achten Sie auf die Platzierung der Verben.

Page 46: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

/ du /

Sagst du heute gar nichts weil  du   bist     müde ?

Page 47: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Sie freut sich immer sehr, wenn  ich  mache  guten Salat

Page 48: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Gehen wir heute Abend ins Kino, wenn  du  hast  Zeit ?

Page 49: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Correct the mistakes below in sentences with subordinating conjunctions:

Beispiel: Du fährst nicht Auto, weil du bist noch nicht alt genug bist.

Page 50: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Du bist nicht fit, wenn du isst       zu    viel .

Ihr  habt Fußball gespielt, als das Wetter war gut .

Page 51: GERMAN LANGUAGE - Amazon S3€¦ · German sentence structure is far more forgiving than English sentence structure. English uses word order to indicate word function German uses

Er kann nicht kommen, weil er  macht  Hausaugaben _______.

Wir lernen abends nicht, wenn wir   sind  müde_____.