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SENSORS AND ACTUATOR SYSTEMS
BY:KIRTI UDHWANI
ANDABHINAV MALHOTRA
CONTENTSSensorsSensitivityFeatures of sensorsTypes of sensorsWorking of sensorsActuatorsTypes of actuatorFuture aspects in growth
SENSORSSensor is a device that measures a physical
quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
Sensors are the basic components of most of the electronic circuits.
Sensors receive and respond to signals.
SENSTIVITYSensitivity of a sensor indicates how much
the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes.
It is basically the slope of the output characteristic curve.
FEAUTERS OF SENSORS A sensor obeys the following rules:Is sensitive to the measured property onlyIs insensitive to any other property likely to
be encountered in its applicationDoes not influence the measured property
TYPES OF SENSORSTemperatureIR sensorsUV sensorsProximity sensorsTouch SensorsLight sensors
TEMPERATURE SENSORSThese sensors collect information about
temperature from a source and converts into a form that is understandable by other device or person.
The best illustration of a temperature sensor is mercury in glass thermometer.
IR SENSORSThis device emits and/or detects infrared
radiation to sense a particular phase in the environment.
Applications .robotics .communications .astronomy
UV SENSORSThese sensors measure the intensity or power of the
incident ultraviolet radiation.Applications · Measures the portion of the UV spectrum which
sunburns human skin· Pharmacy · Automobiles · Robotics · Printing industry for solvent handling and dyeing
processes· Chemical industry for the production, storage, and
transportation of chemicals
TOUCH SENSORSA touch sensor acts as a variable resistor as
per the location where it is touched.
Applications· Commercial · Appliances · Transportation · Fluid level sensors· Industrial Automation · Consumer Electronics
LIGHT SENSORSLight sensors are those that detect light and
produce signal that result in some kind of action like beeping of alarm, closing of gates and accordingly.
Applications of light sensors:1) These are used for security purposes.2) These are helpful in various electronic
gadgets3) An array of light sensors can be kept
together to check the intensity of light.
PROXIMITY SENSORSA proximity sensor emits an electromagnetic or
electrostatic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation and waits for the return signal or changes in the field.
Applications· Used in automation engineering to define operating
states in process engineering plants, production systems and automating plants
· Used in windows, the alarm is activated when the window opens
· Used in machine vibration monitoring to calculate the difference in distance between a shaft and its support bearing
WORKING OF A SENSOR
PhysicalMedium
SensingElement
Conditioning TargetHandling
Temperature Resistance Voltage Information
Stimulus (s) Signal (S)
ACTUATORSActuator is a type of motor for moving or
controlling a mechanism or system.It is operated by a source of energy, and
converts that energy into some kind of motion.
Examples include electrical motors, pistons, relays etc.
TYPES OF ACTUATORS
ACTUATORS
PNEUMATIC ELECTRIC MECHANIC
AL
HYDRAULIC
HYDRAULIC ACTUATORHydraulic actuators are a cylinder or fluid
motor that use hydraulic power to facilitate mechanical operation.
The mechanical motion gives an output in terms of linear, rotary or oscillatory motion.
PNEUMATIC ACTUATORPneumatic actuators convert energy formed
by compressed air at high pressure into either linear or rotary motion.
Pneumatic energy is more desirable for main engine controls because it can quickly respond in starting and stopping
ELECTRIC ACTUATORSElectric actuators are devices powered by
motor that converts electrical energy to mechanical torque.
It is considered as one of the cleanest and readily available forms of actuator as it does not involve oil.
The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment that requires multi-turn valves like gate or globe valves
MECHANICAL ACTUATORSMechanical actuators convert rotary motion
into linear motion to execute a movement. It involves gears, rails, pulley, chain and
other devices to operate.
FUTURE ASPECTSWe know that coming generations are going to be more automated so we expect further growth in development of sensors and actuators.
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