Senatro Di Leo, C. Cosmi, F. Pietrapertosa, M. Salvia ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])

Senatro Di Leo, C. Cosmi, F. Pietrapertosa, M. Salvia([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), Italy

GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS AND CITIZENS’ PARTICIPATION IN ENERGY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT: A

CASE STUDY FOR BASILICATA REGION

M. Caponigro, F. Giornelli, F. Leopaldi, P. Motta([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])DeMEPA (Design and Management of Electrical Power Assets) Segrate (Milano), Italy

7 July , 2013, Nisyros, Greece

Contents

The scientific framework

Micro-grids

Energy models

Times-Basilicata model

Scenario Analysis

Conclusion and further development

Senatro Di Leo, C. Cosmi, M. Salvia, F. Pietrapertosa, M.Caponigro, F. Giornelli, F. Leopaldi, P. Motta ELCAS-3, 7 July , 2013, Nisyros, Greece

Cities…

The EU Energy Roadmap 2050

The European Union in the Energy Roadmap 2050, is committed to reducing its GHG emissions to 80-95% below 1990 levels by 2050. thanks to increased innovation and investment in clean technologies and low- or zero-carbon energy.

A low-carbon economy would have a much greater need for renewable sources of energy, energy-efficient building materials, hybrid and electric cars, 'smart grid' equipment, low-carbon power generation and carbon capture and storage technologies.

Electricity plays a central role in a low carbon economy paradigm through a reduction of gross demand, the electrification of heating and transport and the decarbonisation of the electricity supply. To this end renewable generation (Wind, PV, Biomass, Hydro), that is increasingly competitive respect to fossil generation, can represent a viable solution.

Locally produced energy from renewable sources should be therefore boosted.


The EU Energy Roadmap 2050The increasing supply of intermittent sources in the electrical power system has important consequences on the system management.

Electrical systems should increasingly manage and balance a discontinuous power production (such as Wind and PV) with fossil production and storages.

In this framework micro-grids can play a key role in the transition towards smart and active energy systems, providing for a more efficient configuration through consumers and businesses engagement and allowing the valorisation of the endogenous resources.


Micro-gridsA massive penetration of renewable power..…

if not well managed, could cause: an unacceptable degradation in the quality of the electricity service severe operational and security problems that need heavy investment to

reinforce the MV and / or HV power grid

...and requires:

new tools for network design, planning, management and maintenance storage systems utilisation.

These restrictions could limit severely the development of Renewable Energy

Micro Grids can offer a suitable solution


Micro-gridsThe Micro Grids are key technologies:

To manage the integration of Renewable Energies in the electricity grid

To develop delocalized control systems

To increase the flexibility of the distribution system to fulfill the demand

To facilitate the management and the expansion of the electricity grid

To assign a central role to consumers

To increase energy efficiency contributing to sustainable development


Cities…

Micro-grids structureA micro-grid is an electrical power system including:

Generating sources (renewable and distributed energies, and where necessary, traditional power plants),

Loads (residential, commercial, industrial and public) Storage systems (not still present) Local electricity grid (mainly in low-voltage) that connects the different sources

and loads An ICT infrastructure for power system control and management A connection with the Low- or Medium-Voltage Macro Grid.

Typical target applications for the Micro Grid business refer to small-medium applications of about 1000-3000 people (which represent about 20-25% of Italian municipalities) characterizing a customer structure with about 200-350 users/consumers, small commercial and industrial public utilities (schools, public lighting) and small distributed generation.


Cities…

Energy systems analysis and microgrid integrationComprehensive methodologies and tools are required to support energy systems analysis and planning, in order to:

ENVIRONMENTENERGY

RESOURCESECONOMICS

guarantee the optimal use of natural resources, enhancing endogenous resources and renewable use, increasing energy efficiency and energy saving.

reduce the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities, improving air quality (GHG and LAP abatement)

define fair costs of goods and services.


Energy modelling A model is a simplified abstraction of the system under investigation that

consists of a description of its structure, data and by a set of mathematical equations that can be based on different mathematical methodologies (e.g. simulation, linear or non-linear optimization, etc.)

The large variety of models actually available makes the choice of modeling tools and methods a key step that has to be carefully evaluated before undertaking the energy analysis.

Thus modelers and energy analysts have to clarify in advance: the planning objectives/questions addressed, the time horizon the scale of the analysis, the sectors involved, the impacts to be evaluated, the main exogenous assumptions, data availability, the methodology utilized for projecting the demand, the implication of the mathematical background on the modeling approach.


General features of energy models Energy models allow representing the whole energy systems and are widely

utilized in energy planning for specific purposes like investment calculation and operation planning for conversion plants.

Energy and material flows through the technology network are typically schematized, with additional details on technical, economic and environmental parameters.

Estimates and modelling assumptions are also necessary to extend the analysis over the planning time horizon, taking into account the significant role of uncertainty of the future development as well as the lack of knowledge about technology development.


Main features of ETSAP TimesUser Interfaces

VEDA-FE/BE (KANLO)ANSWER (Noble Inc.)

MethodologyMaximization of the total surplus (Cost minimisation)Partial equilibrium (only energy markets)Linear Programming/Dynamic ProgrammingTechnology and Energy oriented

Purposes:Exploring (Energy prospective)Energy supply assessment:

• Target-oriented integrated policy analysis and planning

Models Coverage:Energy supply and end use sectorsSpatial scale:• Global (e.g. TIAM)• Multi-region (e.g. TIMES Pan EU model) • National (one per each EU countries)• Local (Region/Province/Town)

Models Features:Time horizon:• Medium to Long term (Multiperiod)• Time horizon with flexible time slices• Comprehensive representation of energy,

materials and emissions flowsFocus on the energy sector: detailed description of end-uses and energy technologiesMain exogenous inputs: information on the energy system structure, base-year energy flows and prices, demand projections/ scenarios, environmental constraintsMain outputs: Optimal energy-technology pathways by scenario, costs of energy system activities

It is implemented in more than 40 countries by more than 80 institutions.


The TIMES-Basilicata modelThe Times Basilicata was implemented in the framework of an Agreement between IMAA and RSE (Research on the Electrical System S.p.A., former ERSE) as part of MONET Italy model: 20-region energy model.

MONET is developed on the structure of MATISSE model, the Italian multi-regional electricity model developed by ERSE.

Base year: 2007, Time horizon: 2007-2030

7 base year templates:

- Five demand sectors (Residential, Commercial, Transport, Industry and Agriculture)

- Electricity/Heat power generation

- Supply (primary energy extraction/import/export)

Database of new technologies ”Subres new techs”, a virtual basket that includes the new technological options

Demand projection

Emission factors of GHGs (CO2, CH4 and N2O) and local air pollutions (NOx, CO, VOC, PM10, SO2).


The TIMES-Basilicata modelThe electricity distribution grid is modeled considering four voltage lines: Very High-Voltage, High-Voltage, Medium-Voltage and Low-Voltage, each one characterized by different parameters in terms of transmission efficiency, investment and O&M costs.

The model is calibrated to the year 2007, based on TERNA data and the Basilicata Region Energy Plan information.

Electricity generated GWh Hydroelectric plants 227,1

Thermoelectric plants 1048,6 Wind plants 261,7

Photovoltaic plants 0,5Total electricity

generated 1537,8

Import from other regions 1624,9

Losses 231,6


Aim of the study

To evaluate

the potential effects and benefits of introducing micro-grids

in the energy system of the Basilicata Region (Southern Italy) characterized by a high presence of distributed renewable energy sources that can be further exploited in the near future.


Scenario Analysis Business As Usual (BAU) scenario for the Basilicata region energy system, characterized

by the current energy trends and policies in use.

Two MICRO-GRID scenarios to evaluate the micro-grids contribution:

MICRO-GRID1 scenario in which all the photovoltaic plants characterizing the BAU scenario operate in micro-grids modality

MICRO-GRID2 scenario, in addition to PV plants, co-generative gas turbines operating in micro-grids modality were included.

The micro-grid concept was modeled by reducing the transmission and distribution losses for the electricity generated into the micro-grid, keeping unchanged all the other parameters characterizing different generating sources (capital costs, O&M costs, efficiency).


Results: BAU scenarioThe total electricity generated in the region increases from 2149 GWh (year 2010) to 2277 GWh (year 2030), while the imported electricity decreases from 935 GWh (year 2010) to 351 GWh (year 2030).

The decrease of imported electricity is due to: A reduction of the electricity consumption induced

by the decrease of resident population: 577.562 inhabitants in 2007 and 531.495 inhabitants in 2030, according to the ISTAT (Italian National Institute of Statistics) forecast;

A development of the renewable energy generated in the region as follows:

• the wind plants contributes with 454 GWh in 2010 up to 796 GWh in 2030;

• the PV production raises from 45,2 GWh in 2010 to 323 GWh in 2030.

The corresponding energy losses are on average equal to 5,2%, 5,5% and 8,2% respectively for the High, Medium and Low Voltage networks.


Results: MICROGRID1 scenarioAll the PV plants of the BAU scenario are operated in a micro-grid framework: the corresponding generated electricity fulfils the micro-grid electrical loads with losses estimated in: 0,5% and 0,8% for the local Medium and Low Voltage networks ,respectively. The consequent reduction of the electricity losses in the region networks allows a corresponding reduction of the imported energy.

2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 2030

Electricity generated in micro-grid 1,5% 7,2% 8,8% 9,8% 11,6% 12,5%

Loss reduction in the region networks 1,4% 6,7% 8,1% 9,1% 11,0% 13,8%


MICROGRID2 scenarioIn the MICRO-GRID2 scenario, co-generative gas turbines replace are operating in a micro-grid framework from 2014 year , with a yearly energy production equal to 138,1 GWh over the total investigated time period . The amount of electricity produced by the gas turbines replaces the imported one.


MICROGRID2 scenario: results

The network losses decrease noticeably respect to the BAU scenario, ranging from 44 to 65 GWh respectively in the years 2014 and 2030.


Conclusion and further developments The scenarios analysis highlights the main advantages in terms of energy efficiency related to the installation of micro-grids, under the considered assumptions and with reference to the MICROGRID 2 scenario:

a decrease of transmission and distribution losses, ranging from 12% to 20% in the 2014-2030 period ,

a higher efficiency of the overall power system ranging from 1,7% to 2,5% respectively in the years 2014 and 2030.

These results point out that the micro-grids could constitute a viable to include electricity generation from distributed sources in the electricity distribution grid, with particular reference to renewable sources

In a near future the socio-economic component will be analyzed in detail: in particular the financial aspects concerning micro-grid building and operation will be investigated taking into account the infrastructural, social and regulatory aspects.

Senatro Di Leo [email protected]

GREEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS AND CITIZENS’ PARTICIPATION IN ENERGY PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY FOR BASILICATA REGION

7 July , 2013, Nisyros, Greece

Thank you for your kind attention

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Senatro Di Leo, C. Cosmi, F. Pietrapertosa, M. Salvia ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected])