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Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to Faucoult Didin Nurul Rosidin Presented at the Workshop on The Research Methodology for Lecturers at IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon 8 March 2012

Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to Faucoult

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Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to Faucoult. Didin Nurul Rosidin Presented at the Workshop on The Research Methodology for Lecturers at IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon 8 March 2012. Historical Activities. Mengalami Peristiwa Sejarah ( History as what happened in the past ) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Sejarah Sosial KeagamaanLearning to Faucoult

Didin Nurul RosidinPresented at the Workshop on The Research Methodology for Lecturers

at IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon8 March 2012

Page 2: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Historical Activities Mengalami Peristiwa Sejarah (History as

what happened in the past) Memahami Fakta Sejarah, Membaca Fakta

Sejarah dan Membaca Tulisan tentang Sejarah (History as Knowledge or Historical Knowledge)

Menulis dan Mempresentasikan Sejarah (History as a production of Historians or Historiography)

Mengajarkan Sejarah (History as a part of education or Historical Education)

Page 3: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

The Uses of History

Sejarah berkaitan dengan sesuatu yang kadaluawarsa (out of date).

Sejarah sebagai Ingatan Bersama (collective memory or the storehouse of experiences) .

Sejarah sebagai sebuah kajian pengetahuan (History confined to academic circles and powerless to influence society).

Sejarah sebagai referensi nilai untuk membangun kesadaran sosial (History as forms of social consciousness offering precedence and yielding prediction about the future)

Sejarah sebagai arena otoritas dan kekuasaan (History is a political battleground)

Sejarah sebagai media pendidikan (History as to train mind, enlarge the symphaties and provide a much-needed historical perspective on some of the most pressing problems of our time).

Page 4: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Definition

The past is not discovered or found', … 'it is created and

represented by the historian as text, which is in turn

consumed by the reader. Scott Wilson, ‘Historicism” in Kate McGowan (ed.), The Year's Work in Critical and Cultural Theory, Oxford University Press,

n.d., hal. 53.

Page 5: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

“History is not the past, nor the surviving past. It is a reconstruction of certain parts of the past (from surviving evidence) which in some way

have had relevance for the present circumstances of the historian who

reconstructed them” (Gordon Cornell-Smith and Howell Lloyd)

“Historical Knowledge is not and cannot be objective” (John Tosh)

“The writing of history is one of the fullest and most rewarding expressions of an individual

personality” (Richard Cobb)

Quotations

Page 6: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

SUMBER, FAKTA DAN SEJARAWAN

Sejarah sebagaimana ilmu lainnya berkaitan dengan data dan sumber data (otentisitas, jenis-jenis, metode pengumpulan hingga analisanya)

Sumber data mulai dari dokumen tertulis, angka, lisan hingga landscape dan film

Sumber data memberikan fakta. Dua macam fakta: Fakta Masa Lalu (Facts of the past

which are limitless and in their entirety unknowable) dan Fakta Sejarah (facts of history which are a selection made by historians for the purpose of historical reconstruction and explanation)

Sejarawan as a painter and not a photographic camera.

Page 7: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

The essence of historical enquiry is selection of “relevant”

sources, of “historical” facts and of “significant” interpretation

John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History, p. 117

Quotation

Page 8: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Michel Faucoult

Michel Faucoult (1926-1984) salah seorang Filosof besar Perancis Abad 20

Karya-karya utamanya antara lain Madness and Civilisation: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of Human Sciences, The Archaeology of Knowledge, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, the Birth of the Clinic dan The History of Sexuality

Beberapa konsep utamanya adalah Discourse, Power, Knowledge, Episteme, Archaeology, Genealogy dan Metode Observasi.

Page 9: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Lanjutan …• Bagi Faucoult, Sejarah tentang sistem pengetahuan

manusia dan bagaimana sistem itu berubah dari satu masa ke masa.

• Setiap periode sejarah memiliki intellectual rules (episteme) yang berfungsi untuk membangun pengetahuan yang benar

• Dengan Episteme, Faucoult menolak prinsip continuity dalam sejarah dan mengusung ide discontinuity.

• Representasi bahasa pengetahuan itu akan menjadi discourse sebagai elemen utama dalam membangun power.

• Power ini dalam konteks Foucault bukan sebuah institusi, struktur atau kekuatan tertentu yang dimiliki oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang tetapi lebih sebagai gambaran akan hubungan yang komplex yang ada pada masyarakat tertentu.

Page 10: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Lanjutan ….•Dalam menganalisa perkembangan

pengetahuan dalam sejarah ini, Faucoult menggunakan metode yang ia sebut Archaeology and Genealogy.

•Yang pertama melakukan explorasi terhadap pola dimana satu epistem secara bertahap menggantikan epistem yang lain.

•Yang kedua diarahkan untuk menguji faktor kausalitas yang berperan terhadap bagaimana ide atau epistem berubah dan muncul.

Page 11: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

“It is a question of what governs statements, and the way in

which they govern each other so as to constitute a set of propositions which are

scientifically acceptable, and hence capable of being verified

or falsified”

Quotation

Page 12: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Faucoult’s Ways

Dalam mengumpulkan dan mengolah data ia menggunakan apa yang ia sebut “The Questioning of the document” as the way for the reconstitution of the history.

Documen atau data dilihat sebagai the language of a voice.

Dalam penelitiannya Ia lebih cenderung kepada pendekatan “case study” seperti kasus Kegilaan, Seksualitas, Penjara dan lain-lain.

Dalam beberapa hal ia juga menggunakan metode observasi.

Page 13: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

“In the past, history undertook to memorise the monuments of the

past, transform them into documents, which are often not

verbal. Now, history is that which transforms documents into

monuments”Michel Faucoult, The Archaeology of Knowledge, p. 7

Quotation

Page 14: Sejarah Sosial Keagamaan Learning to  Faucoult

Wa al-Lahu ‘Alam bi al-Showab

WASSALAM