Edición que inicia una campaña por el uso apropiado de los equipos de protección personal. Otros temas en agenda: conducta humana ante el fuego, los riesgos en el mantenimiento, trabajo en andamios, rocas y macizo rocoso.
Holtfrldi
Hi LZH@ rhdilzú su prl`hrd rhuglúg `hgsudi oh sheurlodo hi
cuhvhs 8 oh nhkrhrf. Id jfgnhrhgjld hstuvf d jdref ohi chnh
jfrpfrdtlvf oh sheurlodo oh @lipf, [dói [d`fs _ävdrd, qulhg
ohstdjú id pdrtljlpdjlúg oh id nd`lild hg id `ftlvdjlúg y hg
hi
jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sheurf oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs. Id prhshgjld oh
ifs
shrhs quhrlofs hg hi rhjfgfjl`lhgtf oh oljaf jf`pfrtd`lhgtf
hs erdvltdgth. Dsà jf`f hstd hxphrlhgjld, hxlsthg ftrds quh
oh
`dghrd sl`lidr vlhghg ohspihedgof ids jf`pdôàds `lghrds ohi
pdàs.
]fr ftrf idof, ifs `hcfrhs rhsuitdofs oh id sheurlodo `lghrd
phrudgd hg jf`pdrdjlúg di dôf dgthrlfr, pfghg hg hvlohg-
jld id jfgniuhgjld oh `óitlpihs ndjtfrhs quh vlhghg adjlhgof
pfslkih id rhoujjlúg prferhslvd oh djjlohgths `frtdihs. Zlg
h`-
kdref, tfodvàd ohkh adjhrsh ug trdkdcf lgthgslvf hg `dthrld
oh
rhoujlr ifs djjlohgths lgjdpdjltdgths. Lgthgslnljdr ifs
jfgtrfihs
oh lgehglhràd y do`lglstrdtlvfs, dsà jf`f hi usf oh hqulpfs
oh
prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi tfodvàd tlhghg ug vdilfsf pdphi quh
ju`pilr.
Doh`äs oh id ihelsidjlúg gdjlfgdi y ids pfiàtljds
jfrpfrdtlvds,
ifs trdkdcdofrhs ohkhg hgjfgtrdr hg ids nd`lilds hi ftfr ohi
jd`klf ohi jf`pfrtd`lhgtf lgsheurf. ]drd ugd sfjlhodo jf`f
id phrudgd, ofgoh id nd`lild tfodvàd ju`pih ug rfi jhgtrdi hg
ids ohjlslfghs phrsfgdihs, dphidr d hiid puhoh shr ug
pfohrfsf
`ftfr pdrd hi jd`klf.
]fr hiif, ourdgth hi prhshgth dôf, guhstrd rhvlstd
lgstltujlfgdi
hg sus fjaf holjlfghs prferd`dods rhdilzdrä ugd jd`pdôd
ohgf`lgdod ’]dpl, gf th fivlohs tu H]] hg ids jdrätuids oh
id rhvlstd, frlhgtdod di usf oh hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg
phrsfgdi
jf`f nrutf oh id pfohrfsd rhjfrodjlúg d id nd`lild.
Id lgljldtlvd sh su`d ids olvhrsds djtlvlodohs oh guhstrd
lgs-
tltujlúg vlhgh ohsdrrfiidgof hg 45 dôfs oh vlod
lgstltujlfgdi,
ohsoh hi rhjfgfjlof Zh`lgdrlf Lgthrgdjlfgdi oh Zheurlodo @l-
ghrd, adstd ifs jursfs oh `dtrlz oh jdpdjltdjlúg, hgtrhgdgof
di hgtrhgdofr, hgtrh ftrds djtlvlodohs y hvhgtfs oh d`pild
jfg-
jurrhgjld pfr ifs prfnhslfgdihs y h`prhsds `lghrds oh guhstrf
pdàs. ]fr supuhstf, hi fkchtlvf hs quh tfofs guhstrfs
trdkdcdof-
rhs rherhshg sdgfs y sdivfs d sus afedrhs.
LZH@3 45 dôfs oh trdkdcf pfr ugd `lghràd sheurd Hi Lgstltutf oh
Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@ hs ugd
fredglzdjlúg nugodod hg 4<<1 pfr lgljldtlvd ohi @lglsthrlf oh
Hghreàd y @lgds, id Zfjlhodo Gdjlfgdi oh @lghràd ]htrúihf y
Hghreàd, hi Lgstltutf oh Lgehglhrfs oh @lgds ohi ]hró y hi Jfihelf
oh Lgehglhrfs ohi ]hró.
H@][HZDZ ZFJLDZ DJ_L^DZ Xglúg Dgolgd oh Jh`hgtfs Z. D. D.
(Xgdjh` Z. D. D.) Jàd. @lghrd ]fohrfsd Z. D. Jfgsfrjlf @lghrf
Afrlzfgth Z. D. Efio Nlhios Id Jl`d Z. D @lghrd Kdrrljb
@lsquljalijd Z. D. - X.@. Ideugds Gfrth @lghrd Jfiqulslrl Z. D.
Zfjlhodo @lghrd Dustrld Ouvdz Z. D. J. Zfutahrg ]hru Jfpphr
Jfrpfrdtlfg - X.@. Lif Zfutahrg ]hru Jfpphr Jfrpfrdtlfg - X.@.
_fquhpdid Zfutahrg ]hru Jfpphr Jfrpfrdtlfg - X. @. Judcfgh Jf`pdôàd
@lghrd Dgtd`lgd Z. D. (Zfutahrg ]hdbs @lglge I]) Z]@ ]hró Z. D. J.
@lghrd \dgdjfjad Z. [. I. Ids Kd`kds @lglge Jf`pdgy Z. D. H`prhsd
@lghrd Ifs Tuhgudihs Z. D. - X.@. Lsjdyjruz H`prhsd @lghrd Ifs
Tuhgudihs Z. D. - X.@. \duilydju L`pdid _hr`lgdis ]hró Z. D. J.
Jfgsfrjlf oh Lgehglhrfs Hchjutfrhs @lghrfs Z. D. (Jlh`sd) Auokdy
]hró Z.D.J. Jàd. @lghrd fijdg Z. D. D. Zafuedge Alhrrf ]hró Z. D.
Jf`pdôàd @lghrd @lipf Z. D. D. - X.@. Dtdjfjad Jf`pdôàd @lghrd
@lipf Z. D. D. - X.@. ]frvhglr Jf`pdôàd @lghrd @lipf Z. D. D. -
X.@. Jhrrf Ilgof/Il`d ]dg D`hrljdg Zlivhr Audrúg Z.D. Jf`pdôàd
@lghrd Drehgtu` Z.D. @lgsur Z.D. Xglodo ]lsjf @lgsur Z. D. Jf`pdôàd
@lghrd @lsbl @dyf Z.[.I. - Xglodo @lghrd Kdyfvdr @lghrd Durànhrd
[htd`ds Z. D. @lghrd Jalgdijf ]hró Z. D. Jàd. @lghrd Jduodifsd Z.D.
Id Drhgd Z. D. Jàd. @lghrd Dgtdpdjjdy Z. D. Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Drhs
Z.D. - X.@. Drjdtd Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Drhs Z.D. - X.@. ]diidgjdtd -
Zhihgh Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Drhs Z.D. - X.@. ]rfyhtf Lg`djuidod Gyrstdr
Dgjdsa Z.D. Zfjlhodo @lghrd Jhrrf hroh Z. D. D. Jàd. oh @lgds
Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. Xjaujjadjud Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd
Z. D. D. - X.@. Frjfpd`pd Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. -
X.@. @diidy Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. _d`kf`dyf
Jàd. oh @lgds Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. Krhd ]d`pd Jàd. oh @lgds
Kuhgdvhgturd Z. D. D. - X.@. Cuijdgl @lghrd Id Sdgcd Z. [. I.
Jf`pdôàd @lghrd Jfl`fidjah Z. D. Zthiidr @lglge ]hró Ito. Zujursdi
Ohi ]hró ZFJLFZ DOAH[HG_HZ
Jfrpfrdjlúg Djhrfs Drhqulpd Z. D. Zdg @drtlg Jfgtrdtlstds Ehghrdihs
Z. D. JE@ [hgtdi Z. D. J. Jfgdivàds Jfgstrujjlfghs Z. D. Z.
Zujursdi ]hró LHZD Z. D.
?
LZH@ hg djjlúg
QLQ Zh`lgdrlf Lgthrgdjlfgdi oh Zheurlodo @lghrd hg
prhpdrdjlúg
LZH@3 Du`hgtdg sfjlfs
Ifs prfnhslfgdihs lgohphgolhgths y h`prhsds vlgjuidods di shjtfr
lgh- rf vlhghg oh`fstrdgof ug ditf jf`prf`lsf jfg id sheurlodo hg
hi trd- kdcf, if quh sh rhhcd hg hi lgjrh`hgtf hg gó`hrf oh sfjlfs
ohi Lgstltutf
oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@. Odof quh ifs prfnhslfgdihs hg sheurlodo
`lghrd sfg hi hch pdrd dijdgzdr id vlslúg ohi shjtfr hg hi jd`pf oh
id sheurlodo, guhstrd lgstltujlúg vlhgh ftfredgof khghjlfs d
qulhghs sh dsfjldg, tdihs jf`f ohsjuhgtfs hg sh`l- gdrlfs y jursfs,
lgvltdjlúg d jursfs erdtultfs y hi hgvàf oh id holjlúg l`prhsd oh
Zheurlodo @lghrd, rhvlstd ohi fjldi ohi LZH@.
Hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd vlhgh dilstdgof tfofs ifs ohtdiihs
pdrd id rhdilzdjlúg ohi QLQ Zh`l-
>
LZH@ hg djjlúg
Ehrhgths y chnhs oh sheurlodo sh rhuglhrfg hg ofs fjdslfghs
Adjld hi jhrf djjlohgths `frtdihs
Jfg `lrds d hidkfrdr hstrdthelds pdrd `lgl`lzdr ifs djjlohgths
`frtdihs hg id `lghràd phrudgd,
hi LZH@ fredglzú ofs rhuglfghs jfg ehrhgths y chnhs oh sheurlodo oh
h`- prhsds lghrds quh tlhghg fphrdjlfghs hg hi pdàs. Id prl`hrd oh
hiids sh iihvú d jdkf hi ;5 y ;1 oh nhkrhrf, y pfsthrlfr- `hgth hi
;= y ;4 oh `dyf. Ifs pdrtljlpdgths dgdilzdrfg id sltud- jlúg `lghrd
rhsphjtf d sheurlodo y sd- iuo fjupdjlfgdi, dsà jf`f jfgnfr`drfg hi
hqulpf quh ohglrä ids hstrdthelds y id hidkfrdjlúg oh ugd afcd oh
rutd pdrd iferdr jhrf djjlohgths `frtdihs adjld hi dôf ;=;4.
Zheugod rhuglúg3 ;= y ;4 oh dyf ;=4?.
]rl`hrd rhuglúg3 ;5 y ;1 oh nhkrhrf ;=4?.
LZH@ lgljlú rhuglfghs `hgsudihs ohi ;=48
@lipf ’Adkid näjli
[huglfghs oh sheurlodo
Ids prlgjlpdihs jdrdjthràstljds ohi slsth`d oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo
oh @lipf nuhrfg odods d jfgfjhr
hg id prl`hrd rhuglúg `hgsudi oh sh- eurlodo ohi LZH@ hg hi
prhshgth dôf. Id jfgnhrhgjld hstuvf d jdref ohi Lge. [dói [d`fs
_ävdrd, chnh jfrpfrdtlvf oh Zheurlodo oh id jf`pdôàd `lghrd.
D jf`lhgzfs oh id prhshgth oìjdod, id h`prhsd hnhjtuú ug
dgäilsls oh id fjurrhgjld oh djjlohgths pdrd lohgtl- jdr ids
jdusd-rdàz. Hgtrh ifs djjlohgths hstdkdg ifs prfoujlofs pfr jdàod
oh rfjds, ifs vhaàjuifs y hi kifquhf oh hghreàd. Hg hsh `f`hgtf, hi
`dyfr pfrjhgtdch oh id djjlohgtdklilodo hstd- kd hg ifs
jfgtrdtlstds. Ids prlgjlpdihs jdusd-rdàz quh adiid- rfg nuhrfg id
suphrvlslúg ohjlhgth, id nditd oh olspfsltlvf, id kósquhod oh
rhjf`phgsd/rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, hi lgju`- pil`lhgtf oh prfjhol`lhgtfs y
hi hgtrh- gd`lhgtf lgsujlhgth. Oh hstd `dghrd, ohglhrfg hg quì
rlhsefs jhgtrdr sus hsnuhrzfs. Hgtrh ifs jfgtrfihs oh lgehglhràd
quh sh dpiljdg hstä id ehstlúg oh guhvds do- qulsljlfghs, id quh
phr`lth fkthghr dj- tlvfs kdcf ifs hstägodrhs oh sheurlodo ohi
erupf. Ohi `ls`f `fof, sh dpiljdg ids lgs- phjjlfghs ehrhgjldihs hg
tfods ids `lgds, `holdgth ids judihs ifs eh- rhgths oh uglodo y
suphrlgthgohgths vlsltdg sh`dgdi`hgth ärhds hihelods
dihdtfrld`hgth. Iuhef sh rhdilzdg rhuglfghs pdrd hxpfghr ifs
adiidz- efs y ids fpfrtuglodohs oh `hcfrd. Id lgnfr`djlúg
jfgsfilodod oh tfods
ids `lgds sh hxpfgh `hgsudi`hgth d glvhi ehrhgjldi. Hgtrh ifs
jfgtrfihs do`lglstrdtlvfs hs- täg ifs hstägodrhs, ifs
prfjhol`lhgtfs hsjrltfs oh trdkdcf sheurf, ids fkshrvd- jlfghs
pidghdods oh trdkdcf, ifs dgäilsls oh trdkdcf sheurf, ifs phr`lsfs
hsjrltfs pdrd trdkdcfs oh ditf rlhsef y hi ohgf`l- gdof L]H[
jfgtlguf, hi `ls`f quh hs id hvdiudjlúg oh jd`pf hnhjtudod oldrld-
`hgth dgths ohi lgljlf oh id tdrhd. Hg judgtf d ifs jfgtrfihs oh
jd`pf ohstdjd hi Adkid Näjli, rhelstrf oh ids lohgtljdjlúg oh
jfgoljlfghs oh rlhs- ef, djtfs lgsheurfs, judsldjjlohgths y ohrhjaf
d ohjlr Gf. Hs ugd ahrrd`lhg- td quh ohkh shr utlilzdod pfr tfofs
ifs trdkdcdofrhs, lgjiusf oh jfgtrdtlstds. Hi
rhelstrf lgjiuyh ids djjlfghs jfrrhjtl- vds quh ohkhg rhdilzdrsh y
juyf ihvdg- td`lhgtf sh vhrljd. ]drdihid`hgth, sh ohsdrrfiidg ids
fk- shrvdjlfghs oh jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sheu- rf, d jdref oh ;:==
jfidkfrdofrhs hg tfod id fredglzdjlúg. Ids fkshrvdjlf- ghs phr`lthg
jf`prfkdr id phrjhpjlúg ohi rlhsef pfr qulhg ohsdrrfiid ugd id-
kfr, kusjdgof quh sh oì juhgtd oh ifs ohsvàfs y fpfrtuglodohs oh
`hcfrd. _fof hi phrsfgdi oh @lipf hstä fred- glzdof hg hqulpfs,
juyd hjdjld hg id utlilzdjlúg ohi Adkid Näjli y oh ids
fkshrvdjlfghs oh jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sh- eurf sfg rhjfgfjlods hg
rhuglfghs hs- phjldihs ofgoh pdrtljlpdg td`klìg sus
nd`lildrhs.
Lge. [dói [d`fs _ävdrd.
[huglfghs oh sheurlodo
^HF, ifs fcfs oh id suphrvlslúg
Dvdgzdgof. Id ^hrljdjlúg oh Hs- tägodrhs Fphrdjlfgdihs (^HF)
hs ugd oh ids ahrrd`lhgtds quh
vlhgh ndjliltdgof id ehstlúg oh id sheu- rlodo oh ifs suphrvlsfrhs
hg ]dg D`h- rljdg Zlivhr ]hró, dsà if shôdiú su eh- rhgth
jfrpfrdtlvf oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi, Lge. [ukìg Idvdof oh
id ^hed. Id jf`pdôàd prfoujtfrd oh pidtd ohsdrrfiid ids fphrdjlfghs
oh Audrúg y @frfjfjad (Drehgtu`), d`kds ukljd- ods hg id slhrrd
jhgtrdi ohi ]hró. _rds rhvlsdr hi alstfrldi oh djjlohgths hg sus
`lgds, id jf`pdôàd adiiú ifs tlpfs oh djjlohgths quh tuvlhrfg `d-
yfrhs jfgshjuhgjlds, tdgtf pfr su nrh- juhgjld jf`f pfr su
shvhrlodo. Dsà, sh iferú lohgtljdr ifs rlhsefs jràtljfs3 jdà -
od oh rfjds, jdàod oh phrsfgds, edshd- `lhgtf y dsxld, jfrths y
dtrdpd`lhg- tfs, dtrfphiif y jafquh, jfrtf jlrjultf y
hihjtrfjujlúg2 ifs oh rlhsef `holf3 lg- jrustd`lhgtf oh fkchtfs,
jdàod oh `d-
thrldihs, dpidstd`lhgtf h lgtfxljdjlúg pfr sustdgjld2 y rlhsef
kdcf3 iu`kdield, alpfdjusld y hstrìs. Iuhef oh adkhr lohgtljdof
rlhsefs, sh olshôú hi hstägodr pdrd jdod ugf oh hiifs. Ifs
hstägodrhs sh hidkfrdg hg kdsh d id ihelsidjlúg h lgjiuyh td`klìg
ids djjlfghs jfrrhjtlvds, ids ahrrd`lhg-
Hg ifs prúxl`fs dôfs, Zafu- edge Alhrrf ]hró hihvdrä su prfoujjlúg
d ;= `liifghs
oh tfghidods oh `lghrdi oh alhrrf dgudihs, if quh l`piljdrä
rhofkidr ifs hsnuhrzfs hg id ehstlúg oh id sheurlodo `lghrd.
’Guhstrd vlslúg hs thghr jhrf ihslfghs lgjdpdjltdg- ths, dr`ú Lge.
[fkhrtf _diihof ^lihid, ehrhgth oh Zheurlodo, Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi y
@holf D`klhgth. Xkljdod d ?;8 b` di sur oh Il`d, Zafuedge prfoujh
4= `liifghs dgudihs oh tfghidods oh alhrrf pfr dôf y, pdrd hiif,
tlhgh `äs oh 8 `li jfidkfrdofrhs, tdgtf oh id h`prhsd jf`f oh
jfgtrdtlstds. Id jdgtlodo oh trdkdcdofrhs du`hgtdrä di `h- gfs d 5
`li phrsfgds jf`f rhsuitd- of oh id hxpdgslúg pidghdod. Ids jlnrds
oh djjlohgths ihvhs h lg- jdpdjltdgths, dsà jf`f su nrhjuhg- jld,
adg hxphrl`hgtdof ugd rhouj- jlúg, sl sh jf`pdrdg ifs rhelstrfs ohi
dôf ;=4? vhrsus hi ;=4:, hg ug jfgthxtf ofgoh ids
afrds-af`krh
trdkdcdods du`hgtdrfg. ]drd rhoujlr ifs djtfs sukhstägodrhs sh
dpiljdrä jfg dyfr ìgndsls ids ahrrd- `lhgtds oh ehstlúg. ]drd hiif,
sh juhg- td jfg hi jf`prf`lsf oh id ehrhgjld y hi h`pihf oh id
jdpdjltdjlúg jf`f ah- rrd`lhgtd nugod`hgtdi. Hgtrh ids ahrrd`lhgtds
oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo y sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi oh Zafuedge hstäg ids
sleulhgths3 id pf- iàtljd ilohrdod jfg hi jf`prf`lsf eh- rhgjldi2
id hvdiudjlúg oh rlhsefs2 hi
ju`pil`lhgtf oh id gfr`dtlvd ih- edi2 id ehstlúg ohi ohsh`phôf2 id
jdpdjltdjlúg y hi hgtrhgd`lhgtf2 id pdrtljlpdjlúg prfdjtlvd oh ifs
trdkdcdofrhs2 hi jfgtrfi fphrdjlf- gdi2 id prhpdrdjlúg oh rhspuhstd
d h`hrehgjlds2 id ehstlúg oh ids h`- prhsds hsphjldilzdods2 id
lgvhstl- edjlúg oh djjlohgths h lgjlohgths, hgtrh ftrds, ’Gfsftrfs
sà pfoh`fs jfgvhrtlrgfs hg ugd h`prhsd `lghrd `äs sheu- rd, dsheurú
hi Lge. _diihof, pdrd iuhef lgoljdr quh ifs ehrhgths thg- oräg ugd
pdrtljlpdjlúg prfdjtlvd hg hi jd`pf y hg ids lgsphjjlfghs, d if quh
sh su`d hi ohrhjaf d ohjlr gf d ids jfgoljlfghs lgsheurds pfr pdrth
oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs. Hi Lge. [fkhrtf _diihof ^lihid sh prhshgtú hg
ids [huglfghs oh Zh- eurlodo @lghrd ohi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo
@lghrd-LZH@ jfg id jfgnhrhgjld ’Zlsth`d Lgtherdof oh Ehstlúg oh
Zheurlodo y Zdiuo Fju- pdjlfgdi.
tds y ifs hqulpfs quh sh ohkhràd thghr pdrd hnhjtudr id tdrhd. ]drd
jf`prfkdr hi ju`pil`lhgtf oh ifs hstägodrhs fph- rdtlvfs y ids
jfgoljlfghs oh sheurlodo oh ids idkfrhs, ifs suphrvlsfrhs utlilzdg
id ^HF, ilstd rleurfsd quh phr`lth lohg- tljdr oúgoh sh ju`pihg ifs
hstägodrhs y ndjliltd ugd suphrvlslúg `äs hjlhgth. Id dpiljdjlúg
ohi ^HF hg ids fphrdjlf- ghs oh ]dg D`hrljdg Zlivhr ad jfgtrl-
kulof hg id rhoujjlúg oh djjlohgths pfr rlhsefs jràtljfs y dyuod d
hgnfjdr ids lgsphjjlfghs oh ifs suphrvlsfrhs hgnfjägofsh hg ids
idkfrhs ofgoh gf sh ju`pihg ifs hstägodrhs. Hi Lge. [ukìg Idvdof oh
id hed rhdilzú hstd hxpiljdjlúg hg hi drjf oh su jfg- nhrhgjld
’Jfgtrfi oh hstägodrhs pdrd `lgl`lzdr hi rlhsef, hnhjtudod jf`f
pdrth oh ids [huglfghs oh Zheurlodo @lghrd quh fredglzd
`hgsudi`hgth hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@.
Lge. [ukìg Idvdof oh id ^hed.
Lge. [fkhrtf _diihof ^lihid.
[huglfghs oh sheurlodo
^fijdg duoltd jf`pfrtd`lhgtf sheurf
Jfg 54 dôfs oh fphrdjlfghs, ^fi- jdg Jf`pdôàd @lghrd hs id prl-
`hrd prfoujtfrd oh pidtd-pif`f
y id sheugod oh zlgj hg hi ]hró. Iloh- rdofs pfr su ditd olrhjjlúg,
sus `äs oh 4: `li jfidkfrdofrhs vlhghg l`pih- `hgtdgof ugd juiturd
oh sheurlodo oh jidsh ugoldi quh hstä phr`ltlhgof l- gl`lzdr id
nrhjuhgjld y shvhrlodo oh ifs djjlohgths oh trdkdcf. ’Hi jd`klf quh
vhgl`fs rhdilzdgof prlfrlzd ids ahrrd`lhgtds oh ehstlúg. Gfs
hgnfjd`fs hg ifs rlhsefs jràtljfs, hg ids hstrdthelds oh ehstlúg y
phrsh- vhrdr hg id l`pih`hgtdjlúg, shôdid hi Lge. Cudg @drjhildgf,
ehrhgth jfrpfrd- tlvf oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo oh ^fijdg. Id h`prhsd
jfgslohrd nugod`hgtdi hi ohsdrrfiif oh jf`phthgjlds ’kidgods hg ifs
iàohrhs quh adedg nugjlfgdr hi slsth`d oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo,
hgtrh ids quh hstäg hi of`lglf h`fjlfgdi y adklilodohs oh
jf`ugljdjlúg, ids quh
ohkhg su`drhsh d ids jf`phthgjlds tìjgljds. Ifs iàohrhs adg slof
hgtrhgdofs hg Du- oltfràd oh Jf`pfrtd`lhgtf Zheurf, hg jú`f dkfrodr
d ifs jfidkfrdofrhs hg su djtlvlodo oldrld y hg jú`f hnhjtudr ids
fkshrvdjlfghs ohi jf`pfrtd`lhgtf. Id lgnfr`djlúg ohi jf`pfrtd`lhgtf
sh
jfgjhgtrd hg ugd kdsh oh odtfs y hg ifs jf`ltìs sh hnhjtód hi
dgäilsls. Ourdgth ug dôf, id fredglzdjlúg rhvlsú hi L]H[ kdsh,
dgdilzdgof jfg `dyfr prhjlslúg ids tdrhds y ifs rlhsefs quh
l`piljdg. Leudi`hgth, sh hidkfrú ugd ilstd oh ids prlgjlpdihs
jdusds oh djjl- ohgths `frtdihs h lgjdpdjltdgths, lohg- tljägofsh
4; rlhsefs jràtljfs. ]drd jfgtrfidrifs, sh ohsdrrfiiú y jf`ugljú su
hstdgodrlzdjlúg, jdpdjltägofsh di phrsfgdi y hnhjtuägofsh hi
sheul`lhg- tf d su ju`pil`lhgtf. Xgd oh ids jdrdjthràstljds ohi
slsth`d oh ehstlúg oh sheurlodo oh ^fijdg hs id fredglzdjlúg oh
guhvh sukjf`ltìs, juyd rhspfgsdklilodo oh olrhjjlúg rh- jdh hg ifs
ehrhgths jfrpfrdtlvfs. Id jfgnhrhgjld ohi ehrhgth oh Zheurl- odo oh
^fijdg sh hnhjtuú hg hi `drjf oh ids rhuglfghs `hgsudihs quh fred-
glzd hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd- LZH@.
Lge. Cudg @drjhildgf.
]ukiljdjlfghs
HQJIXZL^F HG HI ;=48
Guhvd shrlh oh dnljahs oh sheurlodo `lghrd Xgd guhvd shrlh oh
djahs
oh sheurlodo pukiljdrä id rhvlstd Zheurlodo @lghrd
ourdgth hi prhshgth dôf. Hg hstd fjdslúg sh prhshgtdräg ifs th`ds
oh hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi, trdkdcfs hg diturd, hspdjlfs
jfggdofs y kifquhf y htlquhtdof, jdod ugf jfg dtrdjtlvfs olkucfs y
`hgsdchs pdrd ug trdkdcf sheurf. Hi prl`hr djah, rhidjlfgdof d ifs
hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi, hstdrä hg olstrlkujlúg hg hi `hs oh
nhkrhrf. Diià sh lgoljd ifs hih`hgtfs quh ohkhg utlilzdr ifs
trdkdcdofrhs oh `lghràd sukthrräghd y oh suphrjlh, doh`äs oh nrdshs
quh frlhgtdg sfkrh su usf. Id olnuslúg oh hsth djah tlhgh hi
duspljlf oh :@, Ohitd ]ius, Zheurlgoustrld, @fiohx, Bl`khriy,
Dgohs Zheurlodo, Jdsth`, Dsfjldjlúg oh ]rhvhgjlfglstds
oh [lhsefs, Hgelghhrlge Zhrvljhs y Jdsdgohs. Hg hi `hs oh `dyf
hstdrä hg jlrjuidjlúg hi djah sfkrh trdkdcfs hg diturd, hi judi
ohstdjd id ghjhslodo oh vhrljdr id jdilodo ohi slsth`d phrsfgdi oh
ohthgjlúg oh jdàod. Ids h`prhsds quh duspljldg hsth djah sfg
Idyahr, Ohitd ]ius, Zheurlgoustrld, NFQ Jfgnhjjlfghs y :@. Hi
thrjhr djah d pukiljdr shrä hspdjlfs jfggdofs, hi `ls`f quh hstdrä
d olspfsljlúg hg hi `hs oh defstf. Diià sh shôdid quh tfof trdkdcf
ohkh shr hchjutdof sfif pfr phrsfgdi dutfrlzdof y id ghjhslodo oh
ju`pilr hi prfjhol`lhgtf hsjrltf oh trdkdcf sheurf. Id h`prhsd
hsphjldilzdod Hgelghhrlge Zhrvljhs ad jfgr`dof su duspljlf d hsth
l`pfrtdgth ofju`hgtf. Nlgdi`hgth, hg fjtukrh sh olstrlkulrä hi djah
sfkrh dlsid`lhgtf, kifquhf y htlquhtdof. Ifs `hgsdchs ju`pilr hi
prfjhol`lhgtf hsjrltf oh jfgtrfi oh hghreàd y vhrljdr hi jfrth oh
hghreàd hg hqulpfs kdcf `dgthgl`lhgtf y rhpdrdjlúg.
Jdkh ohstdjdr quh id olstrlkujlúg oh ifs djahs sh rhdilzd oh `dghrd
hxjiuslvd d ids h`prhsds dsfjldods di Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd
y, doh`äs, hstdräg djf`pdôdofs oh hgtrhvlstds d hsphjldilstds quh
hxpiljdg dsphjtfs nugod`hgtdihs ohi th`d. Ifs vlohfs oh hstfs
oläifefs
hstdräg olspfglkihs hg guhstrf jdgdi oh \fu_ukh3
www.yfutukh.jf`/ushr/sheurl`lg.
Lgnfr`hs3 rhvlstdMlsh .fre.ph _hin. ?<1-=:<:.
Jlhrrh3 Defstf
Jlhrrh3 @dyf
Zheurlodo @lghrd hg lgthrght
If `äs pfpuidr Oàd @ugoldi oh id Zheurlodo y id Zdiuo hg hi _rdkdcf
;=4? 5.>=< ihjturds
If `äs vlstf ]hrnli ohi suphrvlsfr oh sheurlodo3 prhshgth y nuturf
:.:1: vlsudilzdjlfghs
]fst jfg `äs ilbhs 5 rheids käsljds pdrd l`pih`hgtdr ug slsth`d oh
ehstlúg oh sheurlodo 44= ilbhs
If `äs jf`pdrtlof MIdyahr]hru rhdilzú Oàd ohi Dgod`lf Idyahr
Jf`pdrtlof > vhjhs y : vhjhs `drjd- of jf`f ndvfrltf
If `hcfr ohi ;=4?
LZH@ hg djjlúg
LZH@ oljtd jursfs oh `dtrlz oh jdpdjltdjlúg `lghrd
Ohi 4> di ;= oh nhkrhrf, hi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo @lghrd-LZH@
oljtú ifs jursfs oh id @dtrlz Käsljd oh
Jdpdjltdjlúg oh djuhrof di [heid`hg- tf oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo
Fjupdjlfgdi @lghrd. Ourdgth hsds nhjads, sh l`pdr- tlhrfg jlgjf oh
ids prlgjlpdihs `dthrlds quh lgoljd hi Dghxf 4?K ohi OZ G³=88-
;=4=-H@. Id prferd`djlúg ohi oljtdof oh ifs jursfs nuh id
sleulhgth3 • 4> oh nhkrhrf3 Ehstlúg oh id sheurl-
odo y sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi kdsdof hg gfr`ds gdjlfgdihs. Hi jursf
hxpiljú jú`f ids ihyhs oh sheurlodo, sdiuo y `holf d`klhgth
prfpfrjlfgdg ids pdutds ghjhsdrlds pdrd prfthehr oh ifs philerfs y
rlhsefs.
• 45 oh nhkrhrf3 Lgvhstledjlúg y rh- pfrth oh lgjlohgths. Hi
jursf shôd- iú quh ids lgvhstledjlfghs hnhjtlvds
su`lglstrdg lgnfr`djlúg vdilfsd judgof sh ohsjukrhg ids jdusds, sh
judgtljdg ids nditds oh jfgtrfi y sh l`pih`hgtdg djjlfghs
jfrrhjtlvds.
• 41 oh nhkrhrf3 Lgsphjjlfghs oh sh- eurlodo. Hi jursf ohtdiiú
ids jdrdjth- ràstljds oh hstd ahrrd`lhgtd pdrd id lohgtljdjlúg oh
ohthrlfrf oh hstäg- odrhs, ärhds oh rlhsef f vuighrdklil- odo,
philerfs y djjlohgths pfthgjld-
ihs hg `lgds, pidgtds y prfjhsfs. • 4< oh nhkrhrf3
Lohgtljdjlúg oh
philerfs, hvdiudjlúg y jfgtrfi oh rlhsefs-L]H[J. Hi jursf phr`ltlú
jf- gfjhr hstd ahrrd`lhgtd pdrd dofptdr ug prfjhsf `lgujlfsf y
slsth`ätljf hg ids hvdiudjlfghs oh rlhsefs.
• ;= nhkrhrf3 Ihelsidjlúg hg sheurl- odo `lghrd. Hi jursf prhshgtú
oh `dghrd slsth`ätljd hi jfgcugtf oh gfr`ds rhidjlfgdods di trdkdcf
hg `lghràd y su rheid`hgtdjlúg.
Ifs pdrtljlpdgths rhjlklhrfg jhrtljd- jlúg pfr ids fjaf afrds oh
jdpdjltd- jlúg oh jdod jursf. ]rúxl`d`hgth ad- krä ugd guhvd
prferd`djlúg oh jursfs oh id @dtrlz oh Jdpdjltdjlúg @lghrd. Hstì
dthgtf.
@dyfr lgnfr`djlúg3 www.lsh`.fre.ph
Zled`fs trdkdcdgof pdrd thghr ugd `lghràd sheurd y prfoujtlvd
]fr3 Nhrgdgof Kfrcd Dôfred Ehrhgth ohi Lgstltutf oh Zheurlodo
@lghrd (LZH@)
Hg ugd jfyugturd oh rhoujjlúg ohi prhjlf oh ifs `htdihs, ids
h`prhsds `lghrds vlhghg l`pih-
`hgtdgof pfiàtljds oh rhoujjlúg oh jfstfs quh gf dnhjtdg
ghedtlvd`hgth ifs rhsuitdofs hg sheurlodo idkfrdi. D phsdr oh
id rhoujjlúg oh jfstfs hg ifs ofs óitl`fs dôfs, sh dprhjld ugd
ols`lgujlúg oh id djjlohgtdklilodo hg guhstrf shjtfr. Hg hnhjtf,
ifs `hcfrhs vdifrhs hg id alstfrld oh id sheurlodo idkfrdi hg id
`lghràd phrudgd sh dijdgzdrfg hg hi dôf ;=4?. Ifs rhsuitdofs d
oljlh`krh `uhstrdg ugd rhoujjlúg hg id jdgtl- odo oh djjlohgths
`frtdihs y hg ifs lgoljdofrhs jiäsljfs oh sheurlodo, jf`f sfg hi
Àgoljh oh Nrhjuhgjld y hi Àgoljh oh Zhvhrlodo. Hg hi ;=4?, pfr
prl`hrd vhz hg ?? dôfs, id `lghràd phrudgd tuvf id `h- gfr jdgtlodo
oh djjlohgths `frtdihs. Hsphjàjd`hgth, ols`lguyú :;% jfg rhsphjtf
di dôf dgthrlfr, oh ?5 d :;. Zh trdtd oh ugd `hcfrd sfsthglod, yd
quh id jurvd oh djjlohgths vlhgh oh- jrhjlhgof ohsoh hi ;=4=. Zlg
h`kdref, hi dgäilsls oh djjlohg- tdklilodo jfgslohrdgof sfif ifs
djjl- ohgths jfg `uhrth puhoh iihvdrgfs d jfgjiuslfghs hquàvfjds.
@äs doh- idgth dgdilzdrh`fs ftrfs lgoljdofrhs quh tlhghg hg juhgtd
id jdgtlodo oh trdkdcdofrhs oh id djtlvlodo lghrd. Di rhsphjtf,
ohkh`fs dgftdr quh id jdg-
Eränjf 43 DJJLOHG_HZ @F[_DIHZ
Eränjf ;3 @F[_DILODO ]F[ JDOD 4=,=== _[DKDCDOF[HZ
;4G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
tlodo oh trdkdcdofrhs sh rhoucf hg 4: `li jfg rhsphjtf di ;=4:.
(Eräjf 4) ]drd ohthr`lgdr id hvfiujlúg oh id sheurlodo `lghrd vd`fs
d utlilzdr hi lgoljdofr @uhrths pfr jdod 4= `li trdkdcdofrhs. Hi
judorf rhsphjtlvf `uhstrd quh hsth lgoljdofr jdyú hg :=% jf`pdrdof
di ;=4:, if judi l`pil- jd ugd `hcfrd hg ifs rhsuitdofs. ]fr
supuhstf, gf hstd`fs sdtlsnhjafs. Ohkh`fs sheulr trdkdcdgof pdrd
th- ghr ugd `lghràd sheurd y prfoujtlvd. Guhstrf fkchtlvf ohkh shr
jhrf djjl- ohgths. (Eräjf ;) Jfg rhsphjtf di Àgoljh oh Nrhjuhgjld
(LN) jdyú >% jfg rhsphjtf di ;=4:. Hs hi shxtf dôf jfgshjutlvf
quh hsth lgol- jdofr uhstrd ugd jdàod y hsphrd`fs quh jfgtlgóh hsd
thgohgjld. (Eräjf :) Hi Àgoljh oh Erdvhodo f Zhvhrlodo (LE) td`klìg
ols`lguyú 45% jf`f rh- suitdof oh id ols`lgujlúg oh ifs djjl-
ohgths frtdihs. (Eräjf ?) Jf`f jfgshjuhgjld oh id jdàod oh ifs ofs
lgoljdofrhs dgthrlfrhs hs quh hi Àgoljh oh Djjlohgtdklilodo (LD)
td`- klìg sh rhoucf ;;%. (Eräjf 8)
Di leudi quh hg hi ;=4:, ifs tlpfs oh dj- jlohgths jfg `dyfr
jdgtlodo oh `uhr- ths nuhrfg pfr ohsprhgol`lhgtf oh rfjds jfg
;1%, sheulof oh ifs djjl- ohgths oh trägsltf jfg ;8%, vdrlfs
oh ifs judihs fjurrlhrfg nuhrd oh ids ugl- odohs `lghrds. ]fr
supuhstf, gf ady quh phrohr oh vlstd d ifs djjlohgths rhidjlfgdofs
d ohrru`khs, fphrdjlúg oh `dqulgdrlds y jdàod oh phrsfgds, hgtrh
ftrfs. (Eräjf >) Xg ndjtfr hg id `hcfrd prferhslvd hs id
l`pih`hgtdjlúg oh ifs Zlsth`ds oh Zheurlodo y Zdiuo hg hi _rdkdcf,
id `ls`d quh hstä lgerhsdgof d ug hstd- of oh `dourhz hg `ujads
h`prhsds. Jdod vhz `äs fptdg pfr jfgtrfihs oh sheurlodo ourfs,
frlhgtdofs d id hil`l- gdjlúg, sustltujlúg, dlsid`lhgtf y jfg-
trfihs oh lgehglhràd. ]fr supuhstf, ids djjlfghs frlhgtdods di
jd`klf juiturdi f ohsdrrfiif oh ugd juiturd prhvhgtlvd hg tfofs ifs
glvhihs oh id fredglzdjlúg sfg vltdihs pdrd id prhvhgjlfg oh dj-
jlohgths. Ids djtlvlodohs oh jdpdjltd- jlúg y `ftlvdjlúg, oh id
`dgf oh ug ilohrdzef fredglzdjlfgdi, sfg ids jid- vhs ohi
ìxltf.
Hi pdphi ohi [heid`hgtf Jf`f pdrth ohi jfgthxtf, d pdrtlr oh id
pukiljdjlúg ohi [heid`hgtf oh Zheu- rlodo y Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi pdrd
@lgh- ràd (O.Z. =88-;=4=-H@) hg hi dôf ;=4=, pfoh`fs fkshrvdr quh
ifs lgoljdof- rhs oh sheurlodo adg hcfrdof. ]foh- `fs lgnhrlr quh
hstd gfr`d ad thglof ug l`pdjtf pfsltlvf hg hi ohsh`phôf hg
sheurlodo y sdiuo oh guhstrf shj- tfr. Hg hiid, ug pdphi l`pfrtdgth
cuhed id jdpdjltdjlúg oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs2 ids h`prhsds `lghrds adg
rhdilzdof lgvhrslfghs slegljdtlvds hg hsth shgtl- of. Jrhh`fs quh
ady ug hsnuhrzf gf- tdkih hg ju`pilr jfg id ihelsidjlúg jfg id
gdilodo oh prhvhglr ifs djjlohgths y hgnhr`hodohs.
Hg hi ]hró, hg ifs óitl`fs ;= dôfs, ifs lgoljdofrhs oh djjlohgths
`frtdihs adg prhshgtdof ugd ols`lgujlúg
jfgslohrdkih. Zlg h`kdref, d phsdr oh tfofs ifs hsnuhrzfs
rhdilzdofs, sh sleuhg prhshgtdgof djjlohgths jfg `uhrth hg id
`lghràd hg hi ]hró. Hi tlpf y ids jdusds oh hstfs sujhsfs sfg
jfgfjlofs erdjlds di `dghcf hstdoàstljf jhgtrdilzdof hg hi
@lglsthrlf oh Hghreàd y @lgds. Ids jlnrds lgoljdg quh ifs djjl-
ohgths pfr jdàod oh rfjds, djjlohgths oh trägsltf, jdàod oh
phrsfgds y ifs rhidjlf- gdofs jfg edshs, su`dg `äs ohi >=%. Id
lgnfr`djlúg hs vdilfsd, yd quh gfs phr`l- th lohgtljdr ids
vdrldkihs jràtljds, jfgfjhr ids jdusds y, d pdrtlr oh hiif,
pidgthdr hs- trdthelds pdrd hvltdrifs. Hg hi pdgfrd`d `lghrf
`ugoldi gf hstd- `fs sfifs. Hg olvhrsfs pdàshs y h`prh- sds
`uitlgdjlfgdihs sh ad hidkfrdof ifs ohgf`lgdofs ’]rftfjfifs oh
prhvhgjlúg oh djjlohgths `frtdihs, ifs judihs puh- ohg shrvlrgfs oh
rhnhrhgjld hg id dthgjlúg oh ids ghjhslodohs y rhquhrl`lhgtfs oh
sheurlodo idkfrdi oh guhstrf pdàs. Hg ifs Hstdofs Xglofs sh vlhgh
hchjutdgof id lgl- jldtlvd ohgf`lgdod JF[H ZDNH_\ (Afcd oh rutd
hstägodr hg id ehstlúg lgtherdi oh rlhsefs3 =38=38) quh derupd d
h`prhsds quh su`dg `äs oh 4== `li trdkdcdofrhs2 hiids pdrtljlpdg hg
ug prferd`d quh prh- thgoh rhoujlr ids ihslfghs idkfrdihs/djjl-
ohgths lgjdpdjltdgths d id `ltdo, jfg hi fkchtlvf gdi oh ’Jhrf
vàjtl`ds `frtdihs hg ug phrlfof oh jlgjf dôfs, hs ohjlr, d ghs ohi
;=48. Odod id hxphrlhgjld gdjlfgdi h lgthrgdjlf- gdi, jrhh`fs quh
id rhoujjlúg y hil`lgd- jlúg oh ifs djjlohgths `frtdihs rhqulhrh
ohi jf`prf`lsf y ilohrdzef h`prhsdrldi vlslkih. ]fr hiif, ah`fs
prfpuhstf id hch- jujlúg oh ug pidghd`lhgtf hstrdtìeljf quh phr`ltd
hstdkihjhr ugd vlslúg jidrd adjld hi nuturf. Oh hstd `dghrd,
ohsdrrf- iidrh`fs ug hgnfquh hstägodr oh ehstlúg oh Zheurlodo
Gdjlfgdi, quh gfs jfgouz- jd adjld hi ’Jhrf djjlohgths `frtdihs hg
hi dôf ;=;4. ]hgsd`fs quh ifs hsnuhrzfs dlsidofs h lgolvloudihs hg
Zheurlodo y Zdiuo yd ju`pilhrfg su htdpd. ]fr hiif, hg hi ;=4?, hi
LZH@ fredglzú ofs tdiihrhs oh pid- ghd`lhgtf hstrdtìeljf jfg ifs
ehrhgths oh sheurlodo oh ids h`prhsds `lghrds ohi pdàs. Id
lgljldtlvd phr`ltlrä jf`pdrtlr ids `hcfrds präjtljds oh sheurlodo
pdrd iuhef hstdgodrlzdr ifs jfgtrfihs `äs hnhjtlvfs, thglhgof di
[heid`hgtf oh Zh- eurlodo y Zdiuo Fjupdjlfgdi hg @lghràd jf`f hi
hstägodr `àgl`f d ju`pilr. Ifs tdiihrhs td`klìg sh rhdilzdräg hg hi
;=48 y, jf`f rhsuitdof, tfods ids h`prhsds l- ghrds thgorh`fs ugd
dehgod jf`óg. Hi fkchtlvf hs ohsdrrfiidr ugd Afcd oh [utd Gdjlfgdi
jfg lrds d hil`lgdr ifs djjlohg- ths hg `uhstrd `lghràd.
Hi rhtf di ;=;4
sheurlodo, slgf td`klìg d trdkdcdof- rhs y nugjlfgdrlfs oh tfods
ids ärhds y glvhihs oh ids h`prhsds `lghrds. Hg hi ;=4?, ah`fs
jdpdjltdof d jdsl 4== `li trdkdcdofrhs hg olstlgtfs th- `ds, tfofs
hiifs oh djuhrof d ifs hstägodrhs y rhquhrl`lhgtfs oh guhs- trfs
dsfjldofs y oh id ihelsidjlúg. Jfgtd`fs jfg jursfs oljtdofs hg
guhstrds shohs oh Il`d, Drhqulpd y Jdcd`drjd, y doljlfgdi`hgth if
adjh- `fs hg ids prfplds uglodohs `lghrds. [hjlhgth`hgth ah`fs
h`phzdgof id jfgstrujjlúg oh id shoh lgstltujlfgdi hg id jluodo oh
Il`d, id judi jfgtdrä jfg d`klhgths olshôdofs pdrd id jd-
pdjltdjlúg y hgtrhgd`lhgtf.
Dildgzds uglvhrsltdrlds Jfg id gdilodo oh hihvdr hi glvhi prf -
nhslfgdi oh qulhghs olrlehg y trdkdcdg hg ids ärhds oh sheurlodo oh
ids h`- prhsds, thgh`fs jfgvhglfs susjrltfs
jfg id ]XJ], id Xglvhrslodo Gdjlfgdi ohi Ditlpidgf, id Xglvhrslodo
Gdjlfgdi ohi Jhgtrf y EH[HGZ, jfg ifs judihs sh fnrhjhg jursfs y
olpif`dofs oh hsphjldilzdjlúg. ]hgsd`fs quh ifs sleulhgths pdsfs sh
frlhgtdräg d nfrtdihjhr id nfr`djlúg hg sheurlodo y sdiuo oh tfods
ids jd- rrhrds rhidjlfgdods d id `lghràd. Oh hstd `dghrd jfgtdrh`fs
jfg suphr- vlsfrhs jf`phthgths hg sheurlodo y sdiuo quh yd gf
rhqulhrdg jdpdjltd- jlúg jf`pih`hgtdrld judgof lgerh- shg d idkfrdr
hg ids h`prhsds. Gf ohkh`fs ohcdr pdsdr id fpfrtuglodo oh rhjfgfjhr
hi hsnuhrzf ohi Hstdof, ids h`prhsds, trdkdcdofrhs h lgstltujlf-
ghs pdrd hi iferf oh id ols`lgujlúg oh id djjlohgtdklilodo hg
guhstrf shjtfr. Hiif ohkh `ftlvdrgfs dóg `äs pdrd di- jdgzdr hi
fkchtlvf oh jhrf djjlohgths, y quh jdod trdkdcdofr rherhsh sdgf y
sdivf d jdsd.
Eränjf ?3 ÀGOLJH OH E[D^HODO vs G½ _[DKDCDOF[HZ
Jfg id jdkhzd hg su sltlf
Xg jdsjf oh prfthjjlúg pdrd id lg- oustrld hs ugd prhgod pdrd
jukrlr id jdkhzd ohi usudrlf, quh hstä
ohstlgdod hshgjldi`hgth d prfthehr id pdrth suphrlfr oh id jdkhzd
jfgtrd ahrl- ods prfoujlods pfr fkchtfs quh jdledg sfkrh hi `ls`f.
]drd jfgsheulr hstd jdpdjlodo oh prf- thjjlúg y rhoujlr ids
jfgshjuhgjlds ohstrujtlvds oh ifs efiphs hg id jdkh- zd, hi jdsjf
ohkh hstdr oftdof oh ugd shrlh oh hih`hgtfs juyf nugjlfgd`lhg- tf
jfgcugtf shd jdpdz oh ju`pilr ids sleulhgths jfgoljlfghs3 4.
Il`ltdr id prhslúg dpiljdod di jräghf,
olstrlkuyhgof id nuhrzd oh l`pdjtf sfkrh id `dyfr suphrjlh
pfslkih.
;. Ohsvldr ifs fkchtfs quh jdledg, pfr `holf oh ugd nfr`d
dohjudod`hg- th ilsd y rhofgohdod.
:. Olslpdr y olsphrsdr id hghreàd ohi l`- pdjtf, oh `fof quh gf sh
trdgs`ltd hg su tftdilodo d id jdkhzd y hi juhiif.
Ifs jdsjfs utlilzdofs pdrd trdkdcfs hsphjldihs ohkhg ju`pilr
rhqulsltfs doljlfgdihs, jf`f id prfthjjlúg nrhgth d sdipljdourds oh
htdi nugolof (lgous- trlds ohi alhrrf y ohi djhrf), prfthjjlúg
nrhgth d jfgtdjtfs hiìjtrljfs, htj. Ifs prlgjlpdihs hih`hgtfs ohi
jdsjf sfg ifs sleulhgths3 Jdsquhth3 hih`hgtf oh `dthrldi ourf y oh
thr`lgdjlúg ilsd quh jfgstltuyh id nfr`d hxthrgd ehghrdi ohi jdsjf.
^lshrd3 hs ugd prfifgedjlúg ohi jds- quhth pfr hgjl`d oh ifs fcfs.
Did3 hs hi kfroh quh jlrjugod hi jds- quhth. Drgìs3 hs hi jfgcugtf
jf`pihtf oh hih- `hgtfs quh jfgstltuyhg ug `holf oh `dgthghr hi
jdsjf hg pfsljlúg sfkrh id jdkhzd y oh dksfrkhr hghreàd jlgìtljd
ourdgth ug l`pdjtf. Kdgod oh jdkhzd3 hs id pdrth ohi drgìs quh
rfohd tftdi f pdrjldi`hgth id jd- khzd pfr hgjl`d oh ifs fcfs d ug
glvhi
;=
;8G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
afrlzfgtdi quh rhprhshgtd dprfxl`d- od`hgth id jlrjugnhrhgjld `dyfr
oh id jdkhzd. Kdgod oh gujd3 hs ugd kdgod rheuidkih quh sh dcustd
ohträs oh id jdkhzd kdcf hi pidgf oh id kdgod oh jdkhzd y quh puhoh
shr ugd pdrth lgtherdgth oh ol- jad kdgod oh jdkhzd. Kdrklquhcf3 hs
ugd kdgod quh sh djf- pid kdcf id kdrkliid pdrd dyuodr d such- tdr
hi jdsjf sfkrh id jdkhzd. Hsth hih- `hgtf hs fpjlfgdi hg id
jfgstltujlúg ohi hqulpf, y gf tfofs ifs jdsjfs tlh- ghg pfr quì
olspfghr fkiledtfrld`hgth oh ìi.
@drjdof Hi jdsjf puhoh lr `drjdof jfg ifs sleulhgths hih`hgtfs3
gó`hrf oh id gfr`d quh ju`pih, gf`krh f `drjd oh lohgtljdjlúg ohi
ndkrljdgth, `foh- if (sheóg ohslegdjlúg ohi ndkrljdgth), dôf oh
ndkrljdjlúg y rdgef oh tdiids. Doh`äs sh puhoh prhshgtdr ug
`drjd- of rhidtlvf d ifs rhqulsltfs fpjlfgdihs (pdrd ohthr`lgdods
djtlvlodohs hsphjà- jds) hg ifs sleulhgths tìr`lgfs3 -;=½J f
-:=½J3 rhslsthgjld d `uy kdcd th`phrdturd.
+48=½J3 rhslsthgjld d `uy ditd th`ph- rdturd. ??=
^dj3 dlsid`lhgtf hiìjtrljf. IO3 rhslsthgjld d ohnfr`djlúg
idthrdi. @@3 rhslsthgjld d ids sdipljdourds oh `htdi
nugolof.
¶Oh quì tlhghg quh prfthehr6 Hg hi iuedr oh trdkdcf, id jdkhzd ohi
trdkdcdofr puhoh adiidrsh hxpuhstd d rlhsefs oh gdturdihzd olvhrsd,
ifs jud- ihs puhohg jidsljdrsh hg trhs erupfs sheóg su nfr`d oh
djtudjlúg3 d. Ihslfghs jrdghdihs ohklods d djjlf-
ghs hxthrgds. k. [lhsefs pdrd ids phrsfgds pfr dj-
jlfghs sfkrh id jdkhzd. j. [lhsefs pdrd id sdiuo f `fihstlds
vlgjuidofs di usf ohi jdsjf oh sh- eurlodo.
¶Tuì julodofs ohkf thghr6 ]drd ugd prfthjjlúg hjdz jfgtrd ifs
rlhsefs, ifs jdsjfs ohkhg `dgthghrsh ótlihs, ourdohrfs y
rhslsthgths nrhgth d gu`hrfsds djjlfghs h lguhgjlds, oh `fof quh su
nugjlúg prfthjtfrd quhoh edrdgtlzdod ourdgth tfod su vlod ótli.
Hgtrh hstds lguhgjlds quh puhohg d`hgdzdr id hjdjld prfthjtfrd ohi
jdsjf, jdkh jltdr3 id `dyfràd oh ifs jdsquhths oh ifs jdsjfs oh
sheurlodo sfg oh `dthrld piästljd. Hg jfgoljlf-
ghs gfr`dihs hstd `dthrld piästljd sh dithrd `uy ihgtd`hgth2 slg
h`kdref, ids sleulhgths djjlfghs puhohg djhih- rdr id rhoujjlúg oh
id nugjlúg prfthjtf- rd ohi jdsjf, hsphjldi`hgth judgof sh trdtd oh
`dthrldihs thr`fpiästljfs3 • Ohthr`lgdods djjlfghs quà`ljds. •
Jdifr y nràf. • Iuz sfidr (rdoldjlfghs X^). • Djjlúg
`hjägljd.
¶Jú`f hihelrifs6 Id hihjjlúg oh ug hqulpf prfthjtfr oh id jdkhzd
rhquhrlrä, hg judiqulhr jdsf, ug jfgfjl`lhgtf d`pilf ohi puhstf oh
trdkdcf y oh su hgtfrgf. ]fr hiif, id hihjjlúg ohkh shr rhdilzdod
pfr phrsf- gdi jdpdjltdof, y hg hi prfjhsf oh hihj- jlúg id
pdrtljlpdjlúg y jfidkfrdjlúg ohi trdkdcdofr shrä oh jdpltdi
l`pfrtdgjld. Gf fkstdgth, dieugds rhjf`hgodjlf- ghs oh lgthrìs, d
id afrd oh ohsdrrfiidr hi prfjhsf oh shihjjlúg, sfg3 • Dgths oh
doqulrlr ifs hqulpfs oh
prfthjjlúg, jf`piìthsh id ilstd oh jfgtrfi quh eurd hg hi Dghxf L,
ad- jlhgof rhnhrhgjld di lgvhgtdrlf oh rlhsefs h lguhgjlds hxthrgds
jltd-
ofs hg ifs dpdrtdofs ’¶Oh quì `h tlhghg quh prfthehr6 y ’¶Tuì jul-
odofs ohkf thghr6. Hg nugjlúg oh hstd ilstd sh hstuoldräg ids
fnhrtds oh vdrlfs ndkrljdgths pdrd olstlgtfs `fohifs (hg ids
fnhrtds ohkhg lg- jiulrsh nfiihtfs lgnfr`dtlvfs y oh`äs lgnfr`djlúg
oh lgthrìs oh jdrd d id shihjjlúg ohi hqulpf).
• Di hihelr hi jdsjf oh sheurlodo, hs jfgvhglhgth thghr hg juhgtd
hi nfiih- tf lgnfr`dtlvf ohi ndkrljdgth. Hsth nf- iihtf lgnfr`dtlvf
jfgtlhgh tfofs ifs odtfs ótlihs rhnhrhgths d di`djhgd- `lhgtf, usf,
il`plhzd, `dgthgl`lhg- tf, ohslgnhjjlúg, djjhsfrlfs, plhzds oh
rhpuhstf, jidshs oh prfthjjlúg, nhjad f pidzf oh jdoujlodo, hxpil-
jdjlúg oh ids `drjds, htj.
;> ZHEX[LODO @LGH[D
prhgodg hstd ihgeud, hi h`prhsdrlf ohkhrä pfghr d su olspfsljlúg id
lgnfr- `djlúg ghjhsdrld prhshg- tdod oh fof quh ih rhsui- th
jf`prhgslkih.
¶Jú`f usdrifs6 Dieugds lgoljdjlfghs präjtl- jds oh lgthrìs,
sfg3 • Id `hcfr prfthjjlúg nrhg-
th d id phrnfrdjlúg id prf- pfrjlfgdg ifs jdsjfs oh `dthrldihs
thr`fpiästljfs (pfiljdrkfgdtfs, DKZ, pf- ilhtlihgf y pfiljdrkfgdtf
jfg krd oh vlorlf) prfvlstfs oh ug kuhg drgìs. Ifs jdsjfs oh
dihdjlfghs `htäiljds ilehrds gf rhslsthg klhg id phrnfrd- jlúg pfr
fkchtfs deuofs f oh kfr- ohs didofs.
• Gf ohkhg utlilzdrsh jdsjfs jfg sd- ilhgths lgthrlfrhs, yd quh
puhohg prfvfjdr ihslfghs erdvhs hg jdsf oh efiph idthrdi. ]uhohg
hstdr prf- vlstfs oh ug rhiihgf prfthjtfr idthrdi quh gf shd
lgd`dkih gl sh nugod jfg hi jdifr.
• Ifs jdsjfs ndkrljdofs jfg dihd - jlfghs ilehrds f prfvlstfs oh ug
rhkfroh idthrdi gf ohkhg utlilzdrsh hg iuedrhs oh trdkdcf hxpuhstfs
di philerf oh sdipljdourds oh `htdi nugolof.
• Judgof ady philerf oh jfgtdjtf jfg jfgoujtfrhs hiìjtrljfs
ohsguofs, ohkhg utlilzdrsh hxjiuslvd`hgth jdsjfs oh `dthrldihs
thr`fpiästl- jfs. Ohkhg jdrhjhr oh frljlfs oh vhgtlidjlúg y ifs
rh`djahs y ftrds pfslkihs plhzds `htäiljds gf ohkhg dsf`dr pfr hi
hxthrlfr ohi dr`dzúg.
• Ifs jdsjfs ohstlgdofs d phrsfgds quh trdkdcdg hg iuedrhs ditfs,
hg pdrtljuidr ifs fgtdofrhs oh hstruj- turds `htäiljds, ohkhg hstdr
prfvls- tfs oh kdrklquhcf.
• ]drd `hcfrdr id jf`folodo tìr`ljd hi jdsquhth ohkh shr oh jfifr
jidrf y olspfghr oh frljlfs oh vhgtlid - jlúg.
• Id nfr`d oh jdsjf äs jf`óg ohg- trf oh ids olvhrsds
jf`hrjldilzdods hs id oh ’efrrd, jfg vlshrd y did dirhohofr. Hg
jdgthrds y fkrds oh oh`filjlúg prftheh `äs ug jdsjf oh hsth tlpf
phrf jfg ug did `äs dgjad, hg nfr`d oh ’sf`krhrf. Judgof sh trdkdcd
d jlhrtd diturd hs prhnhrlkih utlilzdr jdsjfs slg vlshrd gl did,
jfg nfr`d oh ’jdsquhth yd quh hstfs hih`hgtfs pforàdg hgtrdr
hg
jfgtdjtf jfg ids vleds f plidrhs hg- trh ifs quh ohkhg `fvhrsh d
vhjhs ifs trdkdcdofrhs, jfg hi jfgsleulhg- th rlhsef oh pìrolod ohi
hqulilkrlf.
@dgthgl`lhgtf Dieugds rhjf`hgodjlfghs oh lgthrìs sh lgoljdg d
jfgtlgudjlúg3 • Ifs jdsjfs ndkrljdofs jfg pfilhtl-
ihgf, pfilprfplihgf f DKZ tlhgohg d phrohr id rhslsthgjld `hjägljd
pfr hnhjtf ohi jdifr, hi nràf y id hxpfsl- jlúg di sfi f d nuhgths
lgthgsds oh rdoldjlúg uitrdvlfihtd (X^). Zl hsth tlpf oh jdsjfs sh
utlilzd jfg rheuid- rlodo di dlrh ilkrh f jhrjd oh nuhgths
uitrdvlfihtd, jf`f ids hstdjlfghs oh sfiodourd, ohkh sustltulrsh di
`h- gfs ugd vhz jdod trhs dôfs.
• Hg tfof jdsf, hi jdsjf ohkh ohs-
hjadrsh sl sh ohjfifrd, sh derlhtd, ohsprhgoh krds f jruch di
jf`kdrif. _d`- klìg ohkh ohshjadrsh sl ad sunrlof ug efiph nuhrth,
dugquh gf prhshgth slegfs vlslkihs oh adkhr sunrlof odôfs. • Id
il`plhzd y ohslg- nhjjlúg sfg pdrtljuidr`hg- th l`pfrtdgths sl hi
usudrlf suod `ujaf f sl hi jdsjf ohkhg jf`pdrtlrif vdrlfs
trdkdcdofrhs. Id ohslgnhj-
jlúg sh rhdilzd su`hrelhgof hi jdsjf hg ugd sfiujlúg dprfpldod,
jf`f nfr`fi di 8% f alpfjifrltf sú- oljf.
• Ifs `dthrldihs quh sh doalhrdg di jdsjf, tdihs jf`f yhsf,
jh`hgtf, jfid f rhslgds, sh puhohg hil`lgdr pfr `holfs `hjägljfs f
jfg ug ol- sfivhgth dohjudof quh gf dtdquh di `dthrldi ohi quh hstä
ahjaf hi dr`d- zúg hxthrlfr. _d`klìg sh puhoh usdr deud jdilhgth,
ug ohthrehgth y ug jhpliif oh jhrod ourd.
• Ifs jdsjfs oh sheurlodo quh gf sh utliljhg ohkhräg eudrodrsh
afrlzfg- tdi`hgth hg hstdgthràds f jfiedofs oh edgjafs hg iuedrhs
gf hxpuhs- tfs d id iuz sfidr olrhjtd gl d ugd th`phrdturd f
au`hodo hihvdods.
H]]
Ilstd oh jfgtrfi oh H]]
;;
Ehf`hjägljd
Hg hi `ugof oh ids rfjds ]idgfs, ndiids, oldjidsds, vhgliids y
`ujaf `äs...
Ohphgolhgof oh sus jdrdjthràstl- jds y jfgoljlfghs, id `dsd rf-
jfsd puhoh vdrldr oh ugd `lgd
d ftrd, jf`f td`klìg oh ärhd hg ärhd ohgtrf oh ugd `ls`d `lgd. Jfg
hi pdsf ohi tlh`pf jrhjhg ids id- kfrhs `lghrds y hi `lgdof sh
rhdilzd d `dyfrhs prfnugolodohs, ohsdrrfiiäg- ofsh dsà olnhrhgths
prfkih`ds oh lghs- tdklilodo hg id rfjd. D g oh fredglzdr y
`dgthghr ugd doh- judod hstrdtheld oh jfgtrfi oh id hs- tdklilodo
oh id rfjd hg ids idkfrhs `l- ghrds, hi phrsfgdi oh ugd `lgd ohkh
hstdr nd`lildrlzdof jfg ids jdrdjthràs- tljds y jfgoljlfghs oh id
`dsd rfjf- sd prfplds oh su `lgd. Hg tdi shgtlof, hsth `dgudi vd d
dyuodr di phrsfgdi d adjhr ohi d`klhgth sukthrräghf ug iuedr oh
trdkdcf `äs sheurf. Judgof hi phrsfgdi oh id `lgd shd jd- pdz oh
jfgfjhr id rfjd, vd d hstdr jfg `hcfr jdpdjlodo oh lohgtljdr ifs
ph- ilerfs pfthgjldihs quh pforàdg jdusdr djjlohgths. Jfgfjhr id
rfjd td`klìg phr`ltlrä tf- `dr ohjlslfghs jfrrhjtds sfkrh
olnh-
rhgths dsphjtfs rhidjlfgdofs jfg ids idkfrhs `lghrds, hgtrh ftrds,
sh pforä hstdkihjhr id olrhjjlúg hg id judi sh ohkhg dvdgzdr ids
hxjdvdjlfghs, hi td`dôf oh ids `ls`ds, hi tlh`pf oh hxpfsljlúg
dklhrtd oh id hxjdvdjlúg, hi tlpf oh sfsthgl`lhgtf d utlilzdr y hi
`f- `hgtf hg quh ìsth ohkh shr lgstdidof.
Jdrdjthràstljds oh id rfjd
Id rfjd hs ug jfgcugtf oh sustdgjlds `lghrdihs quh nfr`dgof `dsds,
jfgs- tltuyh erdg pdrth oh id jfrthzd thrrhs- trh. Zheóg su frlehg,
ids rfjds puhohg shr àeghds, shol`hgtdrlds y `htd`úrjds.
[fjds àeghds, sfg dquhiids quh adg slof nfr`dods pfr id
jfgsfilodjlúg ohi de`d. [fjds shol`hgtdrlds, nfr`dods pfr id
ohpfsljlúg oh shol`hgtfs. [fjds `htd`úrnljds, nfr`dods pfr prfjhsfs
oh ditds prhslfghs y th`ph- rdturds. Id rfjd olhrh oh id `dyfràd oh
ftrfs
;?
;<G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
`dthrldihs utlilzdofs hg id lgehglhràd. Hstd tlhgh olsjfgtlgulodohs
(nrdjturds) oh olnhrhgths tlpfs, quh adjhg quh su hstrujturd shd
olsjfgtlgud. Doh`äs, ohklof d ifs prfjhsfs ehfiúeljfs quh id adg
dnhjtdof hgtrh hi tlh`pf oh su nfr`djlúg y id jfgoljlúg hg id judi
id hgjfgtrd`fs hg id djtudilodo, prhshg- td ahthrfehghlodohs y
prfplhodohs vdrldkihs. _fods hstds jdrdjthràstljds rhqulhrhg shr
hvdiudods hg nfr`d phr- `dghgth ourdgth hi idkfrhf `lghrf. ]rl`hrf
hs ghjhsdrlf olstlgeulr if quh hs hi ’`dthrldi rfjfsf f ohgf`lgdof
td`klìg ’rfjd lgtdjtd y if quh hs id ’`dsd rfjfsd f td`klìg
ohgf`lgdod ’`djlzf rfjfsf.
[fjd lgtdjtd hs hi kifquh ukljdof hgtrh ids olsjfgtlgulodohs
y pforàd shr rhprhshgtdod pfr ugd `uhstrd oh `dgf f trfzf oh
thstlef quh sh utlilzd pdrd hgsdyfs oh idkfrdtfrlf. @dsd
rfjfsd hs hi `holf lg-sltu quh jfgtlhgh olnhrhgths tlpfs oh
olsjfg- tlgulodohs jf`f oldjidsds, hstrdtfs, ndiids y ftrfs rdsefs
hstrujturdihs. Ohphgolhgof oh jú`f sh prhshgthg
hstds olsjfgtlgulodohs f rdsefs hs- trujturdihs ohgtrf oh id `dsd
rfjfsd, hstd thgorä ug ohthr`lgdof jf`pfr- td`lhgtf nrhgth d ids
fphrdjlfghs oh `lgdof.
Olsjfgtlgulodohs oh id `dsd rfjfsd
ifs prlgjlpdihs tlpfs oh olsjfgtlgulod- ohs prhshgths hg id `dsd
rfjfsd sfg3
]idgfs oh hstrdtlnljdjlúg olvlohg hg jdpds f hstrdtfs d ids
rfjds shol`hg- tdrlds. Ndiids sfg nrdjturds quh adg thglof
ohspidzd`lhgtf. Hstds sfg hstrujturds `hgfrhs quh sh prhshgtdg hg
ärhds ifjdihs oh id `lgd f hstrujturds `uy l`pfrtdgths quh puhohg
dtrdvhsdr tfod id `lgd. Sfgds oh jfrth sfg kdgods oh `dthrldi
quh puhohg shr oh vdrlfs `htrfs oh hsphsfr, hg ofgoh ad fjurrlof
ndiid- `lhgtf oh id rfjd. Oldjidsds, td`klìg ohgf`lgdods cug- tds,
sfg nrdjturds quh gf adg thglof ohspidzd`lhgtf y ids quh äs
jf`óg-
`hgth sh prhshgtdg hg id `dsd rfjf- sd. ]idgfs oh nfildjlúg f
hsqulstfslodo sh nfr`dg hgtrh ids jdpds oh ids rfjds
`htd`úrjds odgof id pdrlhgjld oh afcds f iä`lgds. Jfgtdjtfs
iltfiúeljfs, quh jf`óg`hg- th nfr`dg, pfr hch`pif, id jdcd thjaf y
jdcd plsf oh ugd vhtd. ^hgliids sfg rhiihgfs oh ids nrdjturds
jfg ftrfs dthrldihs.
Ftrfs rdsefs ehfiúeljd`hgth l`pfrtdgths
Hxlsthg ftrfs rdsefs ehfiúeljfs l`- pfrtdgths quh ohkhg shr tf`dofs
hg juhgtd, jf`f3
]ilheuhs sfg hstrujturds hg ids judihs ifs hstrdtfs sh
prhshgtdg jurvdofs. Olquhs sfg lgtruslfghs oh rfjd àeghd oh
nfr`d tdkuidr, quh sh prhshgtdg eh- ghrdi`hgth h`plgdods f
vhrtljdihs. Jal`hghds f juhiifs vfijägljfs sfg lgtuslfghs quh
adg odof frlehg d ifs jfgfs vfijägljfs.
E
Dinfgsf ]dglzf Fthrf
’[hspuhstd d h`hrehgjlds rhqulhrh phrsfgds jfg hxphrlhgjld,
hgtrhgdods y hqulpd`lhgtf dohjudof • Hs nugod`hgtdi jfgfjhr ifs
rlhsefs oh jdod fphrdjlúg
_fods ids djtlvlodohs lgoustrldihs gf hstäg ilkrhs oh id fjurrhgjld
oh h`hrehgjlds. ]rhpdrdrsh pdrd dnrfgtdrid oh `dghrd hjdz, hs ugd
tdrhd quh lgvfiujrd d tfofs ifs hstd`hgtfs oh ugd h`prhsd. Hi
lgehglhrf Dinfgsf ]dglzf Fthrf, pdst- prhslohgt oh id Zfjlhodo
Gdjlfgdi oh ]rfthjjlúg Jfgtrd Lgjhgolfs y prhslohgth oh Hgelghhrlge
Zhrvljhs (HZZDJ), hxpiljd dieugfs dsphjtfs quh ohkhg tf`drsh hg
juhgtd.
¶]fr quì sh prfoujhg ids h`hrehgjlds hg ärhds lgoustrldihs6 Ids
h`hrehgjlds fjurrhg pfr ugd nd- iid hg hi slsth`d oh sheurlodo. Hs
l`- pfrtdgth thghr hg jidrf quh ids h`hr- ehgjlds lgjrh`hgtdg id
shvhrlodo ohi l`pdjtf ohklof d sdihg nuhrdg oh jfgtrfi y, pfr
gdturdihzd, puhohg shr `uy jf`piljdods. Dgth ugd h`hr- ehgjld, if
prl`hrf hs rhspfgohr oh `dghrd lg`holdtd, jfg trdgqulilodo slg
dpdslfgd`lhgtfs y rhspfgohr klhg, `htúoljf, fkshrvdofr, tìjgljf,
hgtrhgdof. Fkvld`hgth, id prlfrlodo täjtljd slh`prh hs prfthehr id
id vlod.
¶Juäihs sfg ifs tlpfs oh h`hrehgjlds6 Zfg olstlgtfs ifs hsjhgdrlfs
quh
;> ZHEX[LODO @LGH[D
:4G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
puhohg ehghrdrsh. If käsljf sfg ifs lgjhgolfs, quh puhohg prfvfjdr
hxpifslfghs f lgjiulr `dthrldihs phil- erfsfs, thghr gukhs oh
vdpfrhs f oh edshs. Ftrfs hsjhgdrlfs sfg ifs djjl- ohgths jfg
ihslúg, ohsoh ugd jdàod f ug efiph, adstd dieulhg dtrdpdof pfr
dief, hg ug slgnàg, ndcd trdgspfrtdofrd f hihvdofr, dtrdpdof jfg
ugd jdred hgjl`d f hg ugd hstrujturd jfidpsd- od. _d`klìg hstäg ifs
rhsjdths, quh puhohg shr hg hspdjlfs jfggdofs, tóghihs, tdgquhs,
oujtfs, vhaàjuifs y hstrujturds jfidpsdods. Hg hi shj- tfr `lghràd
ifs hsjhgdrlfs puhohg shr `äs jf`pihcfs, ofgoh ids sfiu- jlfghs
jfgvhgjlfgdihs gf ghjhsdrld- `hgth sh puhohg dpiljdr.
¶Tuì hs ugd hstrdtheld oh prfthjjlúg6 Hg pfjds pdidkrds, jdod
rlhsef, jfg- cugtf oh rlhsefs, tlpfs oh h`prhsd, `ìtfof oh
fphrdjlúg, `dqulgdrld, hqulpfs y nuhgths oh hghreàd, hgtrh ftrfs,
tlhghg ug ohthr`lgdof pfthg- jldi oh shvhrlodo hg jdsf oh
ndiid,
jf`f lgjhgolf , hxpifslúg, au`fs f jfidpsf, htj. Id hstrdtheld
dgdilzd hs- tfs pfthgjldihs prfkih`ds y trdkdcd hg `lgl`lzdrifs,
hvltägofifs f trdsid- oägofifs, usdgof vdrlds ahrrd`lhg- tds quh
thr`lgdg hg ug hsquh`d sh- eurf oh pidgtd, jfg ugd prfthjjlúg y ug
slsth`d oh rhspuhstd dohjudof di rlhsef. ]fr hsf, id lgehglhràd gf
hs dchgd d id rhspuhstd.
Dgth hsth d`pilf hsphjtrf, ¶quì tlpfs oh hstrdthelds oh rhspuhstd
sh puhohg pidgthdr6 Judgof ug rhspfgohofr iihed d ugd h`hrehgjld,
if prl`hrf quh tlhgh quh adjhr hs hgthgohr klhg hi hsjhgdrlf,
lohgtljdr quì rlhsefs hxlsthg, quì prlfrlodohs ehghrdg y quì
rhjursfs rhqulhrhg. Ifs glvhihs oh rhspuhstd d ugd h`hrehgjld
lgoljdg jú`f vd d fphrdr hi slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh lgjlohgths, pfr
ug idof, y jú`f sh `fvlilzdräg ifs rhjursfs, pfr hi ftrf. Id
ifeàstljd hs nugod`hgtdi hg ugd h`hrehgjld. Gugjd ohkhg fivlodrsh
quh hi rhs-
pfgohofr hs pdrth oh id sfiujlúg y gf ohi prfkih`d. [hspfgohofr slg
hxph- rlhgjld, slg jfgfjl`lhgtf y slg ahrrd- `lhgtds, hs
pfthgjldi`hgth pdrth ohi prfkih`d.
¶Tuì fredglzdjlúg `àgl`d ohkh thghrsh pdrd dthgohr ugd h`hrehgjld6
Jdod h`prhsd tlhgh rlhsefs, hsjh- gdrlfs y pfthgjldihs shvhrlodohs,
if quh ohthr`lgdrä hi glvhi rlhsef y id fredglzdjlúg quh rhquhrlrä.
¶Tuì jfsd gf sh hsjdpd d glgeugd6 D th- ghr ug slsth`d oh jf`dgof
oh lg- jlohgths, ug pidg oh jfgtlgehgjlds dohjudod`hgth hgtrhgdof
hg ìpfjd oh pdz y duoltdof (pfr thrjhrfs), dsà jf`f jdpdjlodo pdrd
jffrolgdr jfg id rhspuhstd hxthrgd f pidg oh dyuod `utud. Jfgnfr`h
jd`klhg ifs rlhs- efs, id fredglzdjlúg y ifs rhjursfs td`klìg
jd`kldräg.
Hgtrhvlstd
sdrld`hgth sh olshôd jfg ugd hs- trdtheld oh prfthjjlúg jfrrhjtd.
Zh ju`pihg gfr`ds y júolefs, phrf gf sh `lrd hi pdgfrd`d jf`pihtf.
]fr hch`pif, ady `ujads h`prhsds quh jf`prdg ugd hstdjlúg
jfgtrdlgjhg- olfs quh gf tlhgh gdod quh vhr jfg ifs rlhsefs d
prfthehr. Jdod lgoustrld tlhgh su rlhsefs, ifs quh ohkhg dthgohrsh
jfg lgehglhràd y hstrdtheld oh prfthjjlúg. Xg prh- eugtd sl`pih,
¶ifs trdgsnfr`dofrhs hgnrldofs pfr djhlth, sh hgjuhgtrdg hg hi
`ls`f d`klhgth f holjdjlúg quh ifs tdkihrfs hiìjtrljfs oh olstrl-
kujlúg, ifs tdkihrfs oh trdgsnhrhgjld y hi erupf hihjtrúehgf6 Oh
shr dsà, hstäg pfglhgof hg rlhef id jfgtlgul- odo ohi ghefjlf oh id
fphrdjlúg, y hsth prfkih`d gdjlú hg hi olshôf. Hi oàd ohi lgjhgolf
glgeóg rhspfgoh- ofr pforä sfiujlfgdr hsth l`pdjtf. Hg `lghràd, ids
sfiujlfghs oh lgeh- glhràd oh prfthjjlúg jfgtrdlgjhgolfs dug tlhgh
`ujaf pfr adjhr. ]rheug- th hg su hqulpf f jfgtrdtlstd oh lg-
ehglhràd, ¶Tulhg hs hi hxphrtf quh ohglú hi rlhsef y id hstrdtheld
oh sfiujlúg6 ¡Hstd lgehglhràd gf hs ógl- jd`hgth tukhràds jfg deud!
Hs olgä- `ljd oh nuhef, trdsnhrhgjld oh jdifr, vhgtlidjlúg,
rhslsthgjld hstrujturdi di nuhef y `ujaf `äs. Ifs rhspfgohofrhs
pfjf puhohg adjhr sl id sfiujlúg oh lgehglhràd gf prhvlú hsth tlpf
oh hsjhgdrlfs.
¶Juäihs sfg ifs glvhihs oh rhspfgsdklilodohs6 Id prl`hrd pdrth oh
id rhspuhstd tlhgh quh vhr hg jú`f hstä hstrujturdod id hstrdtheld
oh prfthjjlúg oh id lgstd- idjlúg. Hxlsth ug erdg slegf oh lgth-
rrfedjlúg sfkrh qulìg hs hi rhspfg- sdkih, pfr hch`pif, oh id rho
oh deud jfgtrd lgjhgolf. ¶@dgthgl`lhgtf f Zheurlodo6 Jrhf quh hi
ohpdrtd`hg- tf oh Zheurlodo gf puhoh ohjlr ’d l `h hgtrhedg tfof
nugjlfgdgof2 hg `l fplglúg, sheurlodo ohkh quh shr hi rhspfgsdkih
oh tfof if quh thged quh vhr jfg su rhspuhstd, hi pidg oh
jfgtlgehgjld, hi hgtrhgd`lhgtf y ifs `holfs. ¶Tulìg adjh ids
lgsphjjlf- ghs oh ifs slsth`ds6, ¶qulìg adjh ifs prftfjfifs oh
pruhkd6 Ady ugd rhspfgsdklilodo l`pfrtdgth hg hi oh- pdrtd`hgtf oh
Zheurlodo pdrd quh tfof nugjlfgh klhg. Hg `l hxphrlhg-
ehgjlds d ehgth quh gf hgtrhgds y gf hqulpds dohjudod`hgth oh
djuhrof di tlpf oh rlhsef. Zl gf tlhghs prhsu- puhstf pdrd
hqulpdrifs, gf dsu`ds quh vdg d rhspfgohr.
¶Hg hi jdsf oh ids chndturds6 Ohspuìs ohi ärhd oh Zheurlodo y ifs
rhspfgohofrhs, vlhgh id rhspfgsd- klilodo ohi slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh
lgjlohgths hg olstlgtfs glvhihs, jfg hgtrhgd`lhgtf, quh prhvld`hgth
ad rhdilzdof sl`uidjrfs y duoltfràds. \ hstd rhspfgsdklilodo vd
hsjdidgof hg chrdrquàd. Ohphgolhgof oh ifs glvhihs oh h`hrehgjlds
(lgjlohgths) ohi slsth`d, ifs jf`dgodgths oh lgjlohgths vdg
doqulrlhgof `dyfr rhspfgsdklilodo hg jfgtrfidr hi hsjh- gdrlf. Xg
hsjhgdrlf olrlelof lgdohjudod- `hgth ehghrd djjlohgths, lgjrh`hg-
td hi odôf (`äs shvhrlodo), dnhjtd id jfgtlgulodo oh ghefjlf y pfgh
hg rlhsef id `drjd oh id h`prhsd.
\ hg hi jdsf ohi ehrhgth ehghrdi… Hi ehrhgth ehghrdi slh`prh tlhgh
rhspfgsdklilodo. Zl ìi supfgh quh tlhgh ug hqulpf fredglzdof y quh
nugjlfgd, phrf gugjd ad ahjaf ugd duoltfràd d trdvìs oh ug thrjhrf
pdrd jf`prfkdrif, pforàd hgthgohrsh quh vlhgh djtudof oh `dghrd
gheilehg- th. ]fr hi jfgtrdrlf, sl ad tf`dof tf- ods ids `holods oh
jfgtrfi jfrrhjtds y puhoh oh`fstrdrif, hi slsth`d nug- jlfgd.
¶Tuì hs ug slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh
lgjlohgths6 Xg slsth`d oh jf`dgof oh lg- jlohgths hs id hstrujturd,
fred- glzdjlúg y nugjlfghs quh ohkhg ju`pilr ids phrsfgds hg jdsf
oh h`hrehgjlds, jfg hi prfpúsltf oh tf`dr id olrhjjlúg, id hstrdth-
eld y hi jfgtrfi oh id fphrdjlúg. ]fr hch`pif, ug ehrhgth oh Do`l-
glstrdjlúg pforàd thr`lgdr slhgof hi chnh ifeàstljf oh ugd
fphrdjlúg oh h`hrehgjlds. Hs ug slsth`d frlhgtdof d id prfgtd
sfiujlúg oh ids h`hrehgjlds.
jld, sheurlodo ohkh pdrtljlpdr jfg `dyfr ìgndsls, ohsoh hi olshôf y
id lgehglhràd, adstd hg ids pruhkds y ifs prftfjfifs. Hg
h`hrehgjlds, if jfg- trdrlf gf nugjlfgd.
Id jfgoujtd au`dgd dgth hi nuhef
Ids jdrdjthràstljds oh id jfgoujtd lgolvloudi y hg erupf oh ids
phr- sfgds dgth ug lgjhgolf, sh adg
ohthr`lgdof nugod`hgtdi`hgth pfr hstuolfs oh lgvhstledjlúg hg ifs
quh hi phrsfgdi ohi ohpdrtd`hgtf oh lgjhg- olfs lgthrrfeú d ifs
lgolvloufs hg hi `f`hgtf oh prfoujlrsh ifs slglhstrfs. Id jfgoujtd
oh ug lgolvlouf dgth ug lg- jhgolf hstdrä jfgoljlfgdod pfr odtfs
ohi holjlf hg hi quh fjurrd hi lgjhg- olf y pfr id dpdrlhgjld ohi
`ls`f hg hi `f`hgtf hg quh hs ohthjtdof. ]fr hch`pif, id jfgoujtd
oh ifs fjupdgths vdrldrä sl phrjlkh fifr d au`f f sl ids iid`ds
hstäg vlslkihs, jfg ug au`f fs- jurf quh fkstdjuilzd tftdi`hgth ifs
pd- sliifs. Ifs odtfs oh prfthjjlúg jfgtrd lgjhgolfs quh fnrhzjd hi
holjlf puh- ohg shr td`klìg jràtljfs pdrd hi `fof hg quh hi
lgolvlouf phrjlkd id d`hgdzd quh supfgh hi lgjhgolf. Hvlohgth`hg-
th, hg sltudjlfghs oh philerf oh id vlod, ids ohjlslfghs
lgolvloudihs y ifs djtfs `äs l`pfrtdgths sh prfoujhg dgths oh quh
iiheuh hi phrsfgdi hsphjldilzdof,
hs ohjlr, hg ids prl`hrds htdpds ohi lg- jlohgth. Dsà puhs,
id jfgoujtd oh ifs lgolvloufs hg jfgtdjtf olrhjtf jfg hi iuedr
ofgoh sh lgljld rhsuitd jràtljd, gf súif pdrd hiifs `ls`fs, slgf
td`klìg pdrd ftrfs fjupdgths ohi holjlf. Ady quh rhjf- gfjhr quh id
jfgoujtd ditrulstd quh sh fkshrvd hg id `dyfràd oh ifs lgjhgolfs
(jfg id lgthrdjjlúg oh ifs fjupdgths y hi hgtfrgf ofgoh sh
ohsdrrfiid hi nuhef, oh ug `fof jfgsjlhgth y ohilkhrdof) dpdrhjh
jf`f ugd rhdjjlúg ehghrdi. Id jfgoujtd gf dodptdtlvd f oh pägljf
hs, dpdrhgth`hgth, id `hgfs jfrrlhgth hg jdsf oh lgjhgolf.
Hi prfjhsf oh ohjlslúg ohi lgolvlouf ]drd trdtdr oh hstrujturdr y
hvdiudr ids jidvhs quh lgoljdg quh hxlsth di- eóg philerf, ug
lgolvlouf sleuh slhth prfjhsfs. Zhls oh hstds htdpds sfg3
rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, jf`prfkdjlúg, ohgl- jlúg, jf`prf`lsf y
rhjfgslohrdjlúg. Id sìptl`d, hi prfjhsf oh ugd shrlh oh ohjlslfghs
oh ohnhgsd quh supfgh quh
adg lof ndiidgof sujhslvd`hgth ftrds ohnhgsds, gf sh ad ohsjrltf
jf`f ug prfjhsf djtlvf ohgtrf oh id tf`d oh ohjlslfghs hg jdsf oh
lgjhgolf.
4. [hjfgfjl`lhgtf Hi prfjhsf oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf sh prf- oujh judgof
hi lgolvlouf phrjlkh sh- ôdihs quh lgoljdg hi philerf oh lgjhg-
olf. Hstds shôdihs puhohg shr `uy d`kleuds y gf lgoljdr jidrd`hgth
ugd sltudjlúg erdvh. Gf fkstdgth, ids sh- ôdihs sfg, pfr if
ehghrdi, jfgtlguds y oh lgthgslodo jrhjlhgth, ohklof d id olgä`ljd
oh ids iid`ds, jdifr y au`f. _d`klìg ady lgnfr`hs quh lgoljdg quh
id prholspfsljlúg gfr`di ohi lgolvlouf hs id oh rhjfgfjhr ids
shôdihs oh didr- `d hg tìr`lgfs oh if quh puhoh fjurrlr jfg `dyfr
prfkdklilodo, ehghrdi`hgth jfg rhidjlúg d hxphrlhgjlds dgthrlfrhs y
hg id nfr`d oh ohshfs fptl`lstds. Hsth dsphjtf fptl`lstd oh id
rhspuhstd dgth ugd didr`d puhoh shr hi rhsuitdof ol- rhjtf ohi
jfgjhptf quh tlhgh hi lgolvl- ouf oh su vuighrdklilodo
phrsfgdi.
> prfjhsfs jidvhs pdrd ohjlolr quì adjhr hg ug lgjhgolf
:=
:8G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
Hi prfkih`d oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf oh ids shôdihs oh d`hgdzd hs
l`pfrtdgth pdrd id prfthjjlúg jfgtrd lgjhgolfs. Id djjlúg
dodptdtlvd quh sh puhoh pfghr hg `drjad di prlgjlplf oh ugd didr`d
oh lgjhgolf, id hvdjudjlúg oh ifs fju- pdgths ohi holjlf y id iujad
jfgtrd hi nuhef, sh puhoh vhr rhtdrodod f dpid- zdod sl ifs
lgolvloufs gf ohthjtdg ids shôdihs oh didr`d jf`f lgoljdtlvds oh
ugd sltudjlúg oh h`hrehgjld. Id gdtu- rdihzd d`kleud oh hstds
shôdihs adjh quh ifs lgolvloufs gfr`dihs, hs ohjlr, ifs quh gf
hstäg hsphjldi`hgth prhpd- rdofs hg prhvhgjlúg jfgtrd lgjhgolfs,
sfif rhjfgfjhg jf`f shôdihs oh didr- `d hi au`f hg erdg jdgtlodo f
erdg- ohs iid`ds quh surehg oh rhphgth.
;. Jf`prfkdjlúg Hi prfjhsf oh jf`prfkdjlúg jfgslsth hg hi lgthgtf
ohi lgolvlouf pfr ohthr- `lgdr id l`pfrtdgjld oh ids shôdihs oh
rlhsef, quh djdkd jdsl slh`prh pfr rhjfgfjhr quh hi rlhsef hs
phquhôf h l`prfkdkih. Gf fkstdgth, judgof ids shôdihs sfg d`kleuds,
hi lgolvlouf lg- thgtdrä fkthghr lgnfr`djlúg doljlfgdi. Hg ftrds
pdidkrds, id phrsfgd sh od juhgtd oh quh hstä fjurrlhgof dief, phrf
gf hstä sheurf oh if quh hs hxdj- td`hgth. Zheóg adg oh`fstrdof ids
lgvhstledjlfghs, id prhshgjld oh ftrds phrsfgds ourdgth hi prfjhsf
oh rhjf- gfjl`lhgtf y jf`prfkdjlúg oh ug phil- erf lgalkh
pfslkih`hgth f lguyh hg id rhspuhstd ohi lgolvlouf.
:. Ohnlgljlúg Hi prfjhsf oh ohgljlúg jfgslsth hshg - jldi`hgth hg
ug lgthgtf ohi lgolvlouf pfr rhidjlfgdr id lgnfr`djlúg ohi phil-
erf phrjlklof jfg dieugds oh sus vdrld- kihs, tdihs jf`f su
gdturdihzd judiltdtl- vd, id `degltuo y su pfslkih ohsdrrfiif hg hi
tlh`pf. Id dpdrljlúg oh thgslfghs y dgslhodo hg hi lgolvlouf pdrhjh
quh hs `äs erdvh dgths oh iihedr d ohthr- `lgdr id hstrujturd f
slegljdof oh id sltudjlúg, dugquh shd dpdrhgth quh tdi sltudjlúg gf
hstä `uy jidrd. Hi jfgjhp- tf quh tlhgh hi lgolvlouf oh su pdphi hs
ugf oh ifs ndjtfrhs jràtljfs hg sltudjlf- ghs rhidtlvds d id
phrsfgdilzdjlúg ohi philerf y di hgtfrgf nàsljf. Ifs dsphjtfs
nàsljfs `äs l`pfrtdgths hg hi prfjhsf oh ohgljlúg sfg id
ehghrdjlúg, lgthg- slodo y prfpdedjlúg ohi au`f, iid`ds y
jdifr.
?. Hvdiudjlúg Hi prfjhsf oh hvdiudjlúg sh puhoh
ohsjrlklr jf`f id djtlvlodo jfegfsjl- tlvd y psljfiúeljd ghjhsdrld
pdrd quh hi lgolvlouf rhspfgod dgth hi philerf. Id jdpdjlodo ohi
lgolvlouf pdrd rhou- jlr ifs glvhihs oh thgslúg y dgslhodo hs hi
ndjtfr psljfiúeljf hshgjldi. Hg ugd sltudjlúg jrhdod pfr hi pfslkih
ph- ilerf oh ug lgjhgolf, id hvdiudjlúg hs hi prfjhsf quh iihvd d
id ohjlslúg oh rhdjjlfgdr, hgnrhgtägofsh di nuhef f auyhgof. Jfg id
hvdiudjlúg sh jf`pih- td ugd ohjlslúg lgljldi quh l`piljd ugd
rhspuhstd. D jdusd ohi ohsdrrfiif hg hi tlh`pf oh id ehghrdjlúg y
prfpdedjlúg ohi nuhef, hi prfjhsf `hgtdi quh iihvd d id hvdiudjlúg,
lgjiuslvh, puhoh thghr quh rhdilzdrsh hg sfif ugfs pfjfs sh-
eugofs. Ids vdrldkihs ohi hgtfrgf nàsljf sfg ugd nuhgth l`pfrtdgth
oh lgnfr`d- jlúg pdrd hi prfjhsf oh ohjlslúg oh ifs lgolvloufs quh
ohkhg nfr`uidr pidghs oh dodptdjlúg, hvdjudjlúg f ohnhgsd. Ourdgth
hi prfjhsf oh hvdiudjlúg, hi lgolvlouf puhoh ohjlolr dkdgofgdr hi
holjlf (aulr) f utlilzdr ug hxtlgtfr pfr - tätli (iujadr). Ourdgth
hsth tlh`pf, hi lgolvlouf hs hsphjldi`hgth susjhptlkih d ids
djjlfghs y jf`ugljdjlfghs oh ifs ftrfs. Oh hsth `fof, puhoh l`ltdr
ids rhdjjlfghs oh ifs lgolvloufs d ifs quh fkshrvd, if quh puhoh
odr iuedr d ugd jfgoujtd dodptdtlvd f gf dodptdtlvd oh id `dsd, hg
vhz oh d jfgoujtds lgolvl- oudihs.
8. Jf`prf`lsf Hi prfjhsf oh jf`prf`lsf jfgslsth hg ifs `hjdgls`fs
quh utlilzd hi lgolvlouf pdrd lgljldr ugd jfgoujtd quh ih iihvh d
pfghr hg drjad ifs pidghs oh ohnhgsd quh sh ad nfr`uidof ourdgth hi
prfjh- sf oh hvdiudjlúg. Hstd rhspuhstd d id d`hgdzd ohi lgjhgolf
puhoh rhsuitdr ug ìxltf f ug nrdjdsf. Zl id rhspuhstd nrdjdsd, hi
lgolvlouf sh vh l`piljdof lg- `holdtd`hgth hg hi sleulhgth prfjhsf
oh rhjfgslohrdjlúg y jf`prf`lsf. Zl id djjlúg hs ug ìxltf, id
dgslhodo y thg- slúg sh rhoujhg y hi lgolvlouf sh rhidcd, dugquh id
sltudjlúg ehghrdi ohi lgjhg- olf shd dafrd `äs erdvh.
>. [hjfgslohrdjlúg Hi prfjhsf rhjfgslohrdjlúg y oh dodp- tdjlúg
oh guhvfs jf`prf`lsfs hs hi quh `äs thgslfghs jrhd hg hi lgolvl-
ouf, ohklof di ndiif oh ifs dgthrlfrhs lgthgtfs oh dofptdrsh d id
sltudjlúg. Oh hsth `fof, ids rhdjjlfghs hxlelräg ug `dyfr hsnuhrzf,
y hi lgolvlouf tlhgoh d shr `hgfs shihjtlvf hg id hihjjlúg oh su
rhspuhstd. Zl lgjurrh hg sujhslvfs
ndiifs, hi lgolvlouf sh nrustrdrä jdod vhz `äs, if quh adrä
du`hgtdr id pf- slklilodo oh rlhsef oh djjlohgths, jfg ug `dyfr
glvhi oh djtlvlodo y `hgfrhs prfkdklilodohs oh ìxltf. Di
dgdilzdr id jfgoujtd oh ifs lgolvl- oufs l`piljdofs hg ug prfjhsf
oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, jf`prfkdjlúg, ohgl- jlúg, hvdiudjlúg, jf`prf`lsf
y rhjfg- slohrdjlúg, ady quh rhjfrodr quh tfofs hstfs prfjhsfs sfg
olgä`ljfs y sh `foljdg jfgstdgth`hgth hg judgtf d su `degltuo,
vhifjlodo h lgthgslodo. Ids djtlvlodohs psljfiúeljds y slfiúel -
jds gfr`dihs oh ugd phrsfgd hstdräg prfkdkih`hgth pfr ohkdcf oh su
glvhi ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh rhjfgfjl`lhgtf, pfrquh sh jfgjhgtrd hg
id phrjhpjlúg oh ids shôdihs oh rlhsef. Ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh
jf`prfkdjlúg y ohgljlúg ohi rlhsef, hxlstlrä ugd jf- `ugljdjlúg
dklhrtd jfg ifs `lh`krfs `äs jhrjdgfs oh id pfkidjlúg d`hgd- zdod.
Hi phràfof oh alphrdjtlvlodo pd- rhjh quh sujhoh, lgljldi`hgth,
ourdgth hi prfjhsf oh jf`prf`lsf y sh adjh `äs lgthgsf ourdgth hi
prfjhsf oh rh- jfgslohrdjlúg y guhvf jf`prf`lsf. Id thgslúg lrä
du`hgtdgof hg jdod htdpd sujhslvd, pfrquh id `ftlvdjlúg prlgjl- pdi
oh id jfgoujtd hs id rhoujjlúg oh thgslúg. Hi dsphjtf, id
prfxl`lodo, id prfpd- edjlúg, hi tlh`pf y ifs edshs túxljfs
prfoujlofs pfr hi lgjhgolf, tlhgohg td`klìg d prholspfghr di
lgolvlouf d ug glvhi oh djtlvlodo `äs ditf, quh oh- phgoh oh su
phrjhpjlúg oh tfods hstds vdrldkihs. Hg hi prfjhsf oh
rhjfgslohrdjlúg y oh guhvf jf`prf`lsf, hi glvhi oh dj- tlvlodo ohi
lgolvlouf puhoh jfgvhrtlrsh hg alphrdjtlvf f nrhgìtljf, f sh puhoh
hxprhsdr hg ug hstdof jdtdstrújf, oh jf`pihtd lg`fvlilodo nàsljd h
lgjdpd- jlodo oh hxprhsdrsh jfg jfahrhgjld. Hstfs lgolvloufs
phrjlkhg id d`hgdzd jf`f dief quh sfkrhpdsd su glvhi oh dodptdjlúg.
Id thgslúg hs hgtfgjhs erdvh y hiifs suju`khg tftdi`hgth. Jhsdg oh
jf`pfrtdrsh oh `fof dodp- tdtlvf y dofptdg ugd djtltuo jf`pihtd-
`hgth dpdrth oh id sltudjlúg, `holdgth ug `hjdgls`f oh rhtrdl`lhgtf
psljfiú- eljf.
]drd `dgthghrsh ihcfs oh ifs djjlohgths
Hi tìjgljf oh `dgthgl`lhgtf ohs- tlgdof d id rhpdrdjlúg y puhstd hg
shrvljlf oh lgnrdhstrujturds,
lgstdidjlfghs hg ehghrdi, hstä hxpuhstf d rlhsefs oh vdrlfs tlpfs
(`hjägljfs, nàsljfs y hrefgú`ljfs), pfr id vhrsdtlil- odo y
vdrlhodo oh trdkdcfs d rhdilzdr y iuedrhs ofgoh ohsdrrfiidrifs. Oh
djuhrof d ofjhgths oh id uglvhrsl- odo oh Zhvliid, hi trdkdcf oh
`dgthgl- `lhgtf supfgh id rhdilzdjlúg oh tdrhds hg iuedrhs `uy
olspdrhs y usdgof ugd erdg ed`d oh ahrrd`lhgtds (tdgtf `d- gudihs
jf`f hiìjtrljds) y oh `holfs duxlildrhs (hsjdihrds, dgod`lfs, jdkd-
iihths, htj.). Gf ady quh fivlodr id hxpfsljlúg d rlhs- efs
l`pfrtdgths jf`f ifs ohrlvdofs oh trdkdcfs hg diturd, jfgtdjtfs jfg
sus- tdgjlds quà`ljds philerfsds, `dglpuid- jlúg `dgudi oh jdreds,
htj.
Ifjdihs y hqulpfs oh trdkdcf Zfg tfods dquhiids zfgds pfr ids quh
sh
trdgsltd f hg ids quh sh rhdilzd dieóg trd- kdcf (tdiihrhs,
di`djhghs, lgstdidjlfghs, pdsliifs, ohphgohgjlds, hxthrlfrhs,
htj.). • [lhsef oh efiphs y jfrths, prfoujl-
ofs pfr `äqulgds jfg pdrths `úvl- ihs slg prfthjjlúg.
• [lhsef oh jdàods hg hi ls`f pidgf prfoujlof pfr sujlhodohs,
erdsds y djhlths, ahrrd`lhgtds oh id prf- pld fphrdjlúg ohcdods hg
hi suhif, ohnfr`djlfghs f lrrheuidrlodohs ohi plsf y usf oh jdizdof
lgdohjudof.
• [lhsef oh jdàods oh diturd ohs- oh hsjdihrds oh `dgf, dgod`lfs,
puhstfs hihvdofs f dkhrturds hg hi suhif.
• [lhsef oh prfyhjjlúg oh pdrtàjuids ohrlvdof ohi usf oh
ohthr`lgdod `dqulgdrld f ahrrd`lhgtds.
• [lhsef oh jfrths pfr ahrrd`lhgtds jfg suphrjlhs philerfsds.
[lhsef hiìjtrljf Id hihjtrljlodo hs ug nhgú`hgf nàsljf
_drhds oh `dgthgl`lhgtf rhqulhrhg hstdr dihrtds d `óitlpihs rlhsefs
quh jfgslsth hg hi `fvl`lhgtf oh hihj- trfghs d trdvìs oh id
`dthrld. Hxlsthg ofs tlpfs oh jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf3 olrhjtf h
lgolrhjtf. • [lhsef oh jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf olrhj-
tf, prfoujlofs di tfjdr dieugd pdr- th oh guhstrf juhrpf ug
jfgoujtfr pfr hi quh jlrjuid jfrrlhgth hiìjtrljd y ohrlvägofsh hstd
d tlhrrd (f d ftrf pfthgjldi).
• [lhsef oh jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf lgol- rhjtf, prfoujlof di tfjdr
dieugd pdrth oh ug hqulpf (`äqulgd, ah- rrd`lhgtd f lgstdidjlúg,
htj.) quh gf ohkhràd hstdr hg thgslúg phrf quh, pfr olvhrsfs
`ftlvfs, sà if hstä.
:;
:1 ZHEX[LODO @LGH[D
pfr jfgtdjtf olrhjtf f pfr lgadidjlúg3 ohr`dtfsls, dihrelds h
lrrltdjlfghs, htj.
Dehgths nàsljfs Zfg ifs odôfs d id sdiuo prfoujlofs pfr nhgú`hgfs
nàsljfs (rulof, fgods hihjtrf`degìtljds, jdifr f nràf, htj.).
_d`klìg sh jfgth`pidg ifs philerfs oh rdoldjlfghs y quh`dourds
prfoujlofs hg ids fphrdjlfghs oh sfiodourd. • [lhsef oh hxpfsljlúg
d rulof pfr
hqulpfs y ahrrd`lhgtds rulofsfs. • [lhsef oh hxpfsljlúg d
jd`pfs
hihjtrf`degìtljfs. • [lhsef oh hxpfsljlúg d th`phrdtu-
rds y jfgoljlfghs jil`ätljds dovhr- sds.
• [lhsefs oh oh sfiodourd3 ù ]fslkihs ihslfghs hg ifs
fcfs pfr
nditd oh nfr`djlúg, oh ifs fphrdrlfs quh trdkdcdg jfg sfiodourd
hiìjtrl- jd, djhrjd oh ifs rlhsefs d ifs quh hstäg hxpuhstfs.
ù Zh hvltdrä `lrdr olrhjtd`hgth hi drjf vfitäljf, yd
quh id lgthgslodo iu`lgfsd puhoh prfoujlr erdvhs ihslfghs. Doh`äs,
pdrd prhvhglr hstd sltudjlúg, shrä fkiledtfrlf hi usf oh prfthjjlúg
fjuidr hsphjldi pdrd sfiodourd (pdgtdiids ndjldihs).
ù Ourdgth id rhdilzdjlúg oh ids fph- rdjlfghs oh pljdof
oh ifs jfrof- ghs oh sfiodourd, sh puhohg prf- oujlr prfyhjjlfghs
oh nrde`hgtfs f pdrtàjuids ohsprhgolods, sh rh- jf`lhgod hi usf oh
hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg phrsfgdi jhrtljdofs quh prfthcdg hi juhrpf y
id jdrd oh oljads prfthjjlfghs.
• _rdkdcfs hg d`klhgths jfgtd`lgd- ofs. ù Id zfgds ohstlgdods
pdrd trdkd-
cfs hg sfiodourd, sh olspfgoräg hg iuedrhs vhgtlidofs f sh
ols- pfgorä oh vhgtlidjlúg drtljldi pdrd hvltdr id lgadidjlúg oh
edshs túxljfs. Zl gf hs pfslkih sh oftd- rä d ifs trdkdcdofrhs oh
`dsjd- rliids jfg itrfs dohjudofs d ifs au`fs prfoujlofs.
• Tuh`dourds pfr hxlsthgjld oh `h- jahrfs pdrd sfiodourd slg
väivuids dgtlrrhtrfjhsf oh id iid`d. Nditd oh nfr`djlúg f
prhjlpltdjlúg hg id rhdil- zdjlúg oh ifs trdkdcfs. ù Ifs
`hjahrfs pdrd sfiodourd
`holdgth edshs iljudofs, hstdräg oftdofs oh väivuids dgtlrrhtrfjh-
sf oh id iid`d, hg prhvhgjlúg ohi rlhsef oh hxpfsljlúg.
ù Zh hvltdräg ids fphrdjlfghs oh fxljfrth hg id vhrtljdi oh
dquhiids
zfgds ofgoh adyd phrsfgds trd- kdcdgof f `dthrldi
jf`kustlkih.
• ]drd trdkdcfs jfg erupf oh sfiod- ourd hiìjtrljd hs hsphjldi`hgth
l`- pfrtdgth id dslegdjlúg oh hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg lgolvloudi pdrd
hvltdr quh`dourds3 jukrhplhs, pfidlgds, `dgeultfs, eudgths y
`dgolihs oh juhrf, ednds dgtlprfyhjjlfghs, pdg- tdiids ndjldihs
dgtlsfiodourd, `ds- jdrliids (sl gf ady sujlhgth vhgtlid- jlúg).
_fofs ifs hqulpfs pfshhräg `drjdof oh jhrtljdjlúg.
• Di`djhgd`lhgtf y trdgspfrth lgdoh- judof oh ids kfthiids.
[lhsef oh lgjhgolf y hxpifslúg • [lhsef oh lgjhgolf f hxpifslúg
pfr
trdkdcfs hg prfxl`lodo oh prfouj- tfs lgd`dkihs f `hzjids hxpifsl-
vds3 ù Gf dju`uidr sustdgjlds lgd`d-
kihs lgghjhsdrld`hgth. ù Hil`lgdr ids pfslkihs nuhgths
oh
hghreàd oh djtlvdjlúg. ]rfalklr nu`dr.
ù ^hgtlidr id zfgd oh nfr`d nfrzdod f gdturdi.
ù Jf`prfkdr phrlúoljd`hgth id ahr`htljlodo oh ids jfgoujjlf-
ghs oh eds.
ù Hg dt`úsnhrds pfthgjldi`hgth hxpifslvds gf sh rhdilzdräg
trdkd- cfs hg thgslúg (usf oh lgstdidjlúg hiìjtrljd
dgtlohderdgth).
ù Hg trdkdcfs jhrjdgfs d `dthrldi lgd`dkih sh thgorä d `dgf
ug hxtlgtfr dohjudof d id jidsh oh nuhef.
ù Zh ohkh jfgfjhr id djtudjlúg hg jdsf oh h`hrehgjld.
Liu`lgdjlúg • [lhsefs ohklof d ohnljlhgth glvhi
oh liu`lgdjlúg quh puhoh prfvf- jdr tdgtf ndtled jf`f efiphs, jfr-
ths u ftrds ihslfghs pfr nditd oh vlslklilodo. ù Zh ohkhrä
iihvdr d jdkf ug `dg-
thgl`lhgtf hg judgtf d il`plhzd y rhpfsljlúg oh iu`lgdrlds pdrd
edrdgtlzdr ug glvhi oh liu`lgd- jlúg jfgstdgth y djhptdkih.
ù Hg hi di`djìg y tdiihr sh rhjf- `lhgodg glvhihs oh
liu`lgdjlúg suphrlfrhs d ifs 48= iuxhs.
ù Zh julodrä id liu`lgdjlúg dj- jhsfrld, oh tdi nfr`d quh gf
l`pilquh rlhsefs hiìjtrljfs pfr ohnljlhgth hstdof ohi jdkihd-
of.
@dglpuidjlúg oh jdreds y pfsljlfghs nfrzdods • [lhsef oh
sfkrhhsnuhrzf ohklof
d id hihvdjlúg y hi trdgspfrth oh jdreds y d ifs trdkdcfs hg pfstu-
rds nfrzdods (dedjadof, krdzfs hg ditf f juhrpf lgjilgdof, htj.)
ù Zlh`prh quh shd pfslkih, sh
rhdilzdrä hi trdgspfrth oh jdreds `hjägljd`hgth.
ù [hsphtdr ids jdreds `äxl`ds sheóg hodo y shxf.
ù Zhihjjlúg oh ótlihs y ahrrd`lhg- tds dohjudofs pdrd hvltdr
pfs- turds nfrzdods.
ù ]drd hihvdr ugd jdred, sh nihxlf- gdräg ids rfoliids, sh
dedrrdrä nlr`h`hgth id jdred jfg ids `d- gfs y `dgthglhgof id
hspdiod rhjtd sh hgohrhzdräg ids rfol- iids.
Fphrdjlfghs
¶Zdkh jú`f dpiljdr id ihelsidjlúg hg sheurlodo6
Hi ilkrf, ohgf`lgdof Euàd pdrd l`pih`hgtdr id gfr`dtlvd oh sh-
eurlodo y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf ohi
]hró, hstä olrlelof hsphjldi`hgth d ifs hgjdredofs oh id sheurlodo
y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf. Diià hgjfgtrdräg hi dgäilsls oh jdod ugf oh
ifs < prlgjlplfs y 4=: drtà- juifs oh id ihy ;<51:, ids
`foljdjlf- ghs oh id ihy :=;;; y if rheid`hgtdof hg hi OZ ==8 y OZ
==>. Hi ilkrf hs ug hstuolf `uitlolsjlpilgdrlf y dgdiàtljf oh id
curlspruohgjld gdjlfgdi, id gfr`dtlvd phrudgd y sus prlgjlpdihs
nuhgths lgthrgdjlfgdihs, d jdref oh ifs hsphjldilstds Cdl`h Juzquìg
ohi ]hró, ]dkif ]lgtf oh Jfif`kld, Cdvlhr ]rdohrd y [dquhi Zhrrdgf,
d`kfs oh Hspdôd. Ifs jf`hgtdrlfs, ids rhjf`hgodjlfghs y
hxpiljdjlfghs kusjdg rhsfivhr ids ouods hg tfrgf d jú`f iihvdr d id
präjtljd tfods ids hxlehgjlds oh id ihy djrf oh sheurl- odo y sdiuo
hg hi trdkdcf, sus `foljd- jlfghs y gfr`dtlvds
jf`pih`hgtdrlds.
Xgd vdilfsd ahrrd`lhgtd pdrd l`pih`hgtdr id gfr`dtlvd oh sheurlodo
y sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf sh hgjuhgtrd di dijdgjh oh tfods ids h`prhsds
ohi pdàs. Zh trdtd oh ugd euàd pukiljdod pfr id Dsfjldjlúg
]hrudgd oh ]rhvhgjlfglstds oh [lhsefs ( D]O[), id `ls`d
quh jfgtlhgh jfgshcfs y dgäilsls pdrd ugd l`pih`hgtdjlúg hxltfsd oh
id ihelsidjlúg oh id sheurlodo y sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi.
D]O[ pukiljd Euàd pdrd l`pih`hgtdr id gfr`dtlvd oh sheurlodo y
sdiuo hg hi trdkdcf ohi ]hró
]ukiljdjlfghs
Jdkh ohstdjdr quh id euàd hxpiljd jú`f hidkfrdr ifs ofju`hgtfs quh
hxleh id ihelsidjlúg pdrd hvlohgjldr su ju`pil- `lhgtf. Dsà `ls`f,
lgjiuyh ug JO jfg ifs `fohifs oh nfr`dtfs, prfjhol`lhg- tfs,
pidghs, prferd`ds, pfiàtljd y oh`äs ofju`hgtfs quh sh rhqulhrhg. Id
euàd shrä oh `ujad utlilodo d h`prh- sdrlfs, y jfgsuitfrhs, dsà
jf`f d qulhghs sh ohsh`phôdg jf`f duoltfrhs lgoh- phgolhgths h
lgsphjtfrhs oh id Zugdi, doh`äs oh ifs hstuoldgths oh jdrrhrds
dsfjldods d id sdiuo fjupdjlfgdi, href- gf`àd, sheurlodo h alelhgh
lgoustrldi.
¶Oúgoh doqulrlrid6 Olstrlkujlúg d glvhi gdjlfgdi d jdref oh id
Dsfjldjlúg ]hrudgd oh ]rhvhg- jlfglstds oh [lhsefs. Dv.
[hpókiljd oh ]dgd`ä 88;5, Fn, ;=4, Zurquliif, Il`d. Jfrrhf
hihjtrúgljf3 lgnfMdpor.fre.ph. _hiìnfgf3 ;?:>?;?. ]rhjlf3 Z/.
4;= sfihs `äs edstfs oh hgvàf.
Olspfglkih hg ids prlgjlpdihs ilkrhràds ohi ]hró.
] X
K I
L [
[ H
]
F
[ _
D C
H
:8G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
Jfgnldgzd hg jdod glvhi
Ifs dgod`lfs oh trdkdcf sfg jfgs- trujjlfghs th`pfrdihs quh sh prh-
jlsdg pdrd prfpfrjlfgdr ug djjh-
sf y iuedr oh trdkdcf sheurfs pdrd id jfgstrujjlúg, `dgthgl`lhgtf,
rhpdrd- jlúg f oh`filjlúg oh holjlfs y ftrds hstrujturds.
Käsljd`hgth hxlsthg trhs tlpfs phrnhjtd`hgth olnhrhgjldofs3 hi
dgod`lf oh ndjadod, hi dgod`lf `ui- tlolrhjjlfgdi f oh vfiu`hg y
ids tfrrhs `úvlihs. Hi dgod`lf oh ndjadod tlhgh jdpdjlodo pdrd odr
rhspuhstd d ids ghjhslodohs oh jukrlr judiqulhr ndjadod y ih
phr`lth dkfrodr jfg tftdi sheurlodo ids olstlg- tds jfgeurdjlfghs
quh sh prhshgtdg hg rhadkliltdjlúg, dpiljdjlúg oh rhvhs- tl`lhgtfs,
`dgthgl`lhgtf y dikdôlihràd hg ehghrdi. Hi slsth`d hstä jf`puhstf
nugod`hgtdi`hgth oh `drjfs quh ugl- ofs `holdgth pidtdnfr`ds,
kdrdgoliids y oldefgdihs, fnrhjhg, cugtf d ifs olnh- rhgths
hih`hgtfs oh sheurlodo, jfg- cugtfs dodptdkihs d judiqulhr
ndjadod. Hi dgod`lf `uitlolrhjjlfgdi hs ug slsth- `d oh erdg
vhrsdtlilodo jdpdz oh jukrlr
d pihgd sdtlsndjjlúg ids olnhrhgths jfg- eurdjlfghs y dpiljdjlfghs
quh sh prh- shgtdg hg rhstdurdjlúg, rhadkliltdjlúg, fjlf,
hsphjtäjuifs y `dgthgl`lhgtf lg- oustrldi. Hi slsth`d, kdsdof hg
hih`hg- tfs ifgeltuolgdihs, prhshgtd ug olsjf oh uglúg quh phr`lth
hi hgsd`kidch oh tfofs ifs hih`hgtfs, prfpfrjlfgdgof di jfgcugtf
ugd erdg rlelohz y hstdklilodo. Ids tfrrhs `úvlihs sfg dgod`lfs
jdpd- jhs oh ohspidzdrsh `dgudi`hgth sf- krh ug thrrhgf r`h y
glvhidof. Hstds tfrrhs prhshgtdg ugd sfiujlúg sheurd y hjdz pdrd
dkfrodr trdkdcfs hg diturd rhnhrhgths d lgstdidjlfghs hiìjtrljds,
trdkdcfs oh dikdôlihràd, plgturd, il`plh- zd oh jrlstdihs,
htj.
Ourdgth hi `fgtdch Zheurlodo lgolvloudi Hi phrsfgdi `fgtdofr quh
ohkd dj- jhohr di dgod`lf ohkhrä olspfghr y hstdrä fkiledof d
utlilzdr hi hqulpf oh prfthjjlúg lgolvloudi. Hg ifs dgod`lfs jfg
`dthrldi `uitlol- rhjjlfgdi y oh tukf y erdpd, klhg pfr
@fgtdch oh dgod`lfs ohkh jhôlrsh d lgoljdjlfghs ohi
ndkrljdgth
:>
?4G³ 445 - Nhkrhrf ;=48
juhstlfghs oh dpiljdjlúg f hjfgú`l- jds, hs nrhjuhgth il`ltdr hi
gó`hrf oh pidtdnfr`ds. Hg hstfs jdsfs ady quh thghr hg juhgtd quh
id sheurlodo oh ifs `fgtdofrhs sh vh dithrdod, adjlìgofsh
l`prhsjlgolkih hi h`pihf ohi drgìs oh sheurlodo. Jf`f gfr`d
ehghrdi, slh`prh quh hxlstd pfslklilodo oh jdàod ohsoh ugd diturd
leudi f suphrlfr d ; `, y gf sh olspfged oh kdrdgoliids hg tfof hi
jfg- tfrgf, shrä fkiledtfrlf hi h`pihf ohi dr- gìs oh sheurlodo. Hi
drgìs oh sheurlodo sh dgjidrä d3 • Jdkihs f juhrods prhvld`hgth
thg-
olods y prhvlstds pdrd hsth g. • ]ugtfs r`hs oh id holjdjlúg. •
Hstrujturd ohi dgod`lf yd dsheurd-
od.
Lgljlf ohi `fgtdch Ifs hih`hgtfs quh ohgfthg dieóg ndiif tìjgljf f
ug `di jf`pfrtd`lhgtf hs- trujturdi sh ohs`fgtdräg oh lg`holdtf,
prfjholhgof d su rhpdrdjlúg f sustltu- jlúg. Dsà `ls`f, ids
ahrrd`lhgtds oh `fgtdch f ifs hqulpfs oh prfthjjlúg quh prhshgthg
dieóg ohnhjtf ohkhräg shr sustltulofs pfr ftrfs. Dquhiids
pdrths ohi dgod`lf quh gf hstìg ilstds pdrd su utlilzdjlúg, prlgjl-
pdi`hgth ourdgth hi `fgtdch y hi ohs- `fgtdch, ohkhräg shôdilzdrsh
y hstdr ohil`ltdods jfgvhglhgth`hgth holdg- th hih`hgtfs nàsljfs
quh l`plodg hi dj- jhsf d id zfgd oh philerf. Id rhdilzdjlúg oh ug
jfrrhjtf rhpidg- thf hs käsljf pdrd hnhjtudr ug trdkdcf sheurf, jfg
if quh hsth slh`prh sh ohkhrä hchjutdr sheóg ug jrfquls oh `fgtdch
f ids lgstrujjlfghs odods pfr ifs tìjgljfs, hi hgjdredof f hi
ndkrl- jdgth. Zh prfjhohrä di rhjfgfjl`lhgtf ohi thrrhgf jfg hi g
oh ohthr`lgdr hi dpfyf `äs jfrrhjtf. Ifs drrdgquhs hs- tdräg sfkrh
dpfyfs súilofs y glvhidofs, jfg kdshs rheuidkihs oh glvhidjlúg jfg
rhpdrtf oh jdred y hg jdsf ghjhsdrlf sfkrh ugd kdsh oh `dohrd. Zl
hi thrrh- gf hs pfjf r`h, hi tlpf oh dpfyf if ohjlolrä hi olrhjtfr
tìjgljf oh id fkrd. Hg zfgds urkdgds sh thgorä ugd dthg- jlúg
hsphjldi prfjurdgof ohcdr ilkrhs oh pdsf ifs djjhsfs d jf`hrjlfs h
lg- `uhkihs, dsà jf`f ohcdgof ilkrhs ids tdpds oh drquhtds. Zhrä hi
olrhjtfr tìj- gljf oh id fkrd hi hgjdredof oh hvdiudr hi rlhsef oh
jfgtdjtf hiìjtrljf.
]rfjhsf oh `fgtdch Gf sh lgljldrä ug guhvf glvhi slg dgths adkhr
jfgjiulof hi oh pdrtlod jfg tfofs
ifs hih`hgtfs oh sheurlodo, d`drrhs, drrlfstrd`lhgtfs y `holfs oh
djjhsf quh ih jfrrhspfgodg. Id sheurlodo dijdgzdod hg hi glvhi yd
jfgsfilodof shrä tdi quh fnrhjhrä ids edrdgtàds ghjhsdrlds jf`f
pdrd d`d- rrdr d ìi hi `fsquhtúg ohi drgìs oh sh- eurlodo. Dgths oh
suklrsh d ugd pidtd- nfr`d dgod`ldod ohkhrä rhvlsdrsh su hstrujturd
pdrd hvltdr ids sltudjlfghs lghstdkihs. Ids uglfghs hgtrh tukfs sh
rhdilzdräg jfg hi slsth`d prhvlstf pfr hi ndkrljdg- th, hvltägofsh
hi usf oh juhrods, did`- krhs, htj.
Jfgoljlfghs oh sheurlodo ohi dgod`lf `fgtdof Xgd vhz `fgtdof y
dgths oh rhdilzdr id hgtrhed d id h`prhsd usudrld, hi dgod- `lf
ohkh ju`pilr ids sleulhgths jfg- oljlfghs, doh`äs oh ids `drjdods
hg pidgfs y gftd tìjgljd.
Drrdgquhs Ifs drrdgquhs hstdräg sfkrh dpfyfs súilofs y glvhidofs,
jfg kdshs rheuid- kihs oh glvhidjlúg y rhpdrtf oh jdred. Gf sh
do`ltlräg dpfyfs sfkrh idorliifs, kifquhs oh afr`leúg, kfvholiids f
sl- `lidrhs, gl sh dpfydräg sfkrh tdpds oh drquhtds f
sl`lidrhs.
]idtdnfr`ds oh trdkdcf Ids pidtdnfr`ds oh trdkdcf thgoräg slg
hxjhpjlúg ugd dgjaurd `àgl`d, hstd- räg d`drrdods d id hstrujturd
tukuidr y shräg oh suphrjlhs dgtlohsilzdgths. Ifs `úouifs oh ids
pidtdnfr`ds gf prhshgtdräg erlhtds, dpidstd`lhgtfs gl glgeóg ftrf
ohnhjtf l`pfrtdgth. Hstd- räg rdzfgdkih`hgth il`plfs pdrd pfohr
ohthjtdr ohnhjtfs oh hsth tlpf.
Kdrdgoliids Zlh`prh quh hxlstd ug rlhsef oh jdàod oh diturd oh `äs
oh ; ` ids pidtdnfr- `ds oh trdkdcf ohkhräg olspfghr oh
kdrdgoliids. Ids kdrdgoliids ohkhräg shr rhslsthgths, oh ugd diturd
`àgl`d oh <= j` y, judgof shd ghjhsdrlf pdrd l`pholr hi pdsf f
ohsilzd`lhgtf oh ifs trdkdcdofrhs f pdrd hvltdr id jdàod oh
fkchtfs, olspfgoräg, rhsphjtlvd`hgth, oh ugd prfthjjlúg lgthr`hold
y oh ug rfodplì. Jf`f präjtljd adkltudi3 • Zl hi dgod`lf hstä
ukljdof d ug
`äxl`f oh ;= j` oh id ndjadod, gf ghjhsltd prfthjjlúg
lgthrlfr.
• Zl hi dgod`lf hstä ukljdof hgtrh ;= y ?= j` oh id ndjadod, ohkhrä
lgs-
tdidrsh ugd kdrdgoliid lgthrlfr d ugd diturd hgtrh 5= y 4== j`
sfkrh id pidtdnfr`d.
• Zl hi dgod`lf hstä ukljdof d `äs oh ?= j` oh id ndjadod, sh
jfifjdrä ugd kdrdgoliid lgthrlfr hgtrh ifs <8 y ifs 4=8 j` y ugd
kdrrd lgthr`hold hgtrh ifs ?8 y ifs 88 j` oh diturd sf- krh id
pidtdnfr`d.
Oldefgdihs Ids oldefgdihs dsheurdg id hstdklilodo ifgeltuolgdi ohi
dgod`lf. Hstds ohkh- räg jfifjdrsh sheóg ids lgstrujjlfghs ohi
ndkrljdgth. Hi dgod`lf lgjfrpfrd- rä hi gó`hrf oh oldefgdihs
ghjhsdrlf pdrd dsheurdr su hstdklilodo. Jf`f `àgl`f, y ohphgolhgof
ohi `d- thrldi quh sh utliljh, sh `fgtdräg old- efgdihs hg ug
`úouif oh jdod trhs d jlgjf, d if idref oh tfod su diturd, f klhg,
oldefgdihs jfgtlguds pdrtlhgof ohi suhif.
D`drrhs Ifs d`drrhs sfg lgolsphgsdkihs pdrd hvltdr id jdàod tftdi f
pdrjldi ohi dgod- `lf. Hi dgod`lf hstdrä d`drrdof r`h- `hgth d id
ndjadod f hstrujturd. Zfif sh pforä prhsjlgolr oh ifs d`drrhs d id
ndjadod hg dquhiifs jdsfs hg quh dsà if lgolquh hi ndkrljdgth. Hg
dgod`lfs quh ohkdg lr d`drrdofs, adkrä jf`f `àgl`f ug d`drrh jdod
;? `; hg ifs dgod`lfs gf juklhrtfs, y ug d`drrh jdod 4;
`; hg ifs dgod`lfs jfg rho. Hg judiqulhr ftrf jdsf, hi tlpf y
gó`hrf oh d`drrhs hstdrä custljdof pfr ug jäijuif tìjgljf hsphjàjf.
Ifs d`drrhs ohkhräg hstdr olspuhstfs rheuidr`hgth sfkrh tfod id
suphrjlh ohi dgod`lf. Zh do`lthg ofs tlpfs ehghrdihs oh d`drrh3 •
_djfs oh hxpdgslúg f oh gyifg. Ifs
tdjfs shräg oh rfsjd ohgtrf oh ifs judihs sh lgtrfoujlrä ug jägjd`f
rfsjdof. Id uglúg jfg hi dgod`lf sh hnhjtód `holdgth ug tukf hg
juyd hxtrh`lodo shrä cdof ug hih- `hgtf oh uglúg. Hsth `ìtfof hstä
hsphjldi`hgth rhjf`hgodof pdrd erdgohs diturds f dgod`lfs juklhr-
tfs.
^àd hg jfgstrujjlúg
Hi @dgudi oh Olspfsltlvfs oh Jfgtrfi ohi _rägsltf Dutf`ftfr hg
Jdiihs y Jdrrhthrds shôdid quh prfkih`ds
oh erdg `degltuo puhohg fjurrlr judg- of hi trägsltf ohkh jlrjuidr
d trdvìs oh ugd vàd hg jfgstrujjlúg, hg `dgthgl- `lhgtf f judgof sh
rhdilzdg fkrds hg ifs shrvljlfs pókiljfs quh dnhjtdg id gfr`di
jlrjuidjlúg oh id vàd. Lgoljd quh hs ghjhsdrlf oftdr oh tfofs ifs
olspf- sltlvfs oh jfgtrfi d oljads ärhds jfg hi g oh quh puhod
euldrsh id jlrjuidjlúg vhaljuidr y ols`lgulr ifs lgjfgvhglhgths
prfplfs quh dnhjtdg di trägsltf vhaljuidr. Id rhspfgsdklilodo oh id
prfthjjlúg oh id vlod au`dgd y oh ifs klhghs pókiljfs, dsà jfrgf hi
olshôf, lgstdidjlúg, fphrd- jlúg y `dgthgl`lhgtf oh id shôdilzdjlúg
hg ids zfgds oh jfgstrujjlúg, rhjdh hg hi fredgls`f Eukhrgd`hgtdi
Gdjlfgdi f Ifjdi hgjdredof oh oljafs trdkdcfs, hi quh d su vhz
vhidrä pfr hi hi ju`pil- `lhgtf pfr pdrth oh ifs jfgtrdtlstds oh if
lgoljdof hg hi @dgudi, adjlìgofifs rhspfgsdkihs d hstfs pfr ifs
djjlohgths jdusdofs hg sus ärhds oh jfgstrujjlúg. Ifs olspfsltlvfs
oh jfgtrfi utlilzdofs hg ids zfgds hg trdkdcf ohkhräg jfifjdrsh
dgths ohi lgljlf oh ids fkrds, ohklhgof `dgthghrsh dohjudod`hgth
ourdgth id tftdilodo ohi prfjhsf oh ids fkrds. Hg hi jdsf quh ifs
trdkdcfs shdg pfr htdpds, sh jfifjdräg dquhiifs olspfsltlvfs jf-
rrhspfgolhgths d id htdpd hg hchjujlúg. Hg ifs jdsfs oh jfgtrfi oh
trägsltf ou- rdgth id gfjah, ohkhräg utlilzdrsh shôd- ihs3 • Hg ifs
jdsfs oh jfgtrfi ohi trägsltf
ourdgth id gfjah, ohkhräg utlilzdrsh shôdihs rhhjtfrlzdgths y
olspfsltl- vfs oh liu`lgdjlúg (`hjahrfs, ilgthr- gds, iujhs
lgthr`lthgths).
• Ids shôdihs y ifs oh`äs olspfsltlvfs ohkhräg `dgthghrsh il`plfs y
ihel- kihs tfof hi tlh`pf2 hg hi jdsf quh gf rhógdg ids jfgoljlfghs
ohsjrltds, ohkhräg shr rhh`pidzdods lg`hold- td`hgth.
• Ids trdg