SECTIONALISM

AND THE CIVIL

WAR 11 Pages…

SECTIONALISM

When people favor the interests of one

region over the interests of the country as a

whole

Tariffs

Slavery

Industry

Uses of land

Political Parties

North vs. South

A SPLITTING COUNTRY

Various reasons and issues caused a rift in the country

Tariffs:

High tariffs helped the industrial North by making their

prices cheaper against imports – made people buy

American-made goods

The South imported most non-agricultural goods, saw tariffs

as a burden imposed by the North – their main trade

partners were from Europe

The West needed funding for roads, canals, railroads, etc.

This was funded by the tariffs.

NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832 A very high tariff had split the country

Vice President John Calhoun left office

to go help his home state of South

Carolina

South Carolina considered the tariff

null and void, threatened military

action, and threatened to secede from

the Union

Henry Clay helped reach a

compromise tariff

Both sides backed down and conflict

was avoided

States’ Rights -Revolved around the

ability of a state to declare federal laws

unconstitutional

John C. Calhoun

Claimed that state

governments have the

right to reject federal

laws.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state

Maine was admitted as a free state

Any new states above the Missouri Compromise line would

be free states

Maintain balance in the Senate

A SPLITTING COUNTRY Slavery:

North – illegal since the Revolution

Abolitionist societies and newspapers –

Underground Railroad

Many didn’t know what was going on with

African Americans

South – slaves viewed as property

Needed to maintain their way of life

Considered a state’s right issue

Many fugitive slaves

West – fight over whether to extend

slavery into the new territories

AFRICAN AMERICANS

Free African Americans could own

property and had some rights

Slaves had no rights at all

Discrimination happened in all areas of

the country

HENRY DAVID THOREAU

He disagreed with a country

that had slavery and fought in

wars

His writing – Civil

Disobedience – influenced

many people to refuse to obey

laws they considered unjust

Martin Luther King Jr. would

later use this philosophy

DEBATE OVER SLAVERY

Victory in the Mexican War in 1848 added more than 500,000 square miles to the U.S.

This renewed the debate over the expansion of slavery

Some northerners wanted to prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession

ELECTION OF 1848 Many candidates did not

take a stance on slavery issues in the West

This was in favor to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor – Mexican War hero

Zachary Taylor

12th President

1849-1850

Whig

COMPROMISE OF 1850

California gold rush caused a population spike that

caused it to apply directly to be a state

This raised the issue of whether to admit it as a free

state or slave state – upset the balance

Many Southerners were upset about it –

Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi warned that

they were about to permanently destroy the balance of

power between the sections

He and many others declared they would oppose the

admission of California as a free state

COMPROMISE OF 1850 Henry Clay, nicknamed “The Great Compromiser” and

Daniel Webster stepped forward with another plan:

-Urged Congress to let California enter as a free state

-Called for the rest of the Mexican Cession to be organized

as a federal territory – popular sovereignty should decide

the status of slavery

-Addressed a border dispute between Texas and New

Mexico – Texas gave up land – in exchange for US paying off

their debt.

-Called for an end to slave trade – not slavery- in the

country’s capital

-Called for a new, more effective fugitive slave law

DANIEL WEBSTER

Known as the “Great

Orator”

Worked to create

compromises with the

southern states that

would delay the start of

the Civil War

COMPROMISE OF 1850 This was the last time a compromise worked

(Henry Clay died in 1852.)

THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT

Required the return of

escaped slaves to their owners

Made it a federal crime to help

runaway slaves

This pleased the South, but

angered the North because

they felt it was immoral

DEATH OF ANOTHER PRESIDENT

Zachary Taylor died

suddenly after 16 months

in office

His successor was Millard

Fillmore

Millard Fillmore

13th President

Last Whig to be president

1850-1853

FRANKLIN PIERCE

14th President

Democrat

1853-1857

TROUBLE IN KANSAS

People wanted to build a railroad to

the Pacific

In order to do so, the rest of the

Louisiana Purchase had to be organized

into federal territories

In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced

what became the Kansas-Nebraska

Act

KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

This would divide the rest of the Louisiana Purchase into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska

In each territory popular sovereignty would decide the question of slavery

This did away with the Missouri Compromise line

Anti-slavery Northerners were outraged

President Pierce was a supporter of this act and got it signed into law

Many issues start popping up in Kansas as pro and anti-

slavery groups rushed in to vote on the issue of slavery

Fights between different groups “Bleeding Kansas”

REPUBLICAN PARTY

One effect of this bill

was to kill off the Whig

party who was wishy-

washy on the subject of

slavery

In its place came the

Republican Party, which

was strongly against the

spread of slavery

Supported the Union

JAMES BUCHANAN

15th President

Democrat

1857-1861

DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD Dred Scott was a slave owned by John

Sanford

He traveled with John Sanford

throughout the northern part of the

Louisiana Purchase

When he returned he sued John Sanford

for his freedom claiming he had been

living in free lands

The Supreme Court decided Scott could

not be heard in federal courts because

he was not a citizen of the U.S. and

therefore had no protection under the

Constitution

Congress had no authority over slavery

in the territories

SCOTT V. SANFORD

This court case confirmed slaves

as property and cannot bring

cases to federal court

Upon statehood each territory

would determine whether or not

it would be a slave state or a free

state

The South favored the decision,

but the North did not

This caused further tension

between the North and the

South

Roger Taney

Supreme Court Justice

Appointed by Andrew Jackson

SCOTT V. SANFORD

A Constitutional amendment would later be

passed which completely outlawed slavery

This could be considered a response from

Congress to the ruling in the case

ABRAHAM LINCOLN

16th President

Republican

1861-1865

He did not win a

single Southern

state’s electoral

vote.

BREAKING THE UNION

Many southern states believed that once in power,

Lincoln would move to abolish slavery

Just four days after Lincoln’s election South

Carolina’s legislature called a special convention

They were considering secession

After three days of speeches all delegates voted to

secede

LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS

Equality – promised to not interfere

with the rights of states and the

institution of slavery

The Union – argued that the Union

could not be dissolved

The Government – stated it was

against the law to secede from the

Union

Liberty – “I have no purpose, directly

or indirectly, to interfere with the

institution of slavery in the states

where it exists. I believe I have no

lawful right to do so, and I have no

inclination to do so.”

CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA

By February, 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,

Louisiana, and Texas had also seceded from the Union

They established a new nation – The Confederate States of

America

They passed their own constitution, closely resembling the

U.S. Constitution except that citizens could own slaves

JEFFERSON DAVIS

Elected president of the

Confederate States of America

– 1861

His inaugural address states

that the secession of the

Southern states was similar to

the colonists’ revolution

against Britain

Claimed that secession was a

“necessity, not a choice.”

JEFFERSON DAVIS

Equality –

Slaves were not even viewed as an issue of equality

The Union –

Davis explained breaking away was a “necessity” if they were to

continue to engage in commerce with the rest of the world

The Government –

Similar to the U.S. government

Liberty –

Contrasting Lincoln’s discussion of liberty for individual people

Rights of person and property have not been disturbed

Jefferson Davis’

inauguration

Alabama State

Capital

THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

Sectionalism:

Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns

Three different cultural and business practices were happening

in our country – North – South – West

North – manufacturing and commerce, capital was invested in

factories and transportation

South – cash-crop, capital was invested in slaves and overseas

markets

West – depended on cheap land for expansion and good

transportation networks to keep in touch with eastern

businesses

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR

State’s Rights:

The political position advocating a strict interpretation of

the Constitution

The South turned to a states’ rights argument to protect

slavery

Southerners claimed that the federal government was

prohibiting their 10th Amendment right

Southerners also said the federal government was not

permitted to interfere with slavery in those states it already

existed

Southern states thought they had the right to secede

Issues: Right to own slaves as property and federal tariffs

CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Slavery:

First began in Virginia during the Colonial era

Throughout the first half of the 19th century Southern

politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of

the federal government

The North had embraced industrialization, large urban

areas, experiencing high birth rates and large amounts of

immigrants

This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to

maintain balance in the government

They worried about the election of a Northern, anti-slavery

president

EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR

FIRING ON

FORT SUMTER

April, 1861

An important federal post was Fort Sumter, it controlled the

entrance to the Charleston Harbor, in South Carolina

Running low on supplies, Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply

them

South Carolina demanded that the Union troops leave the fort

Union troops refused – Confederate guns opened fire on Fort

Sumter

The Civil War had begun

FREDERICK DOUGLASS

He persuaded the Union to permit

African Americans to fight in the army

The number of African-Americans began

to outnumber the white volunteers for

the army.

Neither side was ready for a battle

Both relied on volunteers – the North had a

larger population, therefore more soldiers

General Winfield Scott developed the

Union’s two-part strategy

He wanted to destroy the South’s economy

through a naval blockade of southern

seaports and gain control of the Mississippi

river.

It would take time to succeed

The strategies of the North and South led

to a war fought on land and sea

HABEAS CORPUS:

Constitutional protection

against unlawful imprisonment

On April 27, 1861 Abraham Lincoln

suspended the right of habeas

corpus.

He did this in response to riots,

local militia actions and the threat

that the border state of Maryland

would secede from the Union,

leaving the nation’s capital

surrounded by hostile territory.

Lincoln acted without congressional

approval.

Chief Justice Taney

HABEAS CORPUS

U.S. Supreme Court case challenged the president’s rights

to suspend habeas corpus.

Ex parte Merryman – John Merryman

Taney ruled that President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas

corpus was unconstitutional. Lincoln ignored the ruling.

Lincoln defended his authorization for the suspension of

habeas corpus primarily because the nation was at war.

Congress authorized the Habeas Corpus Act in 1863 to

relieve the president from being held liable for acting

without congressional approval

ROBERT E. LEE Chief General of

Confederacy

When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces

He refused, resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces

In 1862 Lee was appointed command of the Army of North Virginia

His battle strategies are admired to this day

STONEWALL JACKSON

Confederate General

Considered to be one of the most

gifted tactical commanders in U.S.

history

His death was a severe blow to

the Confederacy and his men’s

morale

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM Maryland - 1862

Confederate leaders hoped a victory on Northern soil

might break Union spirits and convince Europe to help

Both sides began drafting soldiers to meet the demand of

troops

The battle lasted for hours

It was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war

Union casualties – more than12,000

Confederate casualties – more than 13,000

Union victory

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

(JANUARY 1,1863)

Lincoln proclaimed all enslaved people in

Confederate lands to be forever free

The proclamation could not be enforced in rebel

areas, but as the Union took over rebel lands, slaves

were set free instead of returned to their masters

This was not a law passed by Congress

This changes the nature of the war from preserving

the Union to freeing the slaves

WEST VIRGINIA

West Virginia became a state following the

Wheeling Conventions, in which 50 northwestern

counties of Virginia whose landowners owned few

to no slaves decided to break away from Virginia

during the American Civil War.

The new state was admitted to the Union on June

20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state.

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Pennsylvania – 1863

92,000 Union troops

fought 76,000 Confederate

troops

The Union won

This turned back the

Confederate invasion

of the North

Considered the turning

point of the Civil War

ULYSSES S.

GRANT

Chief General of the

Union Army

He created an overall plan

concentrated on Sherman’s

march through Georgia and

his own assault on the

Confederate Army in Virginia

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (FOUR MONTHS AFTER THE BATTLE)

Lincoln’s speech: “Four score and seven years ago”

Equality – “all men are created equal”

The Union – Restore peace and keep the nation united

The Government – “The government of the people, by

the people, and for the people shall not perish from the

earth.”

Liberty – Principles of liberty and equality based on the

Declaration of Independence

SIEGE OF VICKSBURG

The North captured this strong hold to gain

control of the Mississippi River and divided the

Southern States

ABRAHAM LINCOLN – SECOND TERM

1865

LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS

March 4, 1865

Equality – Denounces slavery

The Union – Restoration and peace for the

Union

The Government – Lincoln stated that there

were people trying to destroy the government

with or without war

Liberty – War will continue until slavery ceases to

exist

LEE’S SURRENDER April 9, 1865

Appomattox Court

House

Brings the Civil War

to a close

Lee surrenders the

Confederate forces

of Virginia to Grant

UNITED STATES WAR CASUALTIES

American Revolution: 25,000

Civil War: 625,000

World War I: 116,000

World War II: 405,000

Korean War: 36,000

Vietnam War: 58,000

Afghanistan: 2,000

Iraq War: 4,000

War on Terror: 6,700

These are approximate counts. The numbers are

generally a bit higher.

ORIGINAL TARGETS – APRIL 14, 1865

A

Abraham Lincoln

President Andrew Johnson

Vice President

William Seward

Secretary of State

FORD’S THEATRE

ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth

Southern Sympathizer

April 14, 1865

CONSPIRATORS

Mary Surratt

George Atzerodt

Lewis Powell

David Herold

LINCOLN/KENNEDY COINCIDENCES Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846

John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946

Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860

John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960

The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters

Both were particularly concerned with civil rights

Both wives lost children while living in the White House.

Both presidents were shot on a Friday

Both were shot in the head

Both were assassinated by Southerners

Both were succeeded by Southerners

Both successors were named Johnson

Andrew Johnson was born in 1808

Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908

Both assassins were known by their three names – John Wilkes Booth, Lee Harvey Oswald

Both names have 15 letters

Both assassins were assassinated before their trials

QUALITIES OF LEADERS

Abraham Lincoln

Led the U.S. as president

during the Civil War

Through his leadership

the Union was preserved

and slavery eventually

abolished after his

assassination in 1865

Last photograph of Abraham Lincoln.

March 6, 1865

MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS

PHILIP BAZAAR Born in Chile

In the Union Navy

On board the USS Santiago

de Cuba

During the assault on Fort

Fisher

He bravely entered the fort

in the assault and

accompanied his party in

carrying dispatches at the

height of the battle

He was one of the six men

who entered the fort from

the fleet

WILLIAM CARNEY 54th Massachusetts Regiment

(Union)

Battle of Fort Wagner

He was the first black soldier

to receive the award

When his regiment’s sergeant

was shot down, Carney

grabbed the flag, led the way

to the parapet, and planted

the colors

When troops fell back he

brought off the flag, under

fierce fire – he was severely

wounded twice

Maroon - States that seceded before April 15, 1861

Red - States that seceded after April 15, 1861

Yellow - Union states that permitted slavery

Blue - Union states that forbade slavery

Gray - Territories, unaffiliated