14
. CONTENTS Part I . Aliphatic Compounds ................... . Chapter 1 Introduction ........................... Organic Chemistry .............. Composition and analysis of organic compounds .......... Qualitative detection of elements in organic compounds ................ (a) Detection of carbon and hydrogen ..................... (b) Detection of nitrogen ...................... (c) Detection of oxygen ................. Quantitative determination of elements ........ (a) Quantitative determination of carbon and hydrogen ............... (b) Quantitative estimation of nitrogen ...................... . 1 Dumas' Method ...................... . 2 Kjeldahl method (c) Quantitative estimation of halogens. phosphorus. arsenic. sulphur. etc., ..................... in organic compounds .... Ultimate analysis of organic compounds by micro-analytical methods ..... Micro-volumetric method of determination of nitrogen as gas .......... Micro-analytical estimation of carbon and hydregm ............ ........ Derivation of chemical formulae ) ................. (a) Empirical and Molecular formulz ................ (b) Structural or constitutional formulz Historical review of the development of the formulation of organic compounds Section I . Hydrocarbons and Compounds with a Monovalent Function Chapter 2 . Hydrocarbons ....................... 22 Saturated hydrocarbons or Paraffins .................... 22 The Geneva Nomenclature ..................... 24 Natural occurrence of paraffin hydrocarbons ............. 26 Methods of preparation of para& hydrocarbons ........... 26 Physical properties of the paraffins ................. 30 Chemical properties of the saturated hydrocarbons .......... 31 Individual members of the paraffin series ................ 33 Mineral Oil ............................ 36 Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons .................... 40 .............. Olefines or hydrocarbons of the ethylene series 41 ........... Structure and spatial configuration of the olefines 41 ..................... Nomenclature of the olefines 46 Occurrence and preparation of the olefines ............... 46 Physical properties of the olefines ................... 48 Chemical properties of the olefines ................... 49 Unsaturated hydrocarbons with two or more double bonds. C,,Hsrs. CnH ..... etc . 53 1 . Compounds with isolated double bonds ............... 53 2 . Hydrocarbons with cumulative double bonds ............. 54 3 . Hydrocarbons with conjugated double bonds ............. 54

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Page 1: Section Monovalent Functionlib3.dss.go.th/fulltext/c_book/540-549/547kar.pdf · 2008-03-04 · CONTENTS Part I .Aliphatic Compounds Chapter 1 .Introduction ..... Organic Chemistry

. C O N T E N T S

Part I . Aliphatic Compounds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chap te r 1 In t roduc t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organic Chemistry

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Composition and analysis of organic compounds . . . . . . . . . . Qualitative detection of elements in organic compounds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Detection of carbon and hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) Detection of nitrogen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c) Detection of oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative determination of elements

. . . . . . . . (a) Quantitative determination of carbon and hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) Quantitative estimation of nitrogen

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Dumas' Method

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Kjeldahl method (c) Quantitative estimation of halogens. phosphorus. arsenic. sulphur. etc.,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in organic compounds . . . . Ultimate analysis of organic compounds by micro-analytical methods

. . . . . Micro-volumetric method of determination of nitrogen as gas . . . . . . . . . . Micro-analytical estimation of carbon and hydregm

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivation of chemical formulae ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (a) Empirical and Molecular formulz

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) Structural or constitutional formulz Historical review of the development of the formulation of organic compounds

Section I . Hydrocarbons and Compounds with a Monovalent Function

Chap te r 2 . Hydroca rbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Saturated hydrocarbons or Paraffins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

The Geneva Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Natural occurrence of paraffin hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Methods of preparation of para& hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Physical properties of the paraffins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chemical properties of the saturated hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . 31

Individual members of the paraffin series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Mineral Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Olefines or hydrocarbons of the ethylene series 41

. . . . . . . . . . . Structure and spatial configuration of the olefines 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nomenclature of the olefines 46

Occurrence and preparation of the olefines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Physical properties of the olefines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Chemical properties of the olefines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with two or more double bonds. C,,Hsrs. CnH ..... etc . 53 1 . Compounds with isolated double bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2 . Hydrocarbons with cumulative double bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3 . Hydrocarbons with conjugated double bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Administrator
Text Box
547 KAR
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VIII CONTENTS

page Hydrocarbons of the acetylene series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Methods ofpreparation of the acetylenic hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . 58 Metallic derivatives of the acetylenic hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acetylene 59 2

C h a p t e r 3 . T h e Monovalent Halogen Function: Alkyl Hal ides . Halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Alkyl halides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Methods of preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties of the alkyl halides

. . . . . . Monohalogen derivatives of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Chap te r 4 . T h e Monovalent Hydroxyl Funct ion: Monohydric . . . . . . . . . . Occurrenm and preparation of the alcohols

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physical properties of the alcohols . . . . . . . . . . General chemical properties of the alcohols

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methyl alcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethyl alcohol

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alcoholic fermentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Propyl alcohols

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Butyl alcohols

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amy1 alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Optical activity

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spontaneous resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biochemical resolution

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chemical resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Higher alcohols

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unsaturated alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of the alcohols with inorganic acids

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of thePalogen hydracids Esters of nitrous acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of nitric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of hypochlorous acid

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of sulphu1.i~ acid

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of sulphurous acid . . Esters of phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of boric acid Esters of silicic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ethers

Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapte r 5 . T h e Monovalent Su lphur Function: AIkyl Sutp . pounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thio.alcohols . Mercaptans. . - ....... >. . . : -; . .

Thio.ethers . Alkyl sulphides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphoxides and sulphones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alkyl sulphonic acids

Chap te r 6 . Monovalent Nitrogen Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Amines

Methods of preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Properties of amines

I1 . Alkyl derivatives of hydrazine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I11 Alkyl derivatives of hydroxylamine

IV . Aliphatic nitro.compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . .

i

. Alkylene . . . . .

Organic compounds 0

Organic cbmpounds 0

Organic compounds of Organic compounds of Organic compounds of Organic compounds of Organic compounds of Organic compounds of Organic compounds of

t ives . . . . . . . . . C h a p t e r 9 . The d1va1

. . . . . . . Ketones

. Ketenes . . . . . .

C h a p t e r 11. Trivalen Hydrocyanic acid, or Nitriles . . . . . .

. . . . . Isonitriles

Acids . . . . . . . . . Saturated monobasic

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. . . . . . . . . . 57 58 . . . . . . . . . . Aliphatic phosphorus compounds 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aliphatic arsenic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Aliphatic antimony and bismuth compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Aliphatic silicon compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Aliphatic germanium compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 . . . . . . . . . . 63 Organic compounds of tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Organic lead compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

. . . . . . . . . . 63 Organic compounds of boron 132 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Organic cbmpounds of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 . . . . . . . . . . 68 Organic compounds of magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Organic compounds of zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organic compounds of cadmium 136

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Organic compounds of mertury 136 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organic compounds of copper, silver. gold. and platinum 136 . Organic compounds of chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . 137 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organic compounds of the alkali metals 137

. . . . . . . . . 77 Section I1 . Compounds with a Divalent Function

Chapter 8 . The Divalent Halogen Function: Gem.-Dihalogen Deriva- ; . . . . . . . . 86' tives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 . . . . . . . . . .* 87

Chapter 9 . The Divalent Oxygen Function: Aldehydes and Ketones . 139 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aldehydes 139

Formaldehyde . Methanal . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acetaldehyde Ethanal 148 . . . . . . . . . . 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Higher aldehydes 149 . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unsaturated aldehydes 149 . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ketones 152 . . ... . . . . . . 100 . Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Higher ketones 158 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unsaturated ketones ' : 158

. . . . . . . 103

Chapter 11 . Trivalent Nitrogen Functions . Hydrocyanic acid . Nitriles 163

107 . . . . . . . . .

109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Saturated monobasic carboxylic acids . Fatty acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 . . . . . . . . ; 111 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formic acid 176

Acetic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 112 - . . . . . . . . . . Propionic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 I

. . . . . . . . . . 112 Butyric acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 113 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Valeric acids : 180 : . 116 . . . . . . . . figher fatty acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

. . . . . . . . . . 120 Monobasic unsaturated acids with ethylenic linkages; acrylic or oIeic acid series, 121 . . . . . . . . . . . C,H,,, COOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

. . . . . . . . . . . 121 Unsaturated carboxylic acids with two or three ethylenic linkages . . 187

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X CONTENTS

Unsaturated carboxylic acids with the triple bond. . . . . . . . . . Esters of the carboxylic acids.

Fruit essences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Waxes

Fats and oils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphatides. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lecithins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esters of the ortho-carboxylic acids . . . . . . . Acid halides of the carboxylic acids

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acid anhydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acid amides

Imino-ethers. Amidines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydroxamic acids

Acid hydrazides. Hydrazidines. Acid azides. . . .

Section IV. Compounds with Tetravalent Functions

C h a p t e r 13. Simple Te t ra subs t i tu t ion P roduc t s of M e t h a n e . . . . . 202 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~etravalent halogen function.

Halogen-, sulphur-, and nitrogen-containing derivatives of carbonic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosgene, carbonyl chloride

~hlorocarbonic esters . . . Carbon oxysulphide. . . . Carbon disulphide . . . .

Carbamic acid and its derivatives. Urea . . . . . . . . . . Guanidine. . . . . . . . Thiourea . . . . . . . .

Cyanic acid . . . . . . . . . . Fulminic acid . . . . . . . . . Thiocyanic acid . . . . . . . .

Section V. Compounds with Two Functions in the Molecule

. . . . . . Chap te r 14. Compounds wi th T w o Monovalent Funct ions 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dihalogen compounds. 2 15

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glycols . 2 1 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mono- and di-thioglycols 221

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amino-alcohols. 222 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diamines 223

Chapter 15. Polyhalogen Compounds. Halogen Derivatives of Aldehydes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a n d Carboxyl ic Acids 226

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Polyhalogen derivatives 24 ._. . . . 226 . . . . . . . . 11. Halogen derivatives of the aldehydes and carboxylic ac ih 227

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chloral . 2 2 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halogen substituted fatty acids 227

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . C h a p t e r 16. Ox ida t ion P roduc t s of Glycol. 229 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydroxyaldehydes. Hydroxyketones. 229

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dialdehydes. Diketones 23 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monohydroxy -carboxylic acids 235

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aldehydic carboxylic acids. 238 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ketonic carboxylic acids. : . . . 239

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F'puvic acid. 239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acetoacetic acid 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laed in ic acid. 245

C h a p t I.

11. 111.

e r 17. Cyanogen

Glutaric acid. . Adipic acid . . Pimelic acid . . Suberic acid . . Azelaic acid. . Sebacic acid. .

IV. Unsaturated dicarl Maleic and fumz Citraconic, mesa

C h a p t e r 18. Amino-cart I. Amino-carboxylic a 4

Aliphatic diazo-cd Polypeptides. . ; Stereochemistry d

11. Proteins . . . . . . Types of proteins.

Section VI. Compounds

C h a p t e r 19. Poly-alcoh' Glycerol. . . . . Erythritol . . . . Pentaerythritol. . Pentitols. . . . Hexitols. . . . . Heptitols . . . .

Chap te r 20. Oxidation except ion of Carbohyd~

Tartronic acid. Malic acid. . . O ~ l a c e t i c acid. Meso~alis acid . Tartaric acids . Citric acid. . .

C h a p t e r 2 1 . C a r b o h y d ~ I. Monosaccharides.

Configuration oft Synthesis of natw Detection ofsuga-

- Some monosacchi Glucuronic acid. - Amino-sugars . Chitin . . . .

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Methane . . . . . . . . . . .

a , . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . .

ctions . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. -- ._ .-.- . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v , . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

des . . 226 . : 226 . . 227 . . 227 . . 227

. . 229

. . 229

. . 231

. . 235

. . 238

. . 239

. . 239

. . 240

. . 245

CONTENTS XI

page Chapter 17. Cyanogen. Dicarboxylic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

I. Cyanogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 11. Free thiocyanogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

111. Saturated dicarboxylic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Malonic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Succinic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Glutaric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Adipic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Pimelic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Suberic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Azelaic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Sebacic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

IV. Unsaturated dicarboxylic acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Maleic and fumaric acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Citraconic, mesaconic, and itaconic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Chapter 18. Amino-carboxylic acids a n d Proteins. . . . . . . . . . ,258 I. Amino-carboxylic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Aliphatic diazo-compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Polypeptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Stereochemistry of the a-amino-acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

11. Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Types of proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Section VI. Compounds with Three or More Functions in the Molecule

Chapter 19. Poly-alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Glycerol. . . . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Erythritol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Pentaerythritol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Pentitols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Hexitols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Heptitols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Chapter 20. Oxidat ion Products of t h e Polyhydric Alcohols (with t h e exception of Carbohydrates) . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Tartronic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Malic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Oxalacetic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Mesoxalic acid. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Tartaric acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Citric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Chapter 21. Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. Monosaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Configuration of the sugars and their related derivatives Synthesis of natural sugars. . . . . . . . . . . . . Detection of sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some monosaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glucuronic acid. Galacturonic acid. Mannuronic acid . Amino-sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chitin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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page 11. Polysaccharides resembling sugars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Some polysaccharides resembling sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1 A. Disaccharides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 B. Trisaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 %

C. Tetrasaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 111. Pol$saccharides not resembling sugars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Glycogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 . Inulin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Pectins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 0 Cellulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Wood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 Lichenin (reserve cellulose) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hemicelluloses 334 Artificial silk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Part 11. Carbocyclic Compounds *

A. Aromatic Cornpourids

C h a p t e r 22. In t roduc t ion . Const i tu t ion of Benzene . . . . . . . . 339 Constitution of benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Substitution isomerism in the. benzene series . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Section I. Compounds with a Monovalent Function C h a p t e r 23. Aromat ic Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Benzene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 8 Homologues of benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

. . . . . : . . Hydrocarbons with more than one uncondensed benzene nucleus 358 Aromatic hydrocarbons with 'trivalent' carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Aromatic hydrocarbons with condensed benzene nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Naphthalene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acenaphthene 370 Perylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Anthracene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371 Phenanthrene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

C h a p t e r 24. Halogen Derivatives of Aromat ic H y d r o c a r b o n s . . . . . 374 Benzene derivatives substituted with halogen in the side-chain . . . . .-. . . 380

Chap te r 25. Nitro-compounds of Aromat ic ~ ~ d r o c % r b o n ~ . . . . . . 381 Nitro-compounds with the nitro-group in the side-chain . . . . . . . . . . . 384

C h a p t e r 26. Nitroso- a n d Hydroxy lamine Derivatives of Aromat ic Hy- d roca rbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Nitroso-compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Hydroxylamine derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

C h a p t e r 27. Aromat ic Sulphonic Acids a n d the i r Reduc t ion Products Sulphinic acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Thiophenols . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Halogen and nitro-benzene sulphonic acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Chap te r 28. P h e n o l s . . Monohydric phenols . .

Preparation of phe Properties of pbenc Individual monoh~

Polyhydric phenols . . . Dihydroxybenzene Trihydroxybenzenc Polyhydroxybenza

Naphthols . . . . . . . Hydroxy-anthracenes . .

Chap te r 29. Halogen Ca, Phenols, a n d Nitrophen

Halogen derivatives of pk Phenol- and naphthol sul Nitrophenols. . . . . -

. Chap te r 30. Aromatic &,

Chap te r 31. Aromatic Aromatic monoamines.

Aniline . . . . Homologues of an

Aromatic diamines . . Naphthylamines . . . Arorqatic amines with th Halogen derivatives of a] Nitro-derivatives of aron Sulphonic acids of aromi

A. Sulphonic acic B. Sulphonic acic

. . . . Aminophenols

C h a p t e r 32. Acid Deri! Organic acyl-derivatives Inorganic acid derivativ

1. Thionylamine! I 2. Sulphaminic a'

3. Nitranilides . 4. Nitrous acid d Substitution of th Reduction and 01

Chap te r 33. Azo-Corn1 Colour and dyes Azo-dyes . . . Azoxy -compound

Chap te r 34. Aromatic -

Chap te r 35. Aromatic I Phosphorus deriy Anenic compour

' Antimony cornpi Aryl alkali-metal

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. . . . . . . . Chapter 2& Phenols Monohydric phenols . . . . . . . .

Preparation of phenols . . . . Properties of phenols . . . . . Individual monohydric phenols .

. . . . . . . . . Polyhydric phenols Dihydroxybenzenes . . . . . .

. . . . . . Trihydroxybenzenes . . . . . Polyhydroxybenzenes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Naphthols Hydroxy-anthracenes . . . . . . . .

Chapter 29 . Halogen Compounds of Phenols. Sulphonic Derivatives of Phenols. and Ni.trophenols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Halogen derivatives of phenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Phenol- and naphthol sulphonic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Nitrophenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Chapter 30 . Aromatic Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Chapter 31 . Aromatic Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Aromatic monoamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Homologues of aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Aromatic diamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Naphthylamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

. . . . . . . . . . . Aromatic amines with the amino-group in the side chain 422 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Halogen derivatives of aromatic amines 423

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nitro-derivatives of aromatic amines 423 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sulphonic acids of aromatic amines 425

A . Sulphonic acids of aniline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 . B . Sulphonic acids of the naphthylamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Aminophenols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

Chapter 32 . Acid Derivatives of the Aromatic Amines . . . . . . 428 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organic acyl-derivatives of the aromatic amines 428

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inorganic acid derivatives of the amines 430 1 . Thionylamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . Sulphaminic acids 430 3 . Nitranilides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 4 . Nitrous acid derivatives . Diazonium salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

. . . . . . . . . . . Substitution of the diazo-group by other radicals 435 Reduction ariaoxidation of diazonium salts . ., . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Chapter 33 . Azo.Compounds . Azo.Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Colour and dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Azo-dyes 445 Azoxy-compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

ea of Aromatic Hy- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 34 Aromatic derivatives of hydrazine 1455 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Hydrazo-compounds 455 . . . . . . . . . . 384 . . Tetra-arylhydrazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 . . . . . . . . . . 385

eduction Products . . . . . . . . . . 387 . . . . . . . . . . 387' . . . . . . . . . . 388

Chapter 35 . Aroinatic Phosphorus. Arsenic. and Antimony Compounds 458 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phosphorus derivatives 458

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenic compounds 459 F

Antirno~y compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aryl alkali-metal compounds 461

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XIV CONTENTS

Section II. Compounds with Di- and Trivalent Functions page

C h a p t e r 36. Aromat ic a ldehydes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Benzaldehyde. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other aromatic aldehydes 463

C h a p t e r 37. Aromat ic ke tones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Individual ketones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 72

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unsaturated ketones 474 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydroxy-ketones 475

C h a p t e r 38. Simple Aromat ic Carboxyl ic Acids. . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Benzoic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Derivatives of benzoic acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Benzonitrile, phenyl cyanide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Homologues of benzoic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 Unsaturated aromatic carboxylic acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vulpinic acid 485

. . . . . . . . . . Chap te r 39. Polybasic Aromat ic Carboxyl ic Acids 486

Chap te r 40. Chloro- , Nitro- , and Amino-der ivat ives of a romat i c carbo- xylic ac ids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Chlorobenzoic acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Nitrobenzoic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Arninobenzoic acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

C h a p t e r 41. Aromat ic Hydroxy -acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 A. Hydroxy-acids with a phenolic nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

1. Monohydroxy-acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 2. Dihydroxy -acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 6 3. Trihydroxy-acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 4. Tannins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

B. Aromatic Hydroxy-acids with an alcoholic nature . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Section HI. Pyrone compounds. Indigo dyea

C h a p t e r 42. Derivatives of a - and y-pyrone . . . . . . . . . A. Derivatives of a-pyrone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Coumarin derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derivatives of dibenzo-a-pyrone . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. Derivatives of y-pyrone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flavone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flavanone derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isoflavone derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dyes of brazil-wood and logwood. . . . . . . . . . . . . Xanthone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chap te r 43. Anthocyanins . Catechins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catechins

C h a p t e r 44. Ind igo Dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indigo

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indigo derivat~ves. Indigoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thio-indigo

C h a p t e r 45. Benzoquinc Individual quinont

Derivatives of benzoquinc A. Quinone oxime B. Quinone-imine C. Indophenols. 11 Aniline black . .

C h a p t e r 46. Naphthaqu Dyes derived from Phenanthraquinon

Chap te r 47. A n t h r a q u i ~ Anthraquinone . . Anthraquinone sul Hydroxy-anthraq~ Trihydroxy-anthri Polyhydroxy-anth Amino-anthraqui~

Vat dyes of the anthraqu (a) Indanthrene c (b) Flavanthrene (c) Benzanthrone (d) Anthraquinon (e) Anthraquinon

C h a p t e r 48. Dyes deriv Hydroxy-derivatives off Fuchsone-imonium dyes,

(a) Malachite grc (b) Fuchsine clas.

C h a p t e r 49. Quinone d A. Phenazine dyes . .

. . . B. Oxazine dves : . . . C. ~h iaz ine dyes.

. . . D. Sulphur dyes Blue sulphur dye: Yellow sulphur d

. . E. Acridine dyes. F. Xanthylium salts .

(a) Pyronines . (b) Rosamines . (c) Rhodamines (d) Fluoresceins

Chap te r 50. In t roduct Natural occurrer Synthetic alicycl Ring-fission of af Conversion of or-

(a) Methods (b) Methods

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5'of aromatic carbo-

CONTENTS XV

Section w. Quinonea page

Chap te r 45. Benzoquinones a n d their simpler Derivatives . . . . . . 531 Individual quinones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534

Derivatives of benzoquinone . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . 536 A. Quinone oximes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536 B. Quinone-imines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 C. Indophenols. Indamines . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . 538 Aniline black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Chapte r 46. Naphthaquinones . Phenan thraqu inone . . . . . . . . . . 541 Dyes derived from the naphthaquinones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Phenanthraquinone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Chapte r 47. Anthraquinone a n d its derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Anthraquinone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Anthraquinone sulphonic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Hydroxy-anthraquinones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Trihydroxy-anthraquinones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Polyhydroxy-anthraquinones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 . Amino-anthraquinones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

Vat dyes of the anthraquinone series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 (a) Indanthrene dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 (b) Flavanthrene dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554 (c) Benzanthrone dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 (d) Anthraquinone imine dyes and acylaminoanthraquino~les . . . . . 557 (e) Anthraquinone-acridone dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Chapte r 48. Dyes derived from Fuchsone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 Hydroxy-derivatives of fuchsone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 1 Fuchsone-imonium dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

(a) Malachite green class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 (b) Fuchsine class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

Chapte r 49. Quinone dyes with closed rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 A. Phenazine dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568 B. Oxazine dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 C.Thiazinedyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576 D. Sulphur dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578

Blue sulphur dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Yellow sulphur dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581

E. Acridine dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 F. Xanthylium salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

(a) Pyronines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 (b) Rosamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 (c) Rhodamines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 (d) Fluoresceins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Chapter 50. Int roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588 Natural occurrence of naphthenes, terpenes and camphors . . . . . . . 589 Synthetic alicyclic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590

c Ring-fission of alicyclic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 Conversion of one ring system into another. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

(a) Methods of contracting the ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 (b) Methods of expanding the ring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

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XVI CONTENTS '

Page Chap te r 51. Cyclopropane a n d its derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapte r 52. Cyclobutane a n d its derivatives 599

Chap te r 53. Cyclopentane a n d its derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Fulvenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 4 Ketones of the cyclopentane series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 Carboxylic acids of the gclopentane series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606

Chap te r 54. Cyclohesane a n d its derivatives (excluding a romat ic com- pounds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

Connection between ~yclohexane derivatives of aromatic and alicyclic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . character 609

Occurrence and preparation of cyclohexane compounds. . . . . . . . . 612 . . . . . . . . . . . . Stereoisomerism of the GyGIohexane compounds 613

Hydrocarbons of the cyclohexane series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 A. Saturated hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5 B. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with one double bond . . . . . . . . . 616 C. Unsaturated hydrocarbons with two double bonds . . . . . . . . . 618 Cyclohexatriene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Alcohols of the cvclohexane series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624 ~~droxyiderivatives of cyGIohexane . . .

. . . Alcohols derived fromp-menthane Aldehydes and ketones of the cyclohexane series .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . Aldehydes. Saturated ketones. . . . . . . . . . . Unsaturated ketones . . . . . . . . . Exocyclic ketones of the cyclohexane series

Carboxylic acids of tht cyclohexane series. . . .

Chapte r 55. Bicyclic terpenes and camphors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 .

Thujane group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 Carane group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643 Pinane group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 Camphane group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

Chap te r 56. Sesquiterpenes. Polyterpenes. Sterols. Vitamins. Caout- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . chouc. .651

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sesquiterpenes 651 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carotenoid pigments 655

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sterols .659 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bile acids : 662

Sexual hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hormones of the adrenal cortex 667

Vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caoutchouc 678

Chap te r 57. Cycloheptane and its derivatives. ; . . . . . . . . . . . 681

Chapter 58. Cyclooctane and its derivatives. Alicyclic compounds with higher r ing systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684

Part

Section I. Simpler Hetc Nature . . . . . . . Chapter 59. Five-mem

. . . . Furan group. Furan. . . . . Coumarone . .

. . . Thiophen group

. . . Thiophen Homologues of I

Thionaphthen . . . . . Pyrrole group

Pyrrole . . . Homologues of Colouring matt1 Chlorophyll . Reduction prod Carboxylic acid

. . Indole group. Carbazole .

Chapte r 60. Five-mc Hetero-atoms. . . .

A. Five-membered r i ~ Oxazole deriva Thiazole deriv; Irninazole (glyc Pyrazole and it

B. Five-membered he Furazanes. . 1 : 2 : 3-Triazc 1 : 2 : 4-Triazc Tetrazole . .

Chapter 61. Six-mem Pyran derivatives. . Pyridine and its deriv Quinoline compound Isoquinoline . . . .

Chapte r 62. Six-mem . . . . . . . atoms.

Diazines. . . . . . Pyrimidines . Pyrazines . .

Purine compounds . Uric acid . . Xanthine . . Hypoxanthine Adenine. . .

. . Guanine. . . . Nucleic acids.

. . . . . Triazines Tetrazines. . . . .

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Part I11 . Heterocyclic Compounds

599 . . . . . . . . .

603 Chap te r 59 . Five-membered Heterocyclic Rings with one Hetero-atom 693 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Furan group 693 . . . . . . . . . .

Furan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coumarone 696

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thiophen group 700 Thiophen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Homologues of thiophen 700 . . . . . . . . 609 Thionaphthen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

. . . . . . . . . 609

. . . . . . . . . 612

. . . . . . . . . 613 615 . . . . . . . . . 615 . . . . . . . . . Reduction products of pyrrole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 616 . . . . . . . . . . Carboxylic acids of pyrrole and its hydrogenation products . . . . . . . 715

. . . . m a . . . 618 . : . . . . . . 623

624 . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . 624 . . Chapte r 60 . Five-membered Heterocyclic Rings with two or more 626 . . . . . . . . . Hetero-atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Five-membered rings with two hetero-atoms 722 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oxazole derivatives ;722 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632 Thiazole derivatives ." 723

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 . . . . . . . . . . Iminazole (glyoxaline) and its derivatives 724 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrazole and its derivatives 727 . . . . . . B Five-membered heterocyclic rings with three or more hetero-atoms 731

Furazanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 : 2 : 3-Triazoles 731

. . . . . . . . . _ 646

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vitamins . Caout- Pyran derivatives 735 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyridine and its derivatives 737 . . . . . . . . . . 651 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quinoline compounds 142 . . . . . . . . . 651 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Isoquinoline 746 . . . . . . . . . . 655

659 . . . . . . . . . . 662 . . . . . . . . . . Chapte r 62 . Six-membered Heterocyclic Rings with two or more Hetero- 663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . atoms 747

. . . . . . . . . 667 Diazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 . . . . . . . . . . 672 . Pyrimidines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748

. . . . . . . . . . . 678 Pyrazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 Purine compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Uric acid 753 . . . . . . . . . . Xanthine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7570

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yclic compounds Hypoxanthine 758 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 Adenine ; 758 . . . . . . . . . . .

Guanine . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 Nucleic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

.

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XVIII CONTENTS

Section 11. Alkaloids Page

Chap te r 63. Definit ion. Occurrence. Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . 764

Chap te r 64. Alkaloids of the Aromat ic Amine type . . . . . . . . . 1. Derivatives of anthranilic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Benzylamine derivatives. 3. Derivatives of phenylethylamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ephedrine and Pseudo-ephedrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tyramine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hordenine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adrenaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mezcaline

Chap te r 65. Alkaloids with a Pyrrole Nucleus. . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 Stachydrine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 Betonicine and Turicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 Hygrine and Cuskhygrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 Nicotine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapte r 66. Pyr idine Alkaloids 774 1. Hemlock alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Coniine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 y-Coniceine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 Conhydrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Trigonelline. 777 3. Areca alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

Arecaidine and arecoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 Guvacine and guvacoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Alkaloids of pepper. 779 Piperine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779

5. Ricinine, Lobeline, Anabasine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780

Chap te r 67. Alkaloids with condensed Pyrrolidine- and Piperidine-rings 782 1. Atropine group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,782

Atropine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 Tropeines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Hyoscyamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Convolamine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Scopolamine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786

2. Cocaine group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Cocaine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Tropacocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790

. Cinnamyl-cocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 a- and /?-Tmxilline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Benzoyl-ecgonine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

3. Alkaloids of Pomegranate bark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 Pseudo-pelletierine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 Isopelletierine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

4. Alkaloids of the Broom and Lupin group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

.. 1

Chapte r 68. Cinchona Alkaloids (Alkaloids wi th a Quinol ine ring) . . 794 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cinchonine ; 794

Cinchonidine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 Quinine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 Quinidine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 Cupreine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801

Chap te r 69. Alkaloids r 1. Anhalonium alkaloids. 2. Papaverine group . .

Papaverine . . . . . Laudanosine.

. . . Laudanine. Narcotine. . . . Narceine . . . .

. . . Hydrastine

. . . 3. Berberine group Berberine . . . Canadine . . . Corydaline . .

Chapte r 70. Morphine 1. Morphine alkaloids.

Morphine and Cc Thebaine . . .

2. Colchicine . . . . 3. Alkaloids of the cry^

Chap te r 7 1. Carboline Harmine alkaloic Yohimbine . . Evodiamine. Rui Vasicine (Pegani

Chap te r 72. Alkaloid of Unknown Consti tut

Alkaloids of erg Pilocarpine . . Aconitine . . . , Cytisine. . . .

. . . Emetine. Physostigmine o Strychnine and

The Production of. Robinson's theo

Part IV. Orga

Methods of preparatic Properties . . . .

Compounds of Compounds de

points . . Number of stm Number of is01 Number of str Number of st1

cyclic comp World product

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CONTENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 69 Alkaloids with an Isoquinoline ring 802 . .

. 1 Anhalonium alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802

. 2 Papaverine group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 . . . . . . . . . . 766 Papaverine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laudanosine 804

Laudanine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Narcotine 806 . . . . . . . . . . 767 Narceine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809

. a < . . . . . . . 769 Hydrastine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 a . . . . . . . . . 769 . . . . . . . . 3 Berberine group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 . . . . . . . . . . 769 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Berberine 811 . . . . . . . . . . 770 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Canadine 814

Corydaline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 . . . . . . . . . . 771

. . . . . . . a . . . . . . . . . 771 Chapter 70 Morphine and Cryptopine Alkaloids Colchicine 815 . . . . . . . . . . 771 1 . Morphine alkaloids 815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . Morphine and Codeine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thebaine 819

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Colchicine 820 . . . . . . . . . . 774 3 . Alkaloids of the Cryptopine type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

774 . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harmine alkaloids 823 Yohimbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . 823

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evodiamine Rutaecarpine 824 . . a * . . . . . . . 778 Vasicine (Pcganine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824

s . . . . . . . . . 778 ; . . . . . . . . . 779 Chapter 72 . A l k a l o i d s of Ergo t , Pilocarpine, Eserine, a n d Alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . 779 of Unknown Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

. . . . . . . . 779 Alkaloids of ergot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pilocarpine 826

Aconitine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Piperidine-rings 782 Cytisine 827 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 Emetine 827 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ph~sostigmine or eserinc 827

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strychnine and brucine 828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Production of Alkaloids in Nature 828

. . . . . . . . . 786 Robinson's theory of phytochemical synthesis of alkaloids 830 . . . . . . .

. . . . . . 787 -. . . . . . . . 787 Part IV . Organic Compounds with Heavy Hydrogen . . . . . . . . 790 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Methods of preparation 835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Properties 837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791

. . . . . . . . . 791 . Tables r

. . . . . . . . . Compounds of most frequent occurrence in coal-tar 843 Compounds definitely present in coal-tar arranged in order of boiling

points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844 inoline ring) . . 794 . . . . . Number of structural isomerides of some aliphatic compounds 847 ; . . . . . . . . 794 Number of isomerides of paraffins d alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . 848 . . . . . . . . . 797 Number of structural isomerides o cyclic hydrocarbons . . . . . . . 848

797 ?='

. . . . . . . . . Number of structural isomerides of the substitution products of' some

. . . . . . . . . 801 cyclic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

. . . . . . . . . 801 World production of coal, 1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

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Estimate of World sugar production : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Comparison of World-production of beet-sugar and cane-sugar (1895-

1937) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Rtlative sweetness of various organic substances . . . . . . . . . . . 851

. . . . Consumption of alcoholic beverages in some civilised countries 851 Classification of smells of organic compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 852 Minimal concentrations of some perfumes which can be detected . . . . 852 More important poisonous compounds occurring in industry . . . . . 853 Best-known poisonous substances used in warfare . . . . . . . . . . 853 Effects of corrosive and poisonous gases and vapours . . . . . . . . . 854 Limits of tolerance of human beings towards poisonous substances . 855 Annual production of morphine. heroin. and cocaine . . . . . . . . . 855 Opium production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 World production and use of the more important textiles . . . . . . . 856 Amount of cotton. natural silk. and artificial silk produced by the more

important producing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Percentage of various textiles in clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856 Sections of various textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 Various textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858 Percentage of various artificial silks produced in 1937 . . . . . . . . . 859 Chemical imports and exports of various countries . . . . . . . . . . 859 Production of coal-tar dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Comparison of properties of some explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860 Dissociation constants of some important organic bases . . . . . . . . 860

. . . . . . . Dissociation constants of the more important organic acids 861 Intervals over which indicators change colour . . . . . . . . . . . . 861 Constants of normal primary alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862 Atomic refractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

I m p o r t a n t d a t e s i n t h e h i s t o r y of O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y . . . . . . 863

R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867

I n d e x . . . . . . .

ALIPI