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Growth of EducationBefore 1870, fewer than half of American
children went to school
In the North, most states passed laws that required children to attend school, usually through the 6th grade
Education contd.In the South, the Freedmen’s Bureau built
grade schools for both African American and white students
In cities such as Boston and New York, public schools taught English to young immigrant children also learned the duties and rights of citizens
High School and CollegesBy 1900, The United States had 6,000 high
schools
Many states built universities that offered free or low cost education to young men and women. However, African American and other nonwhites like Chinese had fewer opportunities to get a college education
Public LibrariesWealthy individuals like Andrew Carnegie
gave money to towns and cities to build public libraries. Libraries were more than places to find books and magazines
Headlines and ScandalsThe number of newspapers grew dramatically
after 1880. By 1900 half the newspapers printed in the world were printed in the United States
Many immigrants learned English by spelling their way through a daily newspaper
Scandals contd.Stories about Greek, Slavic, Polish, and
Italian communities helped establish Americans understand their immigrant neighborhoods
They also gave a sense of being a New Yorkers, Chicagoans, and Bostonians
Two Newspaper GiantsJoseph Pulitzer created the first modern,
mass circulation newspaper. Pulitzer was a Hungarian immigrant. In 1883, he bought the New York World.
To win readers, Pulitzer slashed the price to 2 cents, and added sports pages and comic strips
Giants contd.He introduced pictures and bold headlines to
make stories more exciting
Under Pulitzer’s guidance, circulation of the World soared from 20,000 to 1 million
Giants contd.William Randolph Hearst, who came to New
York from San Francisco, soon challenged Pulitzer. He bought the New York Journal and began to print more scandals, crime stories, and gossip than the World
Giants contd.Critics coined the phrase yellow journalism
for the sensational reporting style of the World and the Journal
Women JournalistNewspapers added special sections on
fashion, social events, health, homemaking, and family matters
A few women, like Nellie Bly worked as reporters. Once Bly pretended to be insane in order to find out the treatment of the mentally ill
New Reading HabitsEach magazine had its own special audience.
The Ladies’ Home Journal appealed to middle class women
By 1900, it had one (1) million readers. Other magazines such as Harpers Monthly and the Nation specialized in article about politics and current events
Habits contd. In the late 1800’s paperback books became
popular. Bestsellers were often dime novels. These low-priced paperbacks offered thrilling adventure stories
Tales of rags to richesHoratio Alger, a popular writer, produced
more than 100 children's books. Most told the story of a poor boy who became rich and respected through hard work and honesty
Riches contd.They offered hope to the poorest person
could become rich and successful in the United States
In the 1880’s a new crop of writers appeared. They were called realists. These people wanted to show life just as it was
Riches contd.Stephen Crane wrote one novel about a girl
who is born and dies in a filthy slumHe is best known today for the Red Badge of
Courage, a short story the Civil War
Riches contd.Paul Laurence Dunbar was the first African
American to make a living as a writer. He wrote such poems as “We Wear the Mask”, in a serious elegant style.
Mark TwainThe Most famous author of this time period
was Samuel Clemens, better known as his pen name, Mark Twain
Twain had an eye and an ear for “local color”. That is he described the special features of a region and captured the way people spoke in different parts of the nation
Realism in ArtWinslow Homer, a young man during the
Civil War drew battle scenes for magazines. Later he painted realistic scenes of brutal battles
Art contd.Another realist, Thomas Eakins studied in
Europe, but his style was unique to America. He paid great attention to detail
Art contd.One African American student painter, Henry
Tanner, who later movies to Paris to escape prejudice
Art contd.The painter Mary Cassatt was born in
Pennsylvania but settled to Paris, she painted in bright, colorful scenes of people in everyday life.