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Section 3
Plagiarism and Referencing
Introduction
This section in your Study Skills Manual is going to cover two different, but inter-
related areas: plagiarism and referencing. When you come to University, one of the
tasks that you often perform is reading. You will use the reading you do to inform
your own opinion and to build arguments that you will write in your essays and
exams. Section 4 of this manual will give advice on effective reading techniques.
However it is absolutely essential to learn how to reference all of the reading that you
have done in your own work, otherwise you could be accused of plagiarism.
Furthermore, if you have not referenced the reading and your notes properly then you
will not be able to use it in your work – which is not a good use of the time that you
have spent doing the reading in the first place!
Part 1: Plagiarism
University of Bristol Guidelines
Plagiarism is a term that is often used, and heard, in universities but is often not
understood. Plagiarism occurs when you use other people’s ideas, concepts, words or
theories and either try to pass them off as your own, or do so inadvertently. This
includes using information you have obtained from the world wide web. Bristol
University’s guidelines define plagiarism as:
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University Definition of Plagiarism
"Plagiarism is the presentation of someone else's work as though it were your own" (JISC Plagiarism Advisory Service 2003)
“Passages quoted or closely paraphrased from other authors must be identified as quotations or paraphrases, and the sources of the quoted or paraphrased material must be acknowledged. Use of unacknowledged sources may be construed as plagiarism.” (Examination Regulations, 2002)
And from the Social Science Student Handbook…. Plagiarism is the presentation of someone else's work as though it were your own. However, it takes several forms, including: Obtaining an essay, eg from the Internet or another provider, and submitting it as your own work either in part or in full. This is completely unacceptable and will be treated with the utmost severity. Stealing another student’s work and submitting it as your own work either in colluding with another student to produce work together. While we expect you to work co-operatively in some of your seminars and classes, and we are always pleased when students enjoy discussing their work with each other, what you submit for assessment must be your own. In very particular circumstances, which will be clearly identified, you may be asked to submit group work, but even then you will be asked to identify your contribution. If we cannot distinguish your work from that of someone else, we cannot assess it and it is very likely to receive a mark of zero. Copying, or electronically cutting and pasting, sections (ie a whole sentence or more) of someone else’s work, without using quotation marks to clearly mark what is not yours. This includes material from the Internet. This is still plagiarism, even if you change a few words or leave out some of the sentences in a passage. Putting quotation marks round odd sentences and giving the full citation for those will not prevent any material outside the quotation marks from being assessed as plagiarism. When students are identified as doing this, they often say that they had made notes, or cut and pasted bits of sources into a notes file, and then forgot that these were verbatim rather than their own paraphrase or re-wording of the original. This is not an acceptable excuse. It is your responsibility to make sure that you keep track of your notes and material. You should always keep a record of where notes come from, including page numbers where relevant. This is part of the study skills we expect you to develop as an undergraduate at Bristol, and so you can expect us to treat such plagiarism more severely as you progress through your studies. Ultimately, if you do this in work submitted as part of your final assessment, you are very likely to receive a mark of zero for that unit, something which could affect your overall degree classification. If you are in any doubt about this, please talk to your personal tutor and unit
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convenors and get advice on good practice in note taking and the use of quotations. ‘Borrowing’ the structure of an argument from another writer and
following this too closely, presenting it as your own, without
acknowledgement. You may not actually copy verbatim sections from the
original, but you are still presenting someone else’s ideas and work as your
own. Depending on the extent to which you do this, it may make it
difficult to assess the work as your own, and result in a mark of zero for
the unit. Again, please ask for help and support if you are in any doubt
about this.
As you can see the ramifications of plagiarism are substantial: depending on the
extent, plagiarism can result in you not being awarded your degree. Therefore you
have to take care not to plagiarise, either deliberately or inadvertently.
In order to avoid plagiarism, you should:
1. Give a complete and accurate reference list of all books
or articles referred to or otherwise used. 2. Give references for all quotations, paraphrases or
mention of particular passages. 3. Never pretend that something is your own work when it
isn't!!!
Suspicion of plagiarism can be aroused through carelessness and is not always
deliberate. The University recommends that:
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when you make notes on books etc., you make it absolutely clear
in your notes what is quotation, what is paraphrase and what is
your own comment; you should then be able to avoid
unintentionally quoting or paraphrasing other people’s work
without acknowledgement.
JISC Plagiarism Detection Service JISC – the Joint Information Systems Committee – is a body which supports further
and higher education in the use of information and communications technology. One
of the services it provides is a plagiarism detection service. The University of Bristol
has signed up for this service as an institution, and in signing the University’s
registration form, which makes explicit reference to this service, all students are
automatically brought into the scheme. Essays will be checked for plagiarism using
this software.
The Plagiarism Detection Service searches the world wide web and extensive
databases of reference material and content submitted by other students to identify
any duplication of work. The software makes no decisions as to whether a student has
plagiarised, it simply highlights sections of text that have been found in other sources.
Part 2: Referencing
Different departments and different Universities use different systems for referencing
and each referencing system has a different name. Within the School for Policy
Studies, you are REQUIRED to use the Harvard Referencing System. The Harvard
system is the system which is used by the majority of social scientists so if, for
instance, you did further studies at different universities you would still use this
system.
Initially, it may seem confusing and you may be used to working with different
systems, but once you understand this system it will become more straightforward and
you will soon develop the habit of always referencing your sources in this way. One
of the things that can make it seem a bit confusing is that you will be referencing
different sources and types of material, including books and chapters in books, journal
articles, pamphlets, official government documents, and internet sources, to name but
a few. The Harvard system provides a consistent style that is used for each specific
type of material. If you do not reference properly, as well as risking accusations of
plagiarism, you will be deducted marks in your essays. Therefore in any work that
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you do, from essays to exams to presentations, from now on you are strongly advised
to use this system.
The more you apply this system the easier it will become so as well as explaining how
the system works there are a few practical examples at the end of this section for you
to ‘practice’ with.
When to Reference
In addition to referencing correctly in your reference list at the end of an essay, there
are also conventions that you must follow when you are referencing other people’s
work in the body of your own text. So before referencing at the end of your essay is
discussed, we will look at different examples of referencing within your text i.e. your
essays. Therefore this section will address:
Referencing Within Your Text
1. Referencing other people’s work: - Single authors - Multiple authors of the one text - Multiple publications by the same author
2. Reference quotations - Quotes of less than three lines long - Quotes of over three lines long
3. Shortening quotes 4. Emphasis in quotes 5. Endnotes and Footnotes 6. Errors 7. Reference list 8. Examples
- A Book - A chapter within an edited book - Journal articles - Internet sources - Newspapers - Unpublished documents (e.g. leaflets)
When you are writing an essay and you are discussing a theory or a piece of work or
an idea from someone else you have to reference the author’s name. This means that
it is not just direct quotations that you have to reference but that everything that it is
not your own work has to be acknowledged. Good academic essays will always
mention and discuss other people’s theories and ideas, but you will lose marks if you
do not reference them correctly.
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Single Author If you are using someone else’s theory you have to: write the name of the theory or
idea (sometimes you will put single quotation marks around it but not always) then
write, in brackets, the author’s surname and the date of when the publication was
written.
An example of this is in the field of male violence, where there is a theory developed
by Liz Kelly known as the ‘continuum of violence’. If you wanted to use this in your
essay you would write the words ‘continuum of violence’, put single quotation marks
around it and after this put the author’s surname, Kelly, followed by a comma and
then the date of the publication which is 1988. For example, ‘continuum of violence’
(Kelly, 1988). Alternatively if you want to use the authors name in the body of the
text, only the date is bracketed. For example, “. . . in a study by Anderson (1993)”.
To summarize, when you use someone else’s theory or idea in your
work:
1. Write the name of the theory or idea and put single quotation
marks around it, write the author’s name, and write the date
of publication. For example, ‘continuum of violence’ (Kelly,
1988).
2. Or use the author’s name in the body of your text and write
the author’s name and bracket the publication date after that.
For example, “….in a study by Kelly (1988)”.
Multiple Authors If you are referencing a theory that came from more than three authors, you only have
to write the first author’s name plus et al in your actual essay, instead of listing all of
the other authors, and then as before write the date of the book. Et al is an
abbreviation of et allii (and others) which indicates that there was more than one
author of the book or article, for example (Roberts et al, 2004). As before you can
use author names in the body of the text and date alone in brackets, for example
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“Community Mothers Programme undertaken by Johnson et al. (1993)” or “Bennet,
Wolin and Reiss (1988) highlight the possible protective value for children . . .”
When including multiple authors in the body of you text you may use et al., as in the
example above or you can write “Johnson and colleagues (1993)” either is acceptable.
When you write up the full list of references at the end of your essay you cannot write
et al but you have to write all of the authors’ names (this will be discussed more in the
bibliography section).
To summarise, when there are multiple authors in the theory or
idea/s you are quoting from in your work:
1. Write the first author’s name and add et al, and then the date
of the publication. For example (Roberts et al, 2004).
2. Or you can write in the body of your text the first author’s
name and add et al, and then write the date of the publication
in brackets. For example “Community Mothers Programme
undertaken by Johnson et al. (1993)”.
3. Or you can write in the body of your text the authors’
surnames and put the publication date in brackets. For example
“Bennet, Wolin and Reiss (1988) highlights…..”
4. In your full list of references at the end of your essay, you
must include all the names of the authors in the publication
used.
Multiple References When referencing more than one source at the same time work should be ordered by
date, earliest first for example (Canavan et al. 2000, Foley et al, 2001).
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If you are referencing two or more publications by the same author in the same year,
you have to differentiate between them by putting ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’ and so on after the date,
in order that the reader can distinguish which book or article it is that you referring to,
for example, (Blackburn, 1993a; 1993b). This is so that the reader knows that there
was more than one publication in the same year and can identify the specific material
you are referring to. In order to identify which publication came first you list them
alphabetically according to the title of the article or book. The distinguishing letter
‘a’, ‘b’ or ‘c’ is also be used to identify the publications in the reference list at the end
of your writing.
To summarize -
When you reference from different authors who have written about
the same or a similar theory or idea:
1. Write the name of the author with the earliest publication date
first and then write the others. For example (Canavan et al.
2000, Foley et al, 2001).
When you are referencing an author’s work where he or she has
written about the theory or idea in more than one publication:
2. Write the name of the author and put the publication dates
starting with the earliest, separate them with a semi-colon,
and distinguish them using ‘a’, ‘b’ or ‘c’. For example,
(Blackburn, 1993a; 1993b). Remember to give a full description
of them in your list of references at the end of your essay.
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Quotations As you will have noticed from the above examples, because we were not referencing
particular quotations from the authors we did not include page numbers. When you
quote other authors you have to include the page number(s). Thus, you would still
have the author’s name and the date but in addition you also write the page number.
You would reference in exactly the same way if there was more than one author
following conventions according to the number of authors. However there are
different conventions about how you write quotations depending on their length.
Less Than Three Lines If the quotation is less than three lines long – and please note, this is three lines, and
not three sentences long - then it can stay within the body of the text and you would
just write it as part of your sentence. So you put ‘single quotation marks’ around the
quotation and then the author’s name, the date and the page number or numbers all in
brackets. When you are writing the page number some people write ‘p’ for page,
others use a colon after the date and then give the page number. There are not fixed
rules about this, but you must be consistent choosing one format and sticking to it.
Quotations Within the Text – Less Than Three Lines Long
- Single quotation mark - Name, Date, Page Numbers (in brackets)
Example
Integral to Kelly’s critique of sociology is that ‘it ignores feminist research in other areas’ (Kelly, 1988: 3).
Over Three Lines Long If the quotation is over three lines long it is written separately so that it stands on its
own. You have to indent it and italicise it; because you are italicising and indenting
the quotation you do not have to use quotation marks. As before, write the author’s
name, date and page number after the quotation.
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Shortening a Quotation
If you are quoting from an author and it is a long sentence but you only need part of it
then there is a technique to shorten it. You should include an ellipsis (three dots) in
the quotation to show that you have taken part of it out.
Quotations Over Three Lines Long - Indent - Italicise - Name, date, page number (in brackets)
Example Thus, integral to Kelly’s argument, is that the critique of sociology must be extended to acknowledge that it often disregards feminist work in other disciplines:
Being a feminist sociologist means that my own discussion of research practice refers directly to my own discipline but many of the points I want to make apply across disciplinary boundaries. Part of my criticism of the discussion within sociology is that it ignores feminist research in other areas. (Kelly, 1988: 3)
For example, the above quotation from Kelly can be shortened by removing the
middle section. However in order to let the reader know that we have shortened it we
insert an ellipsis in the section which we have removed.
To Shorten A Quotation Example
Being a feminist sociologist means that my own discussion of research practice refers directly to my own discipline … Part of my criticism of the discussion within sociology is that it ignores feminist research in other areas. (Kelly, 1988: 3)
Sometimes in removing part of longer section of text to shorten it you will need to
insert a new word to retain the sense of the quotation. Most often this is when you
remove a Noun and retain a pronoun. In this case the word you insert must be
enclosed in square brackets and should not be italicised. For example, ‘their’ has
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been replaced in the following sentence “For inclusion in [Durlak & Wells] meta-
analysis, studies had to have . . .”.
Emphasis
As you may be aware, you can use italicisation when you want to emphasise what you
are writing. It may be the case that you are using a quotation from an author in which
they have done this. If so, then you must also emphasise the words that the author
has. Thus, you copy the quotation exactly as it is written but after you write the
quotation and the author’s name, date and page number you must write, also within
the brackets: ‘emphasis in original’. This is so that the reader knows that it is not you
but the original author whom italicised and emphasised this.
Emphasis In Original Example
‘It is perhaps unsurprising that the women were happy to take only 75 per cent of the equivalent male wage’ (Smith, 2002: 84, emphasis in original).
However if you are quoting an author and you want to emphasise what they are saying
through italicising the quotation (or part of it), then you must write ‘emphasis added’
after you write the author’s name, date and page number.
Emphasis Added Example ‘It became evident that the most devoted workers were the women’ (Smith, 2002: 54, emphasis added).
Errors
If you are quoting someone but there is an error in the text, you should copy the
quotation exactly, even though you know that there is an error. What you can do,
however, is show the reader that you know it is an error by writing (sic) in brackets
after the word. ‘Sic’ is taken from Latin and means ‘like this’ or ‘thus’.
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This can also be done for political reasons such as when sexist or racist language is
used. For instance, if you were quoting from an author who referred to a group of
people as ‘he’ when in fact some of the group members may be female then you could
write (sic) after ‘he’ in the quotation.
Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes and Endnotes are used by the author when they want to direct the reader to
an explanation or associated material that is not contained in the main body of
writing. They are used when you want to explain, expand or add something to what
you have written but which is not integral to the text. The main body of writing
should still read fluidly and make sense without the footnote/endnote. A footnote is
at the bottom of the page and endnote is at the end of the chapter or essay. The
Harvard System uses footnotes rather than endnotes. To insert a footnote in a
Word document, place the cursor where you want it to be positioned in the main body
of the text. Using the mouse, click on ‘insert’ on the main toolbar and click on
‘footnote’. This will give you the option of inserting a footnote.
References at End of the Essay Before we go on to referencing in the bibliography, there are a few explanatory details
in relation to how items are listed which have to be addressed. Never put numbers in
your reference list as you do not need them. Instead all references must be listed
alphabetically by the first author’s surname. If the author has more than one
publication, list the earliest publication first; if there is more than one publication by
an author written in the same year, list them alphabetically by the title of the article
and adding ‘a’, ‘b’ etc., as explained earlier. If some books are included by a sole
author, and others by the same first author writing with others list all the single author
books first, and the rest alphabetically. For example, Smith (1975) would come
before Smith (1976) and finally Smith & Jones (1975).
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How to Reference
Your reference list always goes at the end of your essay or article and as previously
mentioned you do not need to number items in it. You must always have a reference
list so that you can direct the reader to the sources you have used. However, there are
variations in how you reference according to the format of the text you have used.
This section is going to show you how to reference a book, a chapter within an edited
book, a journal article, a parliamentary acts, published reports and Internet sources.
The boxes below contain an explanation of how to apply the proper Harvard
formatting for each type of reference, including the correct punctuation. Where a
choice is presented (e.g. underline or italicised) either will be acceptable, but you
must apply a consistent style. Conventions exist for other types of references (e.g.
images, unpublished material) and you should research the correct referencing style
for each.
Book
Author Surname, then Initials.Co-author Surname, then Initials. (if applicable) Year of Publication (in brackets) Title of Book, (in italics or underlined) Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example:
Kelly, L. (1988) Surviving Sexual Violence, Cambridge: Polity Press.
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Chapters within Edited Books
Chapter Author Surname, then Initials. Year of Publication (in brackets) ‘Chapter Title’ (in inverted commas), in Book Editor Surname, then Initials, (Ed) or (Eds) (to indicate they were Editor/s) Book Title, (in italics or underlined) Place of Publication: Publisher, Page Numbers of Chapter.
Example:
Brittan, A. (2001) ‘Masculinities and Masculinism’ in Whitehead S. M. and Barrett F.J. (Eds.) The Masculinities Reader, Cambridge: Polity Press, 51-55.
14
Journals
Author Surname, then Initials. Year of Publication (in brackets) Title of Paper, (in inverted commas) Name of Journal, (in italics or underlined) Journal Number and Issue Number, (if applicable note commas) Page Numbers of Article.
Example Russell, R. and Tyler, M. (2002) ‘Thank Heaven for Little Girls: ‘Girl Heaven’ and the Commercial Context of Feminine Childhood’, Sociology 36, 3, 619-637.
Parliamentary Act
Some authorities suggest country of publication should precede all other information. This is optional Name of the Act. (intalics or underlined) Year of Publication (in brackets) Parliamentary reference, this will vary according to year of publication (different form pre 1963) and will also vary in parliamentary papers other than acts Publisher (HMSO)
Example Children Act 1989 (c.41). London, HMSO
Or Great Britain (1989) Children Act. C.41. London, HMSO
15
Report
Aim to give as much information as possible that will enable the reader to locate the report. Author Surname, then Initials if given or publisher if not. Year of Publication (in brackets) Title of Report (in italics or underlined) Report number, report series, or other identifier if given Place of publication Name of publisher Website address if applicable
Example Audit Commission (2002) Special Educational Needs: A mainstream issue. London, Audit Commission. www.audit-commission.gov.uk
Or Dickson, M (2003) Special Educational Needs in the early years. Highlight No. 200. London, National Children’s Bureau. www.ncb.org.uk
Using Internet Sources Type I when the source details are clear
Author Surname, then Initials. (NB: This may be an organisation or institution, rather than an individual) Year of Publication (in brackets) ‘Title of Article’, (in inverted commas or italicised) Name of Webpage/Website Web Address Date and Time you accessed the Webpage.
Example
Crook, F. (2000) ‘Howard League Welcomes Prison Service Action on Portland Allegations’, Howard League for Penal Reform, http://web.ukonline.co.uk/howard.league, 18.09.00, 14.15.
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Using Internet Sources Type II when the source details are not clear
Web source (no author)
Title of document Publication year and version number if it is stated in brackets Name and place of the sponsor of the source if it is stated Web address Date and time you accessed the Webpage
Example
Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by Columbia University 1993-2000(initial workshop draft) 1994, draft workshop report, Institute for Learning technologies, Columbia University <http://ariel.adgrp.com/~ghb/trips/940717_ICT/policy/ILT/EdPlan.html>. Accessed 2/8/2007: 14:00
Web source (no publication date)
Author (and write ‘date not specified’) Title of document and version number if it is stated Name and place of the sponsor of the source if stated Web address Date and time you accessed the Webpage
Example:
Sherman, C. (Date not specified) The invisible web, Free Pint Limited, UK, <http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/080600.htm#feature>. Accessed 2/8/2007, 14:00
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Referencing a web-site
Author (the person or organisation responsible for the website) Year of Publication in brackets (that the site was created or last revised) Name and place of the sponsor of the source Web-site address Date and time you accessed the web-site
Example:
School for Policy Studies or Webmaster Alison Leach, (Last revised 15.07.2005), University of Bristol, UK. http://www.bris.ac.uk/sps/index.htmlAccessed 2/8/2007, 14:00
Electronic books Author Year of Publication in brackets Title Name and place of the sponsor of the source (publisher & place) Web address Date and time accessed Example: e-library
Elephant (1764) A letter from the elephant to the people of England English Short Title Catalogue, Printed for E. Sumpter, London http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO?dd=0&locID=univbri&d1=1288902500&srchtp=b&c=46&SU=0LRI&d2=3&docNum=CW3307987020&h2=1&l0=1764&vrsn=1.0&b1=KE&d6=3&ste=10&dc=tiPG&stp=Author&d4=0.33&n=10&d5=d6 Accessed 2/8/07, 14:00
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Electronic books continued… Example: free book or article
Loye, D (1998)The knowable future: The Psychology of forecasting and prophecy , Harvard University Press, New York.
http://books.iuniverse.com/viewgiftoc.asp?isbn=0966551451&page=1 Accessed 2/8/2007, 14:00 A Chapter in an electronic book.
Author, Year of Publication in brackets 'Chapter title', in book editor(s) (ed.), Book title, name and place of the sponsor of the source Web-address Date and time accessed
Example:
Anheier, H (2003) ‘Movement Development and Organizational Networks: The Role of ‘Single Members’ In the German Nazi Party, 1925–30’ in Mario Diani & Doug McAdam (eds.) Social movements and networks: relational approaches to collective action, Oxford University Press, New York, USA http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780199251780/p004.htmlAccessed 2/8/2007, 14:00
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Newspaper article on the WWW
Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, Day Month, page number (if given), Web-site address, Date and time accessed.
Example:
Glancey, J (2007) ‘Think before you build’, The Guardian, Friday 27. July, http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/architecture/story/0,,2136154,00.html 2/8/2007, 14:00
Referencing from a voice-file (from a radio programme or talk) available on the WWW when and if you have quoted words from the voice-file in your text. Example:
When quoting in your text, for example ‘in a radio programme about the experiences of families caring for family members with a mental illness, one of the speakers mentions “I panicked and I did not know who to turn to….”(Caroline, 2006; Caring beyond Reason, BBC Radio 4)
In your reference list:
Person(s)/Author(s) speaking, Year in brackets, Title or description of radio programme or talk, Date, time and Place (where applicable), Source or Sponsor of the voice-file source, Website address, Date accessed.
Example:
Philip, Caroline et al. (2006) Caring beyond reason, Thursday 9 March, 8pm – 8.30pm, BBC Radio 4, http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/pip/c1oam/Accessed 2/8/2007, 14:00
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Practical Exercise All of these examples may appear to be a bit confusing so the best remedy for this is
to practice referencing different sources! The next box contains ten references that all
have something missing from them. This exercise involves recognising what type of
reference they are, i.e. a book or a journal article for example, and then identifying
where the missing information should go.
STOP! Hang On there! Before you look at the answers in the second box, make sure
you have carefully gone through and spotted the mistakes in all the references on the
list.
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Harvard Referencing System Practice Examples
1. Acker, J., Barry, K. and Esseveld, J. ‘Objectivity and Truth: Problems in
Doing Feminist Research’ Women’s Studies International Forum, 6, 4, 423-435.
2. Cook, J. A. and Fonow, M. M. (1990) ‘Knowledge and Women’s Interests:
Issues of Epistemology and Methodology in Feminist Sociological Research’ in McCarl Nielsen, J. (Ed.) Feminist Research Methods: Exemplary Readings in the Social Sciences, Boulder: Westview Press.
3. Cotterill, P. and Gayle, L. (1993) ‘Weaving Stories: Personal Auto-Biographies
in Feminist Research’, 27, 1, 67-79.
4. Owen, P. & agencies (2007) ‘Benn defends climate bill’ in The Guardian, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/green/story/0,,2141194,00.html
5. Finch, J. (1991) in Maclean, M. and Groves, D. (Eds.) Women’s Issues in Social
Policy, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 194-204.
6. Hanmer, J. (1990) ‘Men, Power and the Exploitation of Women’ Women’s Studies International Forum, 443-56.
7. Abd-Allah, UF, A Muslim in Victorian America.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/religion/9780195187281/toc.html
8. Kelly, L., Burton, S. and Regan, L. (1994) ‘ Researching Women’s Lives or
Studying Women’s Oppression? Reflections on What Constitutes Feminist Research’ in Maynard, M. and Purvis, J. (Eds.) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective, London, 27-48.
9. Winter, D (2006) ‘Changing Places’, Sustainable Housing, BBC Radio 4,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/
10. Stanley, L. and Wise, S. (1983) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd.
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Answers to the Harvard Referencing Practice Examples
1. Journal Article – Year of Publication.
2. Chapter in Book – Page Numbers.
3. Journal Article – Name of Journal.
4. Newspaper article on WWW – Date of Publication, Date accessed.
5. Chapter in Book – Name of Chapter.
6. Journal Article – Volume and Number.
7. E-Book – Year of Publication, Name of Source & Place, Date accessed.
8. Chapter in Book – Publishers.
9. Voice-file from WWW – Date and time of programme, Date accessed.
10. Book – Title of Book.
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