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Referencing and avoiding plagiarism. L. Watts, Librarian King Edward VI School June 2015

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Referencing and avoiding plagiarism.

L. Watts, LibrarianKing Edward VI School

June 2015

This is Shia LaBoeuf

You may remember him from films such as

This is Daniel Clowes

He is best known for the comic bookon which this film is based

In 2012 Shia released Howard Cantour.com a film that he had created…

… but which was remarkably similar to Justin M. Damiano, a comic by Daniel

Clowes

He copied the script and many of the visuals. He did not ask Daniel Clowes’

permission or acknowledge him. Even his apology was copied.

Eventually, he hired a sky-writer to write a message in the skies above

Los Angeles

PlagiarismPlagiarism includes:1. Directly quoting another person's actual words, whether oral or written;2. Using another person's ideas, opinions, or theories;3. Paraphrasing the words, ideas, opinions, or theories of others, whether oral or written;4. Borrowing facts, statistics, or illustrative material; or5. Offering materials assembled or collected by others in the form of projects or collections without acknowledgment. Source: Indiana University, Bloomington (2005) How to recognize plagiarism https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definition.html (Accessed: 29 May 2012)  

Do not plagiarise

•  Acknowledges the work of other writers and researchers

•  Demonstrates the body of knowledge on which you have based your work

•  Enables other researchers to verify the source and follow up

•  Prevents accusations of plagiarism

Source: Marsden, J. (2011) The benefits of successful referencing: applying Harvard conventions [PowerPoint presentation]. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/MarsdenTherapy/the-benefits-of-harvard-referencing (Accessed: 4 March 2012).

Reference your sources

Giving creditYou must give credit whenever you use:

• Another person’s idea, opinion or theory• Any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings – any pieces of information – that are not common knowledge• Quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written words; or paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words.

Source: Indiana University, Bloomington (2011) Plagiarism: what it is and how to recognize it and avoid it. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml (Accessed: 4 March 2012)

Your own work“University tutors do not expect undergraduates’ work to be ‘original’: meaning something new not known before, adding to the knowledge in the subject…”

Williams,K. and Carroll,J. (2009) Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.57.

Your own work“University tutors do expect your work to be unique in the following sense: ‘I made this. I read the information and research in books and articles, picked out bits that are useful to me, and used them in my argument or explanation – in my own way, in my own words.”

Williams,K. and Carroll,J. (2009) Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.57.

You do not need to reference your own thoughts and ideas

or common knowledge.

Why and how should you quote?

Why and how should you use your own words?

Why and how should you summarise?

Each reference has two parts:

The in-text citationThis is either a number or a name and date that alerts your reader to the fact you have found this information elsewhere.

Each reference has two parts:

The list of referencesA list of all the sources you have used with details of how to find them.

References or bibliography?

References – sources you have referred to in your written work.Bibliography – a list, in alphabetical order by author’s surname, of all the sources you consulted, whether you used them or not.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing‘Paraphrasing is expressing ideas and information from your sources, in your own way, using your own words.’

Godfrey,J. (2009) How to use your reading in your essays. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.31

ParaphrasingThe following is a quotation taken from a television programme. Afterwards, there are four versions of some work on Brunel where authors have used the quotation. Have they plagiarised?Source:  Collins,  D.  (2011)  Independent  Learning  Guides.  Swindon:  School  Library  Associa>on.  

Original“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”

Clarkson, J. (Writer). (2002, October 22). Brunel [Television series episode].In M. Harrison (Producer), Great Britons. London: BBC.

Version 1The SS Great Britain was the largest ship in the world and the first to be constructed from iron and have a propeller. For example, each piston measured over 7 feet across. Amazingly, modern propellers are only 5% more efficient than Brunel’s propeller, created in the Victorian ages without computers.

“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”

Original

Version 1There is too much direct borrowing of sentence structure and wording. Despite changing some words, truncating the text and adding some words, the overall text closely resembles Clarkson’s. Even with a citation, the writer is still plagiarising because the lack of quotation marks indicates that version 1 is a paraphrase, and should be in the writer’s own language.

.

PLAGIARISM

Version 2Clarkson  states  that  the  SS  Great  Britain  “was  the  largest  ship  in  the  world  and  the  first  to  be  constructed  from  iron  and  have  a  propeller”.  It’s  incredible  that  modern  propellers  are  only  5%  more  efficient  than  Brunel’s  propeller  which  was  “designed  by  a  Victorian  bloke”  (Clarkson).

“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”

Original

Version 2The  writer  now  cites  Clarkson,  so  the  writer  admits  to  using  Clarkson’s  original  script,  but  this  text  s>ll  borrows  too  much  language.

PLAGIARISM

Version 3The  SS  Great  Britain  was  an  incredible  ship  for  its  Fme.  For  one  thing,  it  was  the  largest  ship  ever  built  with  pistons  measuring  over  7  feet.  Another  innovaFon  was  that  it  was  made  of  iron,  rather  than  the  tradiFonal  wood.  And  deparFng  from  another  tradiFon,  it  used  a  propeller  instead  of  paddle  wheels,  which  had  been  used  unFl  this  point.  To  highlight  the  engineering  marvel  that  this  ship  was,  with  all  this  modern  technology,  we  have  only  managed  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  modern  propellers  by  5%  from  Brunel’s  original  design.  

“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”

Original

Version 3

Version  3  shows  good  paraphrasing  of  wording  and  sentence  structure,  but  Clarkson’s  ideas  are  not  acknowledged.  Some  of  Clarkson’s  points  are  common  knowledge  (largest  ship  built  at  that  >me),  but  Clarkson  uses  this  common  knowledge  to  make  a  specific  and  original  point  and  his  point  is  not  acknowledged.  .

PLAGIARISM

Version 4Brunel’s  innovaFons  in  shipping  were  incredible.  Clarkson  (2002)  makes  the  point  that  the  SS  Great  Britain  was  the  “first  ocean  going  liner  to  be  made  from  iron  and  to  have  a  propeller  instead  of  paddle  wheels”.  Although  Brunel  developed  his  ship  from  ideas  already  being  used  or  debated  (albeit  oMen  on  a  smaller  scale),  there  is  no  doubt  that  he  brought  shipbuilding  into  the  modern  era  through  the  new  technology  of  screw  propulsion  by  propeller.  This  is  sFll  the  method  of  propulsion  of  modern  ships,  and,  as  Clarkson  (2002)  points  out,  technology  has  not  made  much  increase  in  the  efficiency  of  the  design.  

“The SS Great Britain, the biggest ship the world had ever seen …She was also the first ocean going liner to be made from iron and the first to have a propeller instead of paddle wheels. ... Everything about the Great Britain was gigantic. Its pistons were more than 7 ft in diameter. … This was the most advanced ship in the world. …. And the extraordinary thing is that a modern propeller, designed by a computer, in the 21st century, is only 5% more efficient than this propeller, which was designed by a Victorian bloke.”

Original

Version 4

The  writer  makes  use  of  the  common  knowledge  in  Clarkson’s  work,  but  acknowledges  Clarkson’s  work  as  well  as  adding  her  own  opinion.  The  quota>on  is  properly  cited,  as  is  a  later  paraphrase  of  another  of  Clarkson’s  ideas.

NO PLAGIARISM

Referencing

When to reference?As you do your research.

Cite it as you write it.

Record your findings•  Bookmark on your web browser•  Social bookmarking site such as

Diigo. •  School Library version:

http://www.diigo.com/user/wattsl•  You need to be able to go back to

your sources later•  Showing your reader what you have

read allows them to refer to your sources

•  Demonstrates that you have spent time researching, reading and selecting materials

 

ReferencingModern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) The Harvard System (often called the 'Author Date System’) Chicago System Modern Language Association of America (MLA) American Psychological Association (APA)VancouverOSCOLA (used for legal referencing)Oxford footnote referencing

 

There are many different styles:

ReferencingThe two main categories are:• A numbered style• An author-date style

Whichever one you choose

be consistent!

ReferencesThe items you have referred to in

your work.

BibliographyA list of works read.

Title

Author

Do not get your information from book covers

Advertising

TitleAuthor

Use the title page

Publisher

Always take your information from here

Reverse of the title page

Published by Penguin Books 2011

More than one author?

Include both:Levitt, S.D. and Dubner, S.J.

More than three authors?

Use ‘et al’ (and others)

James, J. et al.

James James, Morrison Morrison,Weatherby George Dupree

No author?Use a corporate body such as BBC or use the title.

Referencing – Harvard styleBOOKSAuthors or editors. Look at the title page. (An editor is in overall charge of a publication or oversees the preparation of the text)

Put the surname first, then the initial of the first name in the order they appear. If they are editors, use (ed.) or (eds) e.g. Lavallee, D., Thatcher, J. and Jones, M. V. (eds)

If there is no author but a corporation or organisation – use this.

If there is no author or organisation – use the titlee.g. Concise Atlas of the World (2008) 4th edn. London: Dorling Kindersley.

Referencing – Harvard styleInclude subtitlesDo no harm: stories of life, death and brain surgery.

semicolon

Referencing – Harvard styleBOOKS

• The year of publication. Look at the reverse of the title page.

• Title of the book and the subtitle. Capitalise the first letter of the first word and proper nouns

e.g. A lust for window sills: a lover’s guide to British buildings from portcullis to pebble-dash.

• Italicise the title. If you are writing by hand – underline it.

Referencing – Harvard styleBOOKS  

Edition – only include this if it is not the first edition. If there is no indication of which edition it is, this means it is the first.

Use edn so edition is not confused with ‘editor’.e.g. 3rd edn

Place and publisher – Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

Pages – If you include a page reference in your in-text citation, put p.23. If you are referring to a chapter, use pp. 200 – 220.

Example ofin-text citation  

Pears and Shields (2013) suggested…

Example of reference  Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

JournalsTitle

Issue

Journals Article title

Page numbers

Author

JournalsAuthor – surname followed by initialsYear of publication (in brackets)Title of article ‘in single quotation marks’Title of journal – in italics. Capitalize the first letter of each word in the title, except for linking words.Issue – volume, part number, month or seasonPage reference – p.7 or pp.13-17  

JournalsUnsworth, C. (2015) ‘Earth’s solar potential’, Chemistry Review, 24(3), pp.2-5.

Volume

Part number

Referencing – Harvard styleINTERNET  SITES  AND  WEB  PAGES  

Author  Year  the  site  was  published  or  updated  (in  round  brackets).  If  there  is  no  date  –  how  useful  is  the  informa>on?  Dates  can  be  checked  on  sites  such  as  hUp://lookup.ws/whois.php  hUp://www.allwhois.com  

 

Referencing – Harvard styleINTERNET  SITES  AND  WEB  PAGES  

EXAMPLE:  Davis,  T.  (2001)  How  to  write  an  essay.  Available  at:  hUp://www.unask.com/teaching/howto/essay.htm  (Accessed:  4  March  2012)    In-­‐text  citaFon:  Davis  (2001)  gives  advice  on  wri>ng  professionally.  

 

Referencing – Harvard style

INTERNET SITES AND WEB PAGES  

• For web pages with no authors – use the title of the site.

• For web pages with no authors or titles – use the URL, followed by (no date)  

Referencing – Numerical

•  Ibid. Short for ‘ibidem’ which means ‘in the same place’. It refers to the source immediately before.•  Op. cit. is short for ‘opere citato’

which means ‘in the work already cited’.

 

Referencing – Numerical

Example: Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) referencing style.

Numbers are used to indicate citations and these are linked to the full reference in a footnote or endnote. The numbers may be in superscript or in brackets.

Referencing – Numerical

Sample in-text citation: Worsley’s Classical Architecture highlighted the variety of styles that eighteenth-century architects employed in their buildings.1

Initially British architects relied upon the designs of Andrea Palladio, a sixteenth-century Italian architect, who was believed to have studied ancient Roman buildings.2

Reference: Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)

Referencing – Numerical

Sample footnotes in MHRA style: 1. Giles Worsley, Classical Architecture in

Britain: The Heroic Age (London: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art by Yale University Press, 1995).

2. Palladio’s Italian Villas (2005), http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/ [accessed 18 June 2015]

Reference: Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)

Referencing – Numerical

MHRA style: “The bibliography should include sources

you have cited in footnotes and any sources you have read but not cited directly. In the bibliography, the author’s names should appear in alphabetical order by surname.”Richard Pears and Graham Shields, Cite Them Right (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), p.97.

Referencing – Numerical

Using ‘ibid.’ and ‘op.cit.’Ibid. Citation that refers to an

immediately preceding cited work.

Op. cit. Citation that refers to a work already cited.

Madness in Literature  

1. C. P. Gilman, The yellow wallpaper and other stories, New York, Dover Publications, 1997, p.3.2. Ibid., p.17 [this means p. 17 in the book above]3. S.M. Gilbert and S. Gubar (eds.), The madwoman in the attic: the woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary imagination, 2nd edn. New Haven, Yale University Press, 2000, p.189.4. E. Kirby, ‘A culture of madness: the ‘madwoman’ in fiction’, Emagazine, Issue 66, December 2014, pp.29-31.5. C. P. Gilman, p.14. op.cit. [this means in the book already cited but not the one directly above]

References in a numerical style, showing use of ‘ibid.’ and ‘op. cit.’

Help with referencing•  Word – References option in the top toolbar.

Uses APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian•  Neil's Toolbox (Harvard Reference Generator)•  Bibme Uses APA, Chicago, MLA, Turabian•  Refme•  Zotero Free, open-source, reference

management system

•  Books: Cite Them Right by Pears and Shields

•  Websites: My collection of websites about referencing and plagiarism at Scoop.it!

Help with referencing

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Multiple copies in stockin the School Library

Referencing imagesImages, whether photos, paintings or artwork, should have a caption, a figure number and the type of material in square brackets. There are variations however as in this Harvard Guide: Example from Harvard Referencing Guide for Visual Material (RMIT University)

Painting: In text citation: Artist/creator/designer and date in brackets straight after the name of the artwork. Reference list: Artist, year, Title, type of work, dimensions (if available), Museum or Gallery, City.

In-text: Joseph Turner's use of light in Snow Storm: Hannibal and Army Crossing the Alps (1812) is staggering.Reference list: Turner, Joseph Mallord William 1812, Snow storm: Hannibal and army crossing the alps, Oil on canvas,  145×2360 mm, Turner Collection, Tate Gallery, Britain.

Image  from  a  website  In  text:  Figure  6  shows  the  exterior  of  King  Edward  VI  Grammar  School  Reference  list:  Brown,  EllioX  (2013)  Guildhall  –  King  Edward  VI  Grammar  School  [photograph].  Available  at:  hXp://www.flickr.com/photos/39415781@N06/8357852042/in/photolist-­‐dJybeh-­‐7ybJcy-­‐cX9EhA-­‐5TpCaN-­‐7ybEyA-­‐65xwsc-­‐6xCkpE-­‐6xybyz-­‐bbiADx-­‐6xyaNV-­‐bbjrYc-­‐6xyb8V-­‐6ood9e-­‐6osoQw-­‐8FRTAE-­‐6oocc2-­‐8FNGht-­‐6xyawc-­‐dJspsg-­‐5XfyaM-­‐6eQjxR-­‐52hLHt-­‐7y7NkM-­‐7y7LuH-­‐bbDUbZ-­‐e6qgGp-­‐8xtsBP  (Accessed:  1  June  2013)  

Image from the Internet with no author

In text: Figure 3 shows a swimming pool next to the sea.

Reference list: Swimming pool. [Photograph]. [no date]. Available at: http://www.freeimages.co.uk/galleries/sports/lifestyle/slides/bondi_swimming_pool_181566.htm (Accessed: 1 June 2013)

If you look at the title of this once you have saved it, you may be able to trace the photographer – this certainly gives the location.

Finding images  Google imagesFlickr: Creative Commons Lets you copy and distribute work under certain conditions as long as you give credit and it is not for profit.FlickrCC. bluemountains Allows you to choose from a menu of thumbnail photosMorgueFile Free photo archiveStock.EXCHNGEWikimedia CommonsTinEye Reverse image search which allows you to submit an image to find out where it came from and how it’s being used.

Paid-for image sites:These usually have more choice, vector images as well as photos and better search facilities but you need to register and they can be expensive. iStockphoto 123rf  

Thank you for listening

REFERENCES    

The  idea  of  using  the  example  of  Shia  LaBoeuf  came  from  school  librarian,  MaU  Imrie.  Here  is  the  link  to  his  SlideShare  account:  hXp://www.slideshare.net/maXhewimrie  (Accessed:  28  June  2015)  Slide  2:  Photograph  of  Shia  LaBoeuf  available  at:  hXp://www.irishexaminer.com/examviral/celeb-­‐life/shia-­‐labeouf-­‐reveals-­‐lack-­‐of-­‐confidence-­‐292158.html  (Accessed:  18  June  2015)  Slide  3:  Photograph  of  Transformers  DVD  available  at:  hXp://www.amazon.co.uk/Transformers-­‐DVD-­‐Shia-­‐LaBeouf/dp/B000MM1HWQ  (Accessed:  18  June  2015)  Slide  4:  IllustraFon  of  Daniel  Clowes  available  at:  hXp://www.danielclowes.com/bio.html  (Accessed:  18  June  2015)  Slide  5:  ‘Ghost  World’.  Available  at:  hXps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_World    Accessed:  18  June  2015.  Slide  6:  Howard  Cantour.  Available  at:  hXp://leganerd.com/2013/12/17/fdmawards-­‐winner-­‐shia-­‐labeouf/  Accessed:  18  June  2015.  Slide  7:  JusFn  M.  Damiano.  Available  at:  hXp://comicsgrinder.com/2014/01/08/jus>n-­‐m-­‐damiano-­‐you-­‐are-­‐one-­‐of-­‐us-­‐wed-­‐embrace-­‐you-­‐if-­‐youd-­‐let-­‐us/  Accessed:  18  June  2015.  Slide  8:  Shia  LaBoeuf’s  tweet.  Available  at:  hXp://animalnewyork.com/2013/shia-­‐lebouf-­‐plagiarized-­‐plagiarism-­‐apology-­‐yahoo-­‐answers/  Original  tweet  by  Lili.  Available  at:  hXp://www.cinemablend.com/new/Shia-­‐LaBeouf-­‐Sorry-­‐You-­‐Caught-­‐Him-­‐Plagiarizing-­‐His-­‐Short-­‐Film-­‐40742.html  (Accessed:  18  June  2015)  Slide  9:  Photograph  of  skywriFng  apology  in  the  sky  above  Los  Angeles.  Available  at:  hXp://www.businessinsider.com.au/shia-­‐labeouf-­‐apologizes-­‐to-­‐daniel-­‐clowes-­‐with-­‐skywri>ng-­‐over-­‐la-­‐2014-­‐1  (Accessed:  18  June  2015)  Slide  10:  Source:  Indiana  University,  Bloomington  (2005)  How  to  recognize  plagiarism  hUps://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definiFon.html  (Accessed:  29  May  2012)  Slide  12:  Marsden, J. (2011) The benefits of successful referencing: applying Harvard conventions [PowerPoint presentation]. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/MarsdenTherapy/the-benefits-of-harvard-referencing (Accessed: 4 March 2012).Slide 13: Indiana University, Bloomington (2011) Plagiarism: what it is and how to recognize it and avoid it. Available at: http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml (Accessed: 4 March 2012)Slide  14  and  Slide  15:    Williams,K. and Carroll,J. (2009) Referencing and understanding plagiarism. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.57.Slide  17  and  Slide  22:    Godfrey,  J.  (2013)  How  to  use  your  reading  in  your  essays.  2nd  edn.  Basingstoke:  Palgrave  Macmillan.  Slide  23:    Collins,  D.  (2012)  Independent  Learning  Guides  at  Hurstpierpoint  College.  Swindon:  School  Library  AssociaFon.  Available  from:  hXp://www.sla.org.uk/publica>ons-­‐list.php  Slides  24  to  32:  Clarkson, J. (Writer). (2002, October 22). Brunel [Television series episode].In M. Harrison (Producer), Great Britons. London: BBC quoted in Collins,  D.  (2012)  Independent  Learning  Guides  at  Hurstpierpoint  College.  Swindon:  School  Library  AssociaFon.  Available  from:  hXp://www.sla.org.uk/publica>ons-­‐list.php        

REFERENCES    Slides  39  and  40:  Kahneman,D.  (2012)  Thinking,  fast  and  slow.  London:  Penguin.  

Slide  42:  LeviU,  S.  and  Dubner,  S.J.  (2006)  Freakonomics:  a  rogue  economist  explores  the  hidden  side  of  everything.  London:  Penguin.  Slide  46:  Marsh,  H.    (2014)  Do  no  harm:  stories  of  life  and  death  in  brain  surgery.  London:  Orion.  Slide  50:  Pears,  R.  and  Shields,  G.  (2013)  Cite  them  right:  the  essenEal  guide  to  referencing.  9th  edn.  Basingstoke:  Palgrave  Macmillan.  Slide  73:    Woman  asleep  on  a  book  (2010)  Available  at:  hUp://xaxor.com/funny-­‐pics/21273-­‐funny-­‐people-­‐sleeping-­‐in-­‐the-­‐library.html  (Accessed:  10  June  2015)